Analysis of Consumer Behavior towards Electric Vehicles: Intentions, Concerns, and Policies

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 161 - 183, 25.03.2023

Hafize Nurgül Durmuş Şenyapar , Murat Akıl

https://doi.org/10.29109/gujsc.1232071

Cited By: 1

Öz

Despite the acceptance of electric vehicles (EVs) by consumers in developed countries, consumers' intentions towards these smart devices (SD) and the steps that can be taken to expand in this market continue to be investigated in developing countries such as Turkey. In this study, policies and incentives for the purchase of Electric Vehicles in different countries were examined, consumer concerns before the adoption of SDs were evaluated, and then consumer intentions in adopting EVs with models such as reasoned action theory, planned behavior theory, and technology acceptance model were evaluated with bibliometric analysis through conducted studies. Data from 63 publications accessed from Scopus, Web of Science, and DergiPark databases were used in the field mapping process. The results provide insights into increasing the market share of electric vehicles, which are critical in reducing the carbon footprint, by recommending the issues that need to be highlighted to the industry and researchers.

Anahtar Kelimeler

electric vehicle, consumer intents, field mapping

Kaynakça

• [1] G. Mordue and E. Sener, “Upgrading in the Automotive Periphery: Turkey’s Battery Electric Vehicle Maker Togg,” Dev. Change, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 760–795, 2022, doi: 10.1111/dech.12713.
• [2] C. E. Thomas, “Fuel cell and battery electric vehicles compared,” Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, vol. 34, no. 15, pp. 6005–6020, 2009, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.06.003.
• [3] H. H. Coban, W. Lewicki, E. Sendek-Matysiak, Z. Łosiewicz, W. Drożdż, and R. Miśkiewicz, “Electric Vehicles and Vehicle–Grid Interaction in the Turkish Electricity System,” Energies, vol. 15, no. 21, Art. no. 21, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.3390/en15218218.
• [4] K. K. Sun, S. Y. He, and J. Thøgersen, “The purchase intention of electric vehicles in Hong Kong, a high-density Asian context, and main differences from a Nordic context,” Transp. Policy, vol. 128, pp. 98–112, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.09.009.
• [5] D. Jaiswal, V. Kaushal, R. Kant, and P. Kumar Singh, “Consumer adoption intention for electric vehicles: Insights and evidence from Indian sustainable transportation,” Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change, vol. 173, p. 121089, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121089.
• [6] W. Loengbudnark, K. Khalilpour, G. Bharathy, F. Taghikhah, and A. Voinov, “Battery and hydrogen-based electric vehicle adoption: A survey of Australian consumers perspective,” Case Stud. Transp. Policy, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 2451–2463, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.cstp.2022.11.007.
• [7] M. Featherman, S. (Jasper) Jia, C. B. Califf, and N. Hajli, “The impact of new technologies on consumers beliefs: Reducing the perceived risks of electric vehicle adoption,” Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change, vol. 169, p. 120847, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120847.
• [8] B. Dutta and H.-G. Hwang, “Consumers Purchase Intentions of Green Electric Vehicles: The Influence of Consumers Technological and Environmental Considerations,” Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 21, p. 12025, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.3390/su132112025.
• [9] M. Fishbein and I. Ajzen, “Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research,” Philos. Rhetor., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 130–132, 1977.
• [10] I. Ajzen, “The theory of planned behavior,” Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process., vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 179–211, 1991, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T.
• [11] F. D. Davis, “Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology,” MIS Q., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 319–340, 1989, doi: 10.2307/249008.
• [12] Ö. Simsekoglu and A. Nayum, “Predictors of intention to buy a battery electric vehicle among conventional car drivers,” Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav., vol. 60, pp. 1–10, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2018.10.001.
• [13] J. Zhang, S. Xu, Z. He, C. Li, and X. Meng, “Factors Influencing Adoption Intention for Electric Vehicles under a Subsidy Deduction: From Different City-Level Perspectives,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 10, p. 5777, May 2022, doi: 10.3390/su14105777.
• [14] T. Yeğin and M. Ikram, “Analysis of Consumers’ Electric Vehicle Purchase Intentions: An Expansion of the Theory of Planned Behavior,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 19, Art. no. 19, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.3390/su141912091.
• [15] I. Gunawan, A. A. N. P. Redi, A. A. Santosa, M. F. N. Maghfiroh, A. H. Pandyaswargo, and A. C. Kurniawan, “Determinants of Customer Intentions to Use Electric Vehicle in Indonesia: An Integrated Model Analysis,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 4, p. 1972, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.3390/su14041972.
• [16] S. Secinaro, D. Calandra, F. Lanzalonga, and A. Ferraris, “Electric vehicles’ consumer behaviours: Mapping the field and providing a research agenda,” J. Bus. Res., vol. 150, pp. 399–416, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.06.011.
• [17] C. Xue, H. Zhou, Q. Wu, X. Wu, and X. Xu, “Impact of Incentive Policies and Other Socio-Economic Factors on Electric Vehicle Market Share: A Panel Data Analysis from the 20 Countries,” Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 5, Art. no. 5, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.3390/su13052928.
• [18] S. Asadi et al., “Factors impacting consumers’ intention toward adoption of electric vehicles in Malaysia,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 282, p. 124474, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124474.
• [19] E. Kocagöz and Ç. S. İğde, “Elektrikli Araç Satın Alma Niyetini Hangi Faktörler Etkiler? Bir Tüketici Araştırması,” Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sos. Bilim. Derg., Sep. 2022, doi: 10.33437/ksusbd.1133892.
• [20] M. Yildirim and Ş. Özdemi̇r, “Tüketici Etnosentrizmi ve Tüketici Yenilikçiliği Açısından Yerli Elektrikli Otomobili Satın Alma Niyetleri: Bir Ön Değerlendirme,” Girişimcilik ve İnovasyon Yönetimi Dergisi, vol.10, no. 2, 2021, pp. 110-142, doi: 10.15659/jeim.10.2.006.
• [21] A. Yılmaz, M. Ulaş, and A. Yeşi̇l, “Etnosentrizm ve Tüketici İlişkiselliği: Yerli Otomobil Satın Alma Niyetinin Öngörüsü,” Selçuk İletişim, vol. 15, no. 1, Art. no. 1, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.18094/josc.976314.
• [22] H. Önder and O. C. Kaya, “Elektrikli Araçların Satışı Üzerinde Sosyo-Ekonomik Faktörlerin Etkisi: Bir Panel Veri Analizi,” Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sos. Bilim. Derg., vol. 7, no. 1, Art. no. 1, Feb. 2019.
• [23] B. Karamehmet and E. Morgül, “Tüketicilerin Elektrikli Araç Tercihleri: Literatür Taraması ve Türkiye’de Tanıtımına Yönelik Öneriler,” Karadeniz Uluslar. Bilimsel Dergi, no. 40, Art. no. 40, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.17498/kdeniz.425914.
• [24] N. Özdemir Öztürk, “Yenlikçi tüketici davranışları: Türkiye ve Almanya’da elektrikli araçların kabulü üzerine karşılaştırmalı bir araştırma,” doctoralThesis, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2022. Accessed: Jan. 03, 2023. [Online]. Available: http://acikerisim.pau.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/handle/11499/39662.
• [25] X. Huang and J. Ge, “Electric vehicle development in Beijing: An analysis of consumer purchase intention,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 216, pp. 361–372, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.231.
• [26] K. Rouibah, T. Ramayah, and O. May, “User Acceptance of Internet Banking In Malaysia: Test of Three Competing Models,” IJEA, vol. 1, pp. 1–19, Jan. 2009, doi: 10.4018/jea.2009010101.
• [27] N. Tunçel, “Intention to purchase electric vehicles: Evidence from an emerging market,” Res. Transp. Bus. Manag., vol. 43, p. 100764, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.rtbm.2021.100764.
• [28] Z. A. Lashari, J. Ko, and J. Jang, “Consumers’ Intention to Purchase Electric Vehicles: Influences of User Attitude and Perception,” Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 12, Art. no. 12, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.3390/su13126778.
• [29] O. B. Tor et al., “Transport sector transformation: integrating electric vehicles in Turkey’s distribution grids,” Energy Sources Part B Econ. Plan. Policy, vol. 16, no. 11–12, pp. 1026–1047, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1080/15567249.2021.1916795.
• [30] G. Adu-Gyamfi, H. Song, B. Obuobi, E. Nketiah, H. Wang, and D. Cudjoe, “Who will adopt? Investigating the adoption intention for battery swap technology for electric vehicles,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 156, p. 111979, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111979.
• [31] D. K. Thilina and N. Gunawardane, “The effect of perceived risk on the purchase intention of electric vehicles: an extension to the technology acceptance model,” Int. J. Electr. Hybrid Veh., vol. 11, no. 1, p. 73, 2019, doi: 10.1504/IJEHV.2019.098717.
• [32] Y. Liao, “Intention of consumers to adopt electric vehicle in the post-subsidy era: evidence from China,” Int. J. Sustain. Transp., vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 647–659, Jul. 2022, doi: 10.1080/15568318.2021.1918297.
• [33] S. Wang, J. Wang, J. Li, J. Wang, and L. Liang, “Policy implications for promoting the adoption of electric vehicles: Do consumer’s knowledge, perceived risk and financial incentive policy matter?,” Transp. Res. Part Policy Pract., vol. 117, pp. 58–69, Nov. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2018.08.014.
• [34] H. Khazaei and M. A. Tareq, “Moderating effects of personal innovativeness and driving experience on factors influencing adoption of BEVs in Malaysia: An integrated SEM–BSEM approach,” Heliyon, vol. 7, no. 9, p. e08072, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08072.
• [35] M. Buranelli de Oliveira, H. Moretti Ribeiro da Silva, D. Jugend, P. De Camargo Fiorini, and C. E. Paro, “Factors influencing the intention to use electric cars in Brazil,” Transp. Res. Part Policy Pract., vol. 155, pp. 418–433, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2021.11.018.
• [36] J. Thøgersen and J. V. Ebsen, “Perceptual and motivational reasons for the low adoption of electric cars in Denmark,” Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav., vol. 65, pp. 89–106, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2019.07.017.
• [37] R. Afroz, A. Rahman, M. M. Masud, R. Akhtar, and J. B. Duasa, “How Individual Values and Attitude Influence Consumers’ Purchase Intention of Electric Vehicles—Some Insights from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,” Environ. Urban. ASIA, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 193–211, Sep. 2015, doi: 10.1177/0975425315589160.
• [38] Y. N. Sang, “Determining Key Predictors Influencing Intention to Use Electric Vehicles in Malaysia,” in International Conference and Utility Exhibition on Green Energy for Sustainable Development (ICUE), Pattaya, Thailand, Mar. 2014, pp. 1-8.
• [39] A. Vafaei-Zadeh, T.-K. Wong, H. Hanifah, A. P. Teoh, and K. Nawaser, “Modelling electric vehicle purchase intention among generation Y consumers in Malaysia,” Res. Transp. Bus. Manag., vol. 43, p. 100784, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.rtbm.2022.100784.
• [40] U. Shakeel, “Electric vehicle development in Pakistan: Predicting consumer purchase intention,” Clean. Responsible Consum., vol. 5, p. 100065, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.clrc.2022.100065.
• [41] S. Buschmann, M.-F. Chen, and G. Hauer, “An Integrated Model of the Theory of Reasoned Action and Technology Acceptance Model to Predict the Consumers’ Intentions to Adopt Electric Carsharing in Taiwan,” in Innovations for Metropolitan Areas, P. Planing, P. Müller, P. Dehdari, and T. Bäumer, Eds. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020, pp. 105–120. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-60806-7_9.
• [42] T. Thananusak, S. Rakthin, T. Tavewatanaphan, and P. Punnakitikashem, “Factors affecting the intention to buy electric vehicles: empirical evidence from Thailand,” Int. J. Electr. Hybrid Veh., vol. 9, no. 4, p. 361, 2017, doi: 10.1504/IJEHV.2017.089875.
• [43] W. Ackaah, A. T. Kanton, and K. K. Osei, “Factors influencing consumers’ intentions to purchase electric vehicles in Ghana,” Transp. Lett., vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 1031–1042, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.1080/19427867.2021.1990828.
• [44] I. Sefora et al., “An Investigation of Young Consumers’ Perceptions Towards the Adoption of Electric Cars,” Afr. J. Bus. Econ. Res., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 107–126, Jun. 2019, doi: 10.31920/1750-4562/2019/14n2a6.
• [45] K. Shalender and N. Sharma, “Using extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to predict adoption intention of electric vehicles in India,” Environ. Dev. Sustain., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 665–681, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s10668-020-00602-7.
• [46] A. Shankar and P. Kumari, “Exploring the enablers and inhibitors of electric vehicle adoption intention from sellers’ perspective in India: A view of the dual‐factor model,” Int. J. Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Mark., vol. 24, no. 4, Nov. 2019, doi: 10.1002/nvsm.1662.
• [47] M. F. N. Maghfiroh, A. H. Pandyaswargo, and H. Onoda, “Current Readiness Status of Electric Vehicles in Indonesia: Multistakeholder Perceptions,” Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 23, p. 13177, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.3390/su132313177.
• [48] K. Alzahrani, A. Hall-Phillips, and A. Z. Zeng, “Applying the theory of reasoned action to understanding consumers’ intention to adopt hybrid electric vehicles in Saudi Arabia,” Transportation, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 199–215, Feb. 2019, doi: 10.1007/s11116-017-9801-3.
• [49] R. M. Bridi and N. Alhosani, “Theoretical reflections on consumer behavior: the adoption and non-adoption of electric vehicles,” in 2021 6th International Conference on Renewable Energy: Generation and Applications (ICREGA), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, Feb. 2021, pp. 243–247. doi: 10.1109/ICREGA50506.2021.9388315.
• [50] A. Nadia, N. Shahrina, and R. Imran, “An Integrative Approach to Study on Consumer Behavior towards Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Revolution: Consumer Behavior towards Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Business & Management Book Chapter | IGI Global.” https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/an-integrative-approach-to-study-on-consumer-behavior-towards-plug-in-hybrid-electric-vehicles-revolution/173651 (accessed Jan. 03, 2023).
• [51] E. Kocagöz, Ç. S. İğde, and G. Çeti̇ndağ, Elektrikli ve akıllı, yerli ve milli: Türkiye’nin Otomobili Girişim Grubu’nun tanıttığı araçlara yönelik tüketicilerin ilk değerlendirmeleri. Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, no. 49, 2020, pp. 55-74.
• [52] H. Ceylan, İ. Akbulut, and M. Durmuş, “Tüketicilerin Otomobil Tercihinde Etkili Olan Faktörlerin Subjektif Kullanım Düzeylerine Göre Değerlendirilmesi/Evaluating The Effective Factors in Automobile Preferences of Consumers According to Subjective Use Levels,” in Scientific Cooperation for the Future in the Social Sciences International Conference, Uşak, Turkey, 22nd-23rd September. 2016, pp. 794-801.
• [53] “Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK).” https://www.tuik.gov.tr/.
• [54] J.-C. Tu and C. Yang, “Key Factors Influencing Consumers’ Purchase of Electric Vehicles,” Sustainability, vol. 11, no. 14, p. 3863, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.3390/su11143863.
• [55] P. Udomkun et al., “What are the key factors influencing consumers’ preference and willingness to pay for meat products in Eastern DRC?,” Food Sci. Nutr., vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 2321–2336, 2018, doi: 10.1002/fsn3.813.
• [56] X. Zhang, X. Bai, and J. Shang, “Is subsidized electric vehicles adoption sustainable: Consumers’ perceptions and motivation toward incentive policies, environmental benefits, and risks,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 192, pp. 71–79, Aug. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.252.
• [57] S. Yankun, “An Empirical Study on the Influencing Factors of Consumers’ Willingness to Use Pure Electric Vehicle Based on TAM Model,” in 2020 16th Dahe Fortune China Forum and Chinese High-educational Management Annual Academic Conference (DFHMC), Zhengzhou, China, Dec. 2020, pp. 289–292. doi: 10.1109/DFHMC52214.2020.00063.
• [58] C. Nosi, T. Pucci, C. Silvestri, and B. Aquilani, “Does Value Co-Creation Really Matter? An Investigation of Italian Millennials Intention to Buy Electric Cars,” Sustainability, vol. 9, no. 12, p. 2159, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.3390/su9122159.
• [59] Y. Ma, K. Rong, Y. Luo, Y. Wang, D. Mangalagiu, and T. F. Thornton, “Value Co-creation for sustainable consumption and production in the sharing economy in China,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 208, pp. 1148–1158, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.135.
• [60] C.-W. ‘Chloe’ Ki and Y.-K. Kim, “The mechanism by which social media influencers persuade consumers: The role of consumers’ desire to mimic,” Psychol. Mark., vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 905–922, 2019, doi: 10.1002/mar.21244.
• [61] S. Bobeth and I. Kastner, “Buying an electric car: A rational choice or a norm-directed behavior?,” Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav., vol. 73, pp. 236–258, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2020.06.009.
• [62] J.-W. Hu, A. Javaid, and F. Creutzig, “Leverage points for accelerating adoption of shared electric cars: Perceived benefits and environmental impact of NEVs,” Energy Policy, vol. 155, p. 112349, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112349.
• [63] J. Schlüter and J. Weyer, “Car sharing as a means to raise acceptance of electric vehicles: An empirical study on regime change in automobility,” Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav., vol. 60, pp. 185–201, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2018.09.005.
• [64] M. Mehdizadeh and A. Shariat-Mohaymany, “Who are less likely to vote for a low emission charging zone? Attitudes and adoption of hybrid and electric vehicles,” Transp. Res. Part Policy Pract., vol. 146, pp. 29–43, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2021.02
• [65] A. M. Ngoc, H. Nishiuchi, and N. T. Nhu, “Determinants of carriers’ intentions to use electric cargo vehicles in last-mile delivery by extending the technology acceptance model: a case study of Vietnam,” Int. J. Logist. Manag., Jul. 2022, doi: 10.1108/IJLM-12-2021-0566.
• [66] M. H. Bhutto, A. A. Shaikh, and R. Sharma, “Factors Affecting the Consumers’ Purchase Intention and Willingness-to-Pay More for Electric-Vehicle Technology,” In Proceedings of The International Conference on Electronic Business, Volume 21, (ICEB’21), Nanjing, China, Dec. 2021, pp. 167-180.
• [67] S.-J. Moon, “Effect of consumer environmental propensity and innovative propensity on intention to purchase electric vehicles: Applying an extended theory of planned behavior,” Int. J. Sustain. Transp., vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 1032–1046, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.1080/15568318.2021.1961950.
• [68] M. Aria and C. Cuccurullo, “bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis,” J. Informetr., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 959–975, 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2017.08.007.
• [69] A. Perianes-Rodriguez, L. Waltman, and N. J. van Eck, “Constructing bibliometric networks: A comparison between full and fractional counting,” J. Informetr., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1178–1195, 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2016.10.006.
• [70] S. D. Arora and A. Chakraborty, “Intellectual structure of consumer complaining behavior (CCB) research: A bibliometric analysis,” J. Bus. Res., vol. 122, pp. 60–74, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.08.043.
• [71] E. M. Tucker-Drob and T. A. Salthouse, “Confirmatory factor analysis and multidimensional scaling for construct validation of cognitive abilities,” Int. J. Behav. Dev., vol. 33, pp. 277–285, 2009, doi: 10.1177/0165025409104489.