EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LOCATION OF WIND PLANTS AND THE EARTHQUAKE RISK: CASE STUDY TÜRKİYE

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 4, 1055 - 1067, 28.12.2023

Anıl Özdemir Murat Pınarlık

https://doi.org/10.29109/gujsc.1328735

Öz

The significance of renewable energy resources has become increasingly prominent in light of the global population growth and the inadequacy of existing energy sources. Among these resources, wind energy stands out as a highly efficient option for sustainable power generation worldwide. Türkiye, with its capacity to accommodate both onshore and offshore wind turbines, has emerged as an attractive hub in this field. Given Türkiye's favourable geographical location, wind energy holds great potential in the country. Consequently, there has been a steady rise in the number of wind power plants established for electricity generation in Türkiye, along with an increase in their installed power capacity. However, the regions hosting these wind power plants face dynamic challenges, such as the risk of earthquakes, which can jeopardize their continuous operation. This study focuses on providing a comprehensive analysis of the causes of wind turbine damage, offering statistical insights into this subject. Additionally, the study discusses the various factors influencing the selection of suitable locations for wind turbine power plants, while also exploring relevant international laws and regulations. To initiate the research, an initial step involves creating a map illustrating the existing wind turbine plant locations. The study also presents statistical data regarding the distribution of wind turbine plants in earthquake-prone regions. Subsequently, by considering the earthquake map established in Türkiye's 2018 earthquake regulation, an assessment of earthquake risks is conducted based on the existing wind turbine power plant locations. As a result, new locations characterized by low earthquake risk and high wind efficiency are proposed for future wind power plant projects.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Earthquake, Wind Turbine Locations, Wind Power Plants, Wind Turbine Failure, Structural Disruptions

Kaynakça

• [1] Kumar, A., Sah, B., Singh, A.R., Deng, Y., He, X., Kumar, P., et al. “A review of multi criteria decision making (MCDM) towards sustainable renewable energy development”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69:596–609, (2017). (article)
• [2] Aydin, N.Y., Kentel, E., Duzgun, S., “GIS-based environmental assessment of wind energy systems for spatial planning: A case study from Western Turkey”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14:364–73 (2010). (article)
• [3] Teneler, G., “Türkiye’de Rüzgâr Enerjisi. Türkiye’nin Enerji Görünümü, Ankara, 283–95, (2020). (report) [4] Kabak, M., Taskinoz, G., “Determination of the installation sites of wind power plants with spatial analysis: A model proposal”, Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 38:441–57 (2020). (article)
• [5] TWEA (Turkish Wind Energy Association). Turkish Wind Energy Statistics Report - January 2023. (report)
• [6] BP Global. Statistical Review of World Energy: Renewable Energy. https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/renewable-energy.html.html#wind-energy. (Access date: 05.04.2022). (web site)
• [7] Günay, E., Yildirim, S., “State of Turkey In Terms of Renewable Energy Capacity”, 5th International Kahramanmaras Management, Economics and Politics Congress, 15-17 September 2022, Bursa-Türkiye. (congress)
• [8] Çalışkan, M., “Turkey’s Potential for Wind Energy and Current Investments”,Türkiye Wind Energy Potential and Current Investments Seminar, İstanbul (2011). (seminar)
• [9] Korkmaz, K.A., Çarhanoğlu, A.İ., Kural, M.E., “Sürdürülebilir enerji kaynaklarından rüzgâr türbinlerinin davranışlarının deprem etkisi altında incelenmesi”, İstanbul Commerce University Journal of Science, 7:1–13 (2008). (article)
• [10] Atimtay, E., Çerçeveli Ve Perdeli Betonarme Sistemlerin Tasarımı 1-2. 1st and 2nd ed. Ankara: METU Press (2001). (book)
• [11] Preliminary Reconnaissance Report on February 6, 2023, Pazarcık Mw=7.7 and Elbistan Mw=7.6, Kahramanmaras-Türkiye Earthquakes, METU. (report)
• [12] https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/ kahramanmaras-merkezli-depremlerin-ardindan-38-bin-artci-sarsinti-yasandi/2906348 (Access date: 13.07.2023). (web site)
• [13] Yazıcıoğlu, H., Tanrıkulu, M., Johannes, C., Haklıdır, F.T., “Pre-Feasibility Study on the Offshore Wind Energy Capacity Assessment of Turkish Seas”, Enerji IQ, Ankara, 1–5 (2019). (article)
• [14] He, M., Li, Z., Ma, R., Huang, D., Liu, K., Pei, Z., “Experimental Investigation and On—Site Measurement of Reverse—Balanced Flange Connections in Wind Turbine Towers”, Advances in Structural Engineering, 18:1215–25 (2015). (article)
• [15] Ma, Y., Martinez-Vazquez, P., Baniotopoulos, C., “Wind turbine tower collapse cases: A historical overview”, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Structures and Buildings, 172:547–55 (2019). (article)
• [16] www.caithnesswindfarms.co.uk. Summary of Wind Turbine Accident Data to 31 March 2021. http://www.caithnesswindfarms.co.uk/fullaccidents.pdf (Access date: 05.01.2022). (web site)
• [17] Nielsen, J.S., Risk-Based Operation and Maintenance of Offshore Wind Turbines, PhD Thesis, Aalborg University, Department of Civil Engineering, Denmark, (2013). (thesis)
• [18] Chou, J.S., Tu, W.T., “Failure analysis and risk management of a collapsed large wind turbine tower”, Engineering Failure Analysis, 18:295–313 (2011). (article)
• [19] Zhang, N., The Frequent Wind Turbine Fire and Collapse Accidents Rasing Concerns. http://finance.sina.com.cn/chanjing/b/20101008/14318747248.shtml (Access date: 05.04.2022). (web site)
• [20] Backstrand, J.; Hurtig, A. Final Report RO 2017: 01; Statens Haverikommission: Stockholm, Sweden, (2017). (report)
• [21] Ciang, C.C., Lee, J.R., Bang, H.J., “Structural health monitoring for a wind turbine system: a review of damage detection methods”, Measurement Science and Technology, 19:12200 (2008). (article)
• [22] Ghoshal, A., Sundaresan, M.J., Schulz, M.J., Pai, P.F., “Structural health monitoring techniques for wind turbine blades”, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 85:309–24 (2000). (article)
• [23] Bas, J., Carriveau, R., Cheng, S., Newson, T., “Strain response of a wind turbine tower as a function of nacelle orientation”, BIONATURE 2012: The Third International Conference on Bioenvironment, Biodiversity and Renewable Energies, IARIA St. Maarten, 12–8 (2012). (conference)
• [24] Sheng, S., O’Connor, R., “Reliability of wind turbines”, Wind Energy Engineering, Elsevier, 299–327 (2017). (article)
• [25] Nuta, E., Christopoulos, C., Packer, J.A., “Methodology for seismic risk assessment for tubular steel wind turbine towers: application to Canadian seismic environment”, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 38:293–304 (2011). (article)
• [26] Myers, A.T., Gupta, A., Ramirez, C.M., Chioccarelli, E., “Evaluation of the Seismic Vulnerability of Tubular Wind Turbine Towers”, Proceedings of the 15th world conference on earthquake engineering, Lisbon, 24–8 (2012). (conference)
• [27] Sadowski, A.J., Camara, A., Málaga‐Chuquitaype, C., Dai, K., “Seismic analysis of a tall metal wind turbine support tower with realistic geometric imperfections”, Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 46:201–19 (2017). (article)
• [28] Bozyigit, B., Bozyigit, I., Prendergast, L. J., “Analytical approach for seismic analysis of onshore wind turbines considering soil-structure interaction”, Structures, 51:226-241 (2023). (article)
• [29] TWEA (Turkish Wind Energy Association). Turkish Wind Energy Statistics Report - January 2022. (report)
• [30] Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Interior Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency. Türkiye Deprem Bölgelerinde Yapılacak Binalar Hakkında Yönetmelik. Ankara (2018). (report)
• [31] Korkmaz, H., “Antakya’da zemin özellikleri ve deprem etkisi arasindaki ilişki”, Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 4 (2), 49-66 (2006). (article)
• [32] Kundak, S., Türkoğlu, H., “İstanbul'da Deprem Riski Analizi”, İtüdergisi/A, 6(2) (2010). (article)
• [33] Nemutlu, Ö.F., Sarı, A., “Comparison of Turkish Earthquake Code in 2007 with Turkish Earthquake Code in 2018. In International Engineering and Natural Sciences Conference (IENSC 2018), Diyarbakır, 568, 76 (2018). (conference)
• [34] Demirtaş, R., “Yerleşim ve yapı güvenliği açısından diri faylardan ne kadar uzaklaşılmalı?”, (Antakya ve Osmaniye depremselliği ve kentleşmeye etkileri), TMMOB. 26-27 Haziran, Konferanslar Serisi: 1, Jeoloji Odası Yayınları, No: 76, 46-67, Ankara (2003). (conference)
• [35] Building and Housing Research Center-BHRC, Iranian Code of Practice for Seismic Resistant Design of Buildings. Standard No. 2800, 3rd edn. Tehran, (2004). (report)
• [36] Malekzadeh, T., “Investigation and comparison of the seismicity of Northwest Iran (Azerbaijan) And East Anatolia”, PhD Thesis, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ankara University, (2007). (thesis)
• [37] Code UB, International Council of Building Code Officials (UBC-97). Whittier, CA, (1997). (book)
• [38] Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, Deprem Bölgelerinde Yapılacak Binalar Hakkında Yönetmelik. Ankara, (2007). (report)