Multimodal Fusion of Electrocardiogram Signals and Demographic Characteristics with Cross-Attention Networks in the Classification of Cardiovascular Diseases
Öz
Cardiovascular diseases rank first among the causes of mortality worldwide. In the evaluation of these diseases, electrocardiography (ECG), which provides low-cost and non-invasive electrical mapping, is used as the primary tool for diagnosis. The manual examination of ECG recordings obtained from a wide range of patients creates time cost and workload for specialists. Therefore, in order to increase accuracy and support specialists, there are many deep learning-based ECG interpretation approaches in the literature. In this study, it is aimed to simultaneously classify five main classes of cardiovascular diseases (NORM, MI, STTC, CD, HYP) using data obtained from the PTB-XL database and defined with SCP diagnostic codes. The proposed architecture in the study consists of three main components. As the first component of the proposed architecture, second-degree polynomial cross-feature transformation was applied to gender, age, height, and weight variables, and these data were transformed into a high-dimensional representation space with dmodel dimension through a neural network containing the GELU (Gaussian Error Linear Unit) activation function. As the second component, after separating 12-channel ECG recordings into multi-scale local representations through parallel convolution operations (1D-CNN), the temporal dependencies of the signals were modeled with xLSTM (mLSTM) layers. With the cross-attention module, which is the third component, the clinical data obtained from the first component were taken as ‘query’ and the ECG data obtained from the second component were taken as ‘key/value’; after being fused, predictions for five disease classes were generated through the obtained combined five independent context vectors. The model training process was designed to prevent information leakage and was carried out with BCEWithLogitsLoss compatible with multi-label classification. The learning rate and AdamW weight decay selections were optimized with a 12-cell grid sweep in order to maximize the potential of the model, and each combination was improved with 5 independent seeds. In the study, ablation studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of the data coming from two components rather than relying on a single model performance. In addition, the proposed model was compared with models such as ResNet and InceptionTime, and statistically summarized within a 95% confidence interval over five different seeds. As shown in Table 6, the macro AUROC score of 0.9106 and the macro F1 score of 0.7151 represent the average values obtained from five independent seed values, indicating that the proposed method exhibits successful performance. In addition, the heat maps obtained by overlaying the attention weights on the ECG signal provide temporal interpretability to the model’s decision-making mechanism. As a result, it presents a methodological framework consistent with the literature, supported by multimodal data fusion, extensive statistical analyses, and interpretability steps.
Anahtar Kelimeler
- Deep Learning
- ECG
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Multimodal Fusion
- Cross-Attention
- 1D-CNN
- xLSTM
- Temporal Interpretability
Etik Beyan
Teşekkür
Kaynakça
- [1] World Health Organization, "Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)," 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/about_cvd/en/. [Accessed: May 11, 2026].
- [2] P. Kligfield et al., "Recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: Part I: The electrocardiogram and its technology: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology," Circulation, vol. 115, no. 10, pp. 1306–1324, Mar. 2007.
- [3] A. Lyon, A. Mincholé, J. P. Martínez, P. Laguna, and B. Rodriguez, "Computational techniques for ECG analysis and interpretation in light of their contribution to medical advances," J. R. Soc. Interface, vol. 15, no. 138, 2018.
- [4] P. Wagner, N. Strodthoff, R.-D. Bousseljot, et al., "PTB-XL, a large publicly available electrocardiography dataset," Sci. Data, vol. 7, no. 154, pp. 1-15, May 2020, doi: 10.1038/s41597-020-0495-6.
- [5] J. Pan and W. J. Tompkins, "A real-time QRS detection algorithm," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 230-236, 1985.
- [6] R. J. Martis et al., "Application of higher order cumulant features for cardiac health diagnosis using ECG signals," International Journal of Neural Systems, vol. 23, no. 04, p. 1350014, 2013.
- [7] E. J. da S. Luz et al., "ECG-based heartbeat classification for arrhythmia detection: A survey," Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, vol. 127, pp. 144-164, 2016.
- [8] A. Y. Hannun et al., "Cardiologist-level arrhythmia detection and classification in ambulatory electrocardiograms using a deep convolutional neural network," Nature Medicine, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 65-69, 2019.
Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
İngilizce
Konular
Elektrik Mühendisliği (Diğer)
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Erken Görünüm Tarihi
1 Eylül 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi
-
Gönderilme Tarihi
24 Mayıs 2026
Kabul Tarihi
12 Temmuz 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 2026 Sayı: Advanced Online Publication
