Holey Süper Grafen (HSG) Nano-Katkılı Dizel Motor Yağlarının Tribolojik Özelliklerinin Araştırılması

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Holey Süper Grafen (HSG) nano-katkısının dizel motor yağının tribolojik özelliklerinin üzerindeki etkisi deneysel olarak incelenmiştir. Baz yağ hacmi 25 mL olacak şekilde hazırlanan deneysel yağlara sırasıyla 0,03, 0,06, 0,12 ve 0,24 g HSG ilave edilerek gerçekleştirilen aşınma testleri, katkı oranının sürtünme davranışı üzerinde belirgin bir etkiye sahip olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. En düşük sürtünme katsayısı, 25 mL yağa 0,025 g HSG ilavesiyle elde edilmiş ve katkısız yağa kıyasla yaklaşık %20 oranında bir iyileşme sağlanmıştır. Daha yüksek katkı seviyelerinde ise sürtünme katsayısının yeniden arttığı gözlenmiştir. Yoğunluk ölçümleri, HSG ilavesinin yağın fiziksel özellikleri üzerinde ihmal edilebilir bir etkiye sahip olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Sonuçlar, sürtünmedeki iyileşmenin yoğunluk değişiminden değil, HSG’nin yüzeyde oluşturduğu tribofilm ve lameller kayma mekanizmasından kaynaklandığını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Holey super grafen
• Motor yağı katkı maddeleri
• Triboloji
• Dizel motorlar

Investigation of the Effect of Holey Super Graphene (HSG) Nano-Additive on the Tribological Performance of Diesel Engine Oils

Öz

In this study, the effect of Holey Super Graphene (HSG) nano-additive on the tribological performance of a diesel engine oil was experimentally investigated. Wear tests were conducted using lubricants prepared with a constant base oil volume of 25 mL, into which HSG was added in amounts of 0.03, 0.06, 0.12, and 0.24 g. The results clearly demonstrate that the additive concentration exerts a pronounced influence on frictional behavior. The lowest coefficient of friction was achieved with the addition of 0.025 g HSG to 25 mL of oil, corresponding to an improvement of approximately 20% compared to the neat oil. At higher additive contents, however, the coefficient of friction was observed to increase again. Density measurements revealed that the incorporation of HSG has a negligible effect on the bulk physical properties of the oil. These findings indicate that the observed reduction in friction is not governed by density variations, but rather by the formation of an HSG-derived tribofilm on the contact surfaces and the activation of a lamellar sliding mechanism during lubrication.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Holey super grafen
• Motor yağı katkı maddeleri
• Triboloji
• Dizel motorlar

Kaynakça

1. [1] C.M. Taylor, Automobile Engine Tribology, South African Mechanical Engineer 48 (1998) 31–32.
2. [2] H. Ghae dnia, R.L. Jackson, The effect of nanoparticles on the real area of contact, friction, and wear, J Tribol 135 (2013) 041603. https://doi.org/0.1115/1.4024297.
3. [3] K. Holmberg, A. Erdemir, Influence of tribology on global energy consumption, costs and emissions, Friction 5 (2017) 263–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-017-0183-5.
4. [4] V.W. Wong, S.C. Tung, Overview of automotive engine friction and reduction trends–Effects of surface, material, and lubricant-additive technologies, Friction 4 (2016) 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-016-0107-9.
5. [5] S.C. Tung, M.L. McMillan, Automotive tribology overview of current advances and challenges for the future, Tribol Int 37 (2004) 517–536.
6. [6] M. Priest, C.M. Taylor, Automobile engine tribology—approaching the surface, Wear 241 (2000) 193–203.
7. [7] N. Morris, M. Mohammadpour, R. Rahmani, P.M. Johns-Rahnejat, H. Rahnejat, D. Dowson, Effect of cylinder deactivation on tribological performance of piston compression ring and connecting rod bearing, Tribol Int 120 (2018) 243–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2017.12.045.
8. [8] J. Umer, N. Morris, R. Rahmani, S. Balakrishnan, H. Rahnejat, Nanoscale frictional characterisation of base and fully formulated lubricants based on activation energy components, Tribol Int 144 (2020) 106115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.106115.

9. [9] H. Spikes, Mechanisms of ZDDP—an update, Tribol Lett 73 (2025) 38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-025-01968-3.
10. [10] D.E. Sander, H. Allmaier, H.-H. Priebsch, F.M. Reich, M. Witt, T. Füllenbach, A. Skiadas, L. Brouwer, H. Schwarze, Impact of high pressure and shear thinning on journal bearing friction, Tribol Int 81 (2015) 29–37.
11. [11] C. Delprete, A. Razavykia, Piston ring–liner lubrication and tribological performance evaluation: A review, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 232 (2018) 193–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2014.07.021.
12. [12] W.W.F. Chong, M. Teodorescu, H. Rahnejat, Nanoscale elastoplastic adhesion of wet asperities, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 227 (2013) 996–1010. https://doi.org//10.1177/1350650112472.
13. [13] A. Usman, C.W. Park, Numerical investigation of tribological performance in mixed lubrication of textured piston ring-liner conjunction with a non-circular cylinder bore, Tribol Int 105 (2017) 148–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.09.043.
14. [14] S. Karami, M.G. Parashkoohi, D.M. Zamani, B. Najafi, Evaluation of the efficiency and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine through the incorporation of nano-materials into the engine lubricant, Clean Eng Technol 18 (2024) 100723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2024.100723.
15. [15] I. Etsion, State of the art in laser surface texturing, Advanced Tribology: Proceedings of CIST2008 & ITS-IFToMM2008 (2009) 761–762. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03653-8_252.
16. [16] H. Spikes, The history and mechanisms of ZDDP, Tribol Lett 17 (2004) 469–489. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:TRIL.0000044495.26882.b5.
17. [17] P. Nguyen-Tri, T.A. Nguyen, P. Carriere, C. Ngo Xuan, Nanocomposite coatings: preparation, characterization, properties, and applications, International Journal of Corrosion 2018 (2018) 4749501. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4749501.
18. [18] M. Garcia Tobar, K. Pinta Pesantez, P. Jimenez Romero, R.W. Contreras Urgiles, The Impact of Oil Viscosity and Fuel Quality on Internal Combustion Engine Performance and Emissions: An Experimental Approach, Lubricants 13 (2025) 188. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants13040188.
19. [19] H. Kaleli, S. Demirtaş, V. Uysal, I. Karnis, M.M. Stylianakis, S.H. Anastasiadis, D.-E. Kim, Tribological performance investigation of a commercial engine oil incorporating reduced graphene oxide as additive, Nanomaterials 11 (2021) 386. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11020386.
20. [20] C. Xie, T.J. Toops, M.J. Lance, J. Qu, M.B. Viola, S.A. Lewis, D.N. Leonard, E.W. Hagaman, Impact of Lubricant Additives on thePhysicochemical Properties and Activity of Three-Way Catalysts, Catalysts 6 (2016) 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal6040054.
21. [21] D. Kim, T.J. Toops, K. Nguyen, D.W. Brookshear, M.J. Lance, J. Qu, Impact of lubricant oil additives on the performance of Pd-based three-way catalysts, Emission Control Science and Technology 6 (2020) 139–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40825-019-00138-x.
22. [22] A. Morina, A. Neville, M. Priest, J.H. Green, ZDDP and MoDTC interactions in boundary lubrication—The effect of temperature and ZDDP/MoDTC ratio, Tribol Int 39 (2006) 1545–1557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2006.03.001.
23. [23] Y. Hong, Y. Mo, J. Lv, J. Wang, Tribological properties of polymer friction improvers combined with MoDTC/ZDDP at different temperatures, Lubricants 11 (2023) 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11050196.
24. [24] K. Nasser, M.J.G. Guimarey, N. das M. Pereira, Recent Studies on Nanomaterials as Additives to Lubricants Under Electrified Conditions for Tribology, Lubricants 13 (2024) 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants13010002.
25. [25] M. Garcia Tobar, R.W. Contreras Urgiles, B. Jimenez Cordero, J. Guillen Matute, Nanotechnology in lubricants: A systematic review of the use of nanoparticles to reduce the friction coefficient, Lubricants 12 (2024) 166. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12050166.
26. [26] C. Kumara, B. Armstrong, I. Lyo, H.W. Lee, J. Qu, Organic-modified ZnS nanoparticles as a high-performance lubricant additive, RSC Adv 13 (2023) 7009–7019. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA07295E.
27. [27] J.M. Liñeira del Río, C.M.C.G. Fernandes, J.H.O. Seabra, Tribological Improvement of Low-Viscosity Nanolubricants: MoO3, MoS2, WS2 and WC Nanoparticles as Additives, Lubricants 12 (2024) 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12030087.
28. [28] M. Waqas, R. Zahid, M.U. Bhutta, Z.A. Khan, A. Saeed, A review of friction performance of lubricants with nano additives, Materials 14 (2021) 6310. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216310.
29. [29] H. Liu, Y. Xu, E. Hu, K. Hu, Synthesis and tribological properties of WS2/MoS2 micro-nano composite lubricant, Tribol Int 204 (2025) 110506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110506.
30. [30] Z. Lu, Q. Lin, Z. Cao, W. Li, J. Gong, Y. Wang, K. Hu, X. Hu, MoS2 nanomaterials as lubricant additives: A review, Lubricants 11 (2023) 527. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11120527.
31. [31] Q. Gao, S. Liu, K. Hou, Z. Li, J. Wang, Graphene-based nanomaterials as lubricant additives: A review, Lubricants 10 (2022) 273. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10100273.
32. [32] J. Kogovšek, M. Kalin, Comparison of graphene as an oil additive with conventional automotive additives for the lubrication of steel and DLC-coated surfaces, Tribol Int 180 (2023) 108220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2023.108220.
33. [33] Ö. Can, Ö. Çetin, Potential use of graphene oxide as an engine oil additive for energy savings in a diesel engine, Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 48 (2023) 101567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2023.101567.
34. [34] T. Nagarajan, N. Sridewi, W.P. Wong, R. Walvekar, M. Khalid, Enhanced tribological properties of diesel-based engine oil through synergistic MoS2-graphene nanohybrid additive, Sci Rep 13 (2023) 17424. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-43260-1.
35. [35] X. Kuang, X. Yang, H. Bian, R. Kuang, N. Hu, S. Li, Performance evaluation of nano-graphene lubricating oil with high dispersion and low viscosity used in diesel engines, PLoS One 19 (2024) e0307394. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0307394.
36. [36] E. Tomanik, W. Christinelli, P.S. Garcia, S. Rajala, J. Crepaldi, D. Franzosi, R.M. Souza, F.F. Rovai, Effect of Graphene Nanoplatelets as Lubricant Additive on Fuel Consumption During Vehicle Emission Tests, Eng 6 (2025) 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6010018.
37. [37] N.A. Ismail, N.W.M. Zulkifli, Z.Z. Chowdhury, M.R. Johan, Functionalization of graphene-based materials: Effective approach for enhancement of tribological performance as lubricant additives, Diam Relat Mater 115 (2021) 108357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2021.108357.
38. [38] P. Wu, X. Chen, C. Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Luo, J. Zhang, Modified graphene as novel lubricating additive with high dispersion stability in oil, Friction 9 (2021) 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-019-0359-2.
39. [39] Y. Liu, S. Yu, Q. Shi, X. Ge, W. Wang, Graphene-family lubricant additives: recent developments and future perspectives, Lubricants 10 (2022) 215. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10090215.
40. [40] İ. Tiyek, M.S. Ersoy, M.H. Alma, U. Dönmez, B. Yıldırım, T. Salan, Ş. Karataş, S. Uruş, İ. Karteri, K. Yıldız, Modifiye hummers yöntemiyle grafen oksit (GO) sentezi ve karakterizasyonu, Gazi University Journal of Science Part C: Design and Technology 4 (2016) 41–48.
41. [41] N.S. Rajput, S. Al Zadjali, M. Gutierrez, A.M.K. Esawi, M. Al Teneiji, Synthesis of holey graphene for advanced nanotechnological applications, RSC Adv 11 (2021) 27381–27405. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1RA05157A.
42. [42] Z. Jiang, Y. Sun, B. Liu, L. Yu, Y. Tong, M. Yan, Z. Yang, Y. Hao, L. Shangguan, S. Zhang, Research progresses of nanomaterials as lubricant additives, Friction 12 (2024) 1347–1391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-023-0808-9.
43. [43] W. Gu, K. Chu, Z. Lu, G. Zhang, S. Qi, Synergistic effects of 3D porous graphene and T161 as hybrid lubricant additives on 316 ASS surface, Tribol Int 161 (2021) 107072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2021.107072.
44. [44] H. Lin, Q. Jian, X. Bai, D. Li, Z. Huang, W. Huang, S. Feng, Z. Cheng, Recent advances in thermal conductivity and thermal applications of graphene and its derivatives nanofluids, Appl Therm Eng 218 (2023) 119176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119176.
45. [45] J. Liu, B. Chen, P. Guo, Z. Yu, W. Sheng, K. Zhang, X. Liu, Fabrication of 3D porous graphene materials for oil-based lubrication: Tribological and wear performance, Carbon N Y 221 (2024) 118892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2024.118892.
46. [46] P. Ramos Ferrer, A. Mace, S.N. Thomas, J.-W. Jeon, Nanostructured porous graphene and its composites for energy storage applications, Nano Converg 4 (2017) 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40580-017-0123-0.
47. [47] O. Okhay, A. Tkach, A comprehensive review of the use of porous graphene frameworks for various types of rechargeable lithium batteries, J Energy Storage 80 (2024) 110336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.110336.
48. [48] V.D. Nithya, A review on holey graphene electrode for supercapacitor, J Energy Storage 44 (2021) 103380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.103380.
49. [49] E. Tomanik, W. Christinelli, R.M. Souza, V.L. Oliveira, F. Ferreira, B. Zhmud, Review of graphene-based materials for tribological engineering applications, Eng 4 (2023) 2764–2811. https://doi.org/10.3390/eng4040157.