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A Faster Active Package to Cell Balancing of Battery Management System Using Isolated CUK Converter with Switch Matrix

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3, 639 - 661, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.29109/gujsc.1487808

Öz

This paper proposes a faster active package to cell (P2C) balancing battery management system (BMS) by using a proportion-integration (PI) controlled isolated CUK converter (ICC) with a cell-selective switch matrix (SWM). The high power capability of the ICC and a SWM that has the ability to select each cell individually or multiple cells in series increase balance speed. In addition, the low cost analysis and small size comparisons of the proposed study are presented. BMS is applied to battery packs to monitor the voltage, current, temperature, and state of charge (SoC) values of each cell and provide the battery pack with the ability to operate in a safe zone. One of the battery problems is that each battery cell in the pack does not contribute energy equally to the entire pack. Li-ion batteries that are used in this paper also suffer from this problem due to their higher energy density than other batteries. Therefore, a balancing operation is needed for the voltage and SoC of each cell. According to the average of battery cells, the entire pack charges the selected lower cells by converting the energy through ICC and switching the lower energized cells. Due to the isolation, the energy can be transferred from pack to cell. The proposed study is simulated in MATLAB Simulink and then implemented experimentally. The experimental studies produce a balancing speed of 9.64 mV/min with 81.98% efficiency. Finally, the result of the proposed study is compared with the other P2C methods in the literature. The comparison also showed that the proposed study is a cost effective solution.

Kaynakça

  • [1] Clarke M, Alonso JJ. Lithium–ion battery modeling for aerospace applications. Journal of Aircraft. 2018; 58.6: 1323-1335.
  • [2] Al-Ismail FS, Alam M S, Shafiullah M, Hossain MI, Rahman SM. Impacts of renewable energy generation on greenhouse gas emissions in Saudi Arabia: A comprehensive review. Sustainability. 2023; 15(6): 5069.
  • [3] Liang Y, Zhao CZ, Yuan H, Chen Y, Zhang W, Huang JQ, Zhang, Q. A review of rechargeable batteries for portable electronic devices. InfoMat. 2019; 1(1): 6-32.
  • [4] AVCI G, ÖZDEMİR A. Recycling of Spent LFP Batteries. Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasarım ve Teknoloji. 2023; 11(4).
  • [5] Fichtner M, Edström K, Ayerbe E, Berecibar M, Bhowmik A, Castelli IE, Weil M. Rechargeable batteries of the future—the state of the art from a BATTERY 2030+ perspective, Advanced Energy Materials 2022; 12(17): 2102904.
  • [6] Cetinkaya U, Bayındır R, Avcı E, Ayık S. Battery Energy Storage System Sizing, Lifetime and Techno-Economic Evaluation for Primary Frequency Control: A Data-driven Case Study for Turkey. Gazi University Journal of Science Part C: Design and Technology. 2022; 10(2): 177-194.
  • [7] Zeng X, Li M, Abd El‐Hady D, Alshitari W, Al‐Bogami AS, Lu J, Amine K. Commercialization of lithium battery technologies for electric vehicles, Advanced Energy Materials. 2019; 9(27): 1900161.
  • [8] Andrea D. Lithium-Ion Batteries and Applications: A Practical and Comprehensive Guide to Lithium-Ion Batteries and Arrays, from Toys to Towns Volume 2. Applications (Vol. 2), Artech House. 2020.
  • [9] Koyuncu MA, Taşdelen K. AKÜ YÖNETİM SİSTEMİNİN GELİŞTİRİLMESİ VE CANBUS VERİ TRAFİĞİNİN İNCELENMESİ. Gazi University Journal of Science Part C: Design and Technology. 2022; 10(4): 884-894.
  • [10] Lelie M, Braun T, Knips M, Nordmann H, Ringbeck F, Zappen H, Sauer DU. Battery management system hardware concepts: An overview. Applied Sciences. 2018; 8(4): 534.
  • [11] Gabbar HA, Othman AM, Abdussami MR. Review of battery management systems (BMS) development and industrial standards. Technologies. 2021; 9(2): 28.
  • [12] Kaliaperumal M, Dharanendrakumar MS, Prasanna S, Abhishek KV, Chidambaram RK, Adams S, Reddy MV. Cause and mitigation of lithium-ion battery failure—A review. Materials. 2021; 14(19): 5676.
  • [13] Das UK, Shrivastava P, Tey KS, Idris MYIB, Mekhilef S, Jamei E, Stojcevski A. Advancement of lithium-ion battery cells voltage equalization techniques: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2020; 134: 110227.
  • [14] Omariba ZB, Zhang L, Sun D. Review of battery cell balancing methodologies for optimizing battery pack performance in electric vehicles. IEEE Access. 2019; 7: 129335-129352.
  • [15] Turksoy A, Teke A, Alkaya A. A comprehensive overview of the dc-dc converter-based battery charge balancing methods in electric vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2020; 133: 110274.
  • [16] Uzair M, Abbas G, Hosain S. Characteristics of battery management systems of electric vehicles with consideration of the active and passive cell balancing process. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2021; 12(3): 120.
  • [17] Kumar S, Rao SK, Singh AR, Naidoo R. Switched‐Resistor Passive Balancing of Li‐Ion Battery Pack and Estimation of Power Limits for Battery Management System. International Journal of Energy Research. 2023; 2023(1): 5547603.
  • [18] Sun W, Li Y, Liu L, Mai R. A switched‐capacitor battery equalization method for improving balancing speed. IET Electric Power Applications. 2021; 15(5): 555-569.
  • [19] Dong G, Yang F, Tsui KL, Zou C. Active balancing of lithium-ion batteries using graph theory and A-star search algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics. 2020; 17(4): 2587-2599.
  • [20] Dam SK, John V. Low-frequency selection switch based cell-to-cell battery voltage equalizer with reduced switch count. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2021; 57(4): 3842-3851.
  • [21] Shang Y, Zhang C, Cui N, Guerrero JM. A cell-to-cell battery equalizer with zero-current switching and zero-voltage gap based on quasi-resonant LC converter and boost converter. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2014; 30(7): 3731-3747.
  • [22] Habib AA, Hasan MK. Lithium-ion battery state-of-charge balancing circuit using single resonant converter for electric vehicle applications. Journal of Energy Storage. 2023; 61: 106727.
  • [23] Shang Y, Cui N, Duan B, Zhang C. A global modular equalizer based on forward conversion for series-connected battery strings. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics. 2017; 6(3): 1456-1469.
  • [24] Imtiaz AM, Khan FH. “Time shared flyback converter” based regenerative cell balancing technique for series connected Li-ion battery strings. IEEE Transactions on power Electronics. 2013; 28(12): 5960-5975.
  • [25] McCurlie L, Preindl M, Emadi A. Fast model predictive control for redistributive lithium-ion battery balancing. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2016; 64(2): 1350-1357.
  • [26] Zilio A, Mattavelli P. A flexible Multi-Active Half-Bridge converter for active balancing of series-connected Li-Ion cells. In IECON 2021–47th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, IEEE. 2021; 1-6.
  • [27] Uno M, Kukita A. String-to-battery voltage equalizer based on a half-bridge converter with multistacked current doublers for series-connected batteries. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2018; 34(2): 1286-1298.
  • [28] Guo X, Geng J, Liu Z, Xu X, Cao W. A flyback converter-based hybrid balancing method for series-connected battery pack in electric vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2021; 70(7): 6626-6635.
  • [29] Alam MA, Minai AF, Bakhsh FI. Isolated bidirectional DC-DC Converter: A topological review. e-Prime-Advances in Electrical Engineering. Electronics and Energy. 2024; 8: 100594.
  • [30] Hoque MM, Hannan MA, Mohamed A. Optimal algorithms for the charge equalisation controller of series connected lithium‐ion battery cells in electric vehicle applications. IET Electrical Systems in Transportation. 2017; 7(4): 267-277.
  • [31] Ouyang Q, Chen J, Zheng J, Hong Y. SOC estimation-based quasi-sliding mode control for cell balancing in lithium-ion battery packs. IEEE transactions on industrial electronics. 2017; 65(4): 3427-3436.
  • [32] McCurlie L, Preindl M, Emadi A. Fast model predictive control for redistributive lithium-ion battery balancing. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2016; 64(2): 1350-1357.
  • [33] Khan N, Ooi CA, Alturki A, Amir M, Alharbi T. A critical review of battery cell balancing techniques, optimal design, converter topologies, and performance evaluation for optimizing storage system in electric vehicles. Energy Reports,. 2024; 11: 4999-5032.
  • [34] Feng F, Hu X, Liu J, Lin X, Liu B. A review of equalization strategies for series battery packs: variables, objectives, and algorithms. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2019; 116: 109464.
  • [35] Aboulnaga AA, Emadi A. High performance bidirectional Cuk converter for telecommunication systems. In INTELEC 2004. 26th Annual International Telecommunications Energy Conference, IEEE. 2004, September; 182-189.
  • [36] Olabi AG, Abbas Q, Shinde PA, Abdelkareem MA. Rechargeable batteries: Technological advancement, challenges, current and emerging applications. Energy. 2023; 266: 126408.
  • [37] Ko G, Jeong S, Park S, Lee J, Kim S, Shin Y, Kwon K. Doping strategies for enhancing the performance of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries. Energy Storage Materials. 2023; 102840.
  • [38] Habib AA, Hasan MK, Issa GF, Singh D, Islam S, Ghazal TM. Lithium-ion battery management system for electric vehicles: constraints, challenges, and recommendations. Batteries. 2023; 9(3): 152.
  • [39] Hannan MA, Lipu MH, Hussain A, Mohamed A. A review of lithium-ion battery state of charge estimation and management system in electric vehicle applications: Challenges and recommendations. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017; 78: 834-854.
  • [40] Riczu C, Bauman J. Implementation and system-level modeling of a hardware efficient cell balancing circuit for electric vehicle range extension. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2021; 57(3): 2883-2895.
  • [41] Shang Y, Zhang Q, Cui N, Duan B, Zhou Z, Zhang C. Multicell-to-multicell equalizers based on matrix and half-bridge LC converters for series-connected battery strings. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics. 2019; 8(2): 1755-1766.
Yıl 2024, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3, 639 - 661, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.29109/gujsc.1487808

Öz

Kaynakça

  • [1] Clarke M, Alonso JJ. Lithium–ion battery modeling for aerospace applications. Journal of Aircraft. 2018; 58.6: 1323-1335.
  • [2] Al-Ismail FS, Alam M S, Shafiullah M, Hossain MI, Rahman SM. Impacts of renewable energy generation on greenhouse gas emissions in Saudi Arabia: A comprehensive review. Sustainability. 2023; 15(6): 5069.
  • [3] Liang Y, Zhao CZ, Yuan H, Chen Y, Zhang W, Huang JQ, Zhang, Q. A review of rechargeable batteries for portable electronic devices. InfoMat. 2019; 1(1): 6-32.
  • [4] AVCI G, ÖZDEMİR A. Recycling of Spent LFP Batteries. Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasarım ve Teknoloji. 2023; 11(4).
  • [5] Fichtner M, Edström K, Ayerbe E, Berecibar M, Bhowmik A, Castelli IE, Weil M. Rechargeable batteries of the future—the state of the art from a BATTERY 2030+ perspective, Advanced Energy Materials 2022; 12(17): 2102904.
  • [6] Cetinkaya U, Bayındır R, Avcı E, Ayık S. Battery Energy Storage System Sizing, Lifetime and Techno-Economic Evaluation for Primary Frequency Control: A Data-driven Case Study for Turkey. Gazi University Journal of Science Part C: Design and Technology. 2022; 10(2): 177-194.
  • [7] Zeng X, Li M, Abd El‐Hady D, Alshitari W, Al‐Bogami AS, Lu J, Amine K. Commercialization of lithium battery technologies for electric vehicles, Advanced Energy Materials. 2019; 9(27): 1900161.
  • [8] Andrea D. Lithium-Ion Batteries and Applications: A Practical and Comprehensive Guide to Lithium-Ion Batteries and Arrays, from Toys to Towns Volume 2. Applications (Vol. 2), Artech House. 2020.
  • [9] Koyuncu MA, Taşdelen K. AKÜ YÖNETİM SİSTEMİNİN GELİŞTİRİLMESİ VE CANBUS VERİ TRAFİĞİNİN İNCELENMESİ. Gazi University Journal of Science Part C: Design and Technology. 2022; 10(4): 884-894.
  • [10] Lelie M, Braun T, Knips M, Nordmann H, Ringbeck F, Zappen H, Sauer DU. Battery management system hardware concepts: An overview. Applied Sciences. 2018; 8(4): 534.
  • [11] Gabbar HA, Othman AM, Abdussami MR. Review of battery management systems (BMS) development and industrial standards. Technologies. 2021; 9(2): 28.
  • [12] Kaliaperumal M, Dharanendrakumar MS, Prasanna S, Abhishek KV, Chidambaram RK, Adams S, Reddy MV. Cause and mitigation of lithium-ion battery failure—A review. Materials. 2021; 14(19): 5676.
  • [13] Das UK, Shrivastava P, Tey KS, Idris MYIB, Mekhilef S, Jamei E, Stojcevski A. Advancement of lithium-ion battery cells voltage equalization techniques: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2020; 134: 110227.
  • [14] Omariba ZB, Zhang L, Sun D. Review of battery cell balancing methodologies for optimizing battery pack performance in electric vehicles. IEEE Access. 2019; 7: 129335-129352.
  • [15] Turksoy A, Teke A, Alkaya A. A comprehensive overview of the dc-dc converter-based battery charge balancing methods in electric vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2020; 133: 110274.
  • [16] Uzair M, Abbas G, Hosain S. Characteristics of battery management systems of electric vehicles with consideration of the active and passive cell balancing process. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2021; 12(3): 120.
  • [17] Kumar S, Rao SK, Singh AR, Naidoo R. Switched‐Resistor Passive Balancing of Li‐Ion Battery Pack and Estimation of Power Limits for Battery Management System. International Journal of Energy Research. 2023; 2023(1): 5547603.
  • [18] Sun W, Li Y, Liu L, Mai R. A switched‐capacitor battery equalization method for improving balancing speed. IET Electric Power Applications. 2021; 15(5): 555-569.
  • [19] Dong G, Yang F, Tsui KL, Zou C. Active balancing of lithium-ion batteries using graph theory and A-star search algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics. 2020; 17(4): 2587-2599.
  • [20] Dam SK, John V. Low-frequency selection switch based cell-to-cell battery voltage equalizer with reduced switch count. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2021; 57(4): 3842-3851.
  • [21] Shang Y, Zhang C, Cui N, Guerrero JM. A cell-to-cell battery equalizer with zero-current switching and zero-voltage gap based on quasi-resonant LC converter and boost converter. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2014; 30(7): 3731-3747.
  • [22] Habib AA, Hasan MK. Lithium-ion battery state-of-charge balancing circuit using single resonant converter for electric vehicle applications. Journal of Energy Storage. 2023; 61: 106727.
  • [23] Shang Y, Cui N, Duan B, Zhang C. A global modular equalizer based on forward conversion for series-connected battery strings. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics. 2017; 6(3): 1456-1469.
  • [24] Imtiaz AM, Khan FH. “Time shared flyback converter” based regenerative cell balancing technique for series connected Li-ion battery strings. IEEE Transactions on power Electronics. 2013; 28(12): 5960-5975.
  • [25] McCurlie L, Preindl M, Emadi A. Fast model predictive control for redistributive lithium-ion battery balancing. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2016; 64(2): 1350-1357.
  • [26] Zilio A, Mattavelli P. A flexible Multi-Active Half-Bridge converter for active balancing of series-connected Li-Ion cells. In IECON 2021–47th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, IEEE. 2021; 1-6.
  • [27] Uno M, Kukita A. String-to-battery voltage equalizer based on a half-bridge converter with multistacked current doublers for series-connected batteries. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2018; 34(2): 1286-1298.
  • [28] Guo X, Geng J, Liu Z, Xu X, Cao W. A flyback converter-based hybrid balancing method for series-connected battery pack in electric vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2021; 70(7): 6626-6635.
  • [29] Alam MA, Minai AF, Bakhsh FI. Isolated bidirectional DC-DC Converter: A topological review. e-Prime-Advances in Electrical Engineering. Electronics and Energy. 2024; 8: 100594.
  • [30] Hoque MM, Hannan MA, Mohamed A. Optimal algorithms for the charge equalisation controller of series connected lithium‐ion battery cells in electric vehicle applications. IET Electrical Systems in Transportation. 2017; 7(4): 267-277.
  • [31] Ouyang Q, Chen J, Zheng J, Hong Y. SOC estimation-based quasi-sliding mode control for cell balancing in lithium-ion battery packs. IEEE transactions on industrial electronics. 2017; 65(4): 3427-3436.
  • [32] McCurlie L, Preindl M, Emadi A. Fast model predictive control for redistributive lithium-ion battery balancing. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2016; 64(2): 1350-1357.
  • [33] Khan N, Ooi CA, Alturki A, Amir M, Alharbi T. A critical review of battery cell balancing techniques, optimal design, converter topologies, and performance evaluation for optimizing storage system in electric vehicles. Energy Reports,. 2024; 11: 4999-5032.
  • [34] Feng F, Hu X, Liu J, Lin X, Liu B. A review of equalization strategies for series battery packs: variables, objectives, and algorithms. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2019; 116: 109464.
  • [35] Aboulnaga AA, Emadi A. High performance bidirectional Cuk converter for telecommunication systems. In INTELEC 2004. 26th Annual International Telecommunications Energy Conference, IEEE. 2004, September; 182-189.
  • [36] Olabi AG, Abbas Q, Shinde PA, Abdelkareem MA. Rechargeable batteries: Technological advancement, challenges, current and emerging applications. Energy. 2023; 266: 126408.
  • [37] Ko G, Jeong S, Park S, Lee J, Kim S, Shin Y, Kwon K. Doping strategies for enhancing the performance of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries. Energy Storage Materials. 2023; 102840.
  • [38] Habib AA, Hasan MK, Issa GF, Singh D, Islam S, Ghazal TM. Lithium-ion battery management system for electric vehicles: constraints, challenges, and recommendations. Batteries. 2023; 9(3): 152.
  • [39] Hannan MA, Lipu MH, Hussain A, Mohamed A. A review of lithium-ion battery state of charge estimation and management system in electric vehicle applications: Challenges and recommendations. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017; 78: 834-854.
  • [40] Riczu C, Bauman J. Implementation and system-level modeling of a hardware efficient cell balancing circuit for electric vehicle range extension. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2021; 57(3): 2883-2895.
  • [41] Shang Y, Zhang Q, Cui N, Duan B, Zhou Z, Zhang C. Multicell-to-multicell equalizers based on matrix and half-bridge LC converters for series-connected battery strings. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics. 2019; 8(2): 1755-1766.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Güç Elektroniği
Bölüm Tasarım ve Teknoloji
Yazarlar

Alperen Uğurluoğlu 0000-0001-8038-5729

Ahmet Karaarslan 0000-0001-6475-4539

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 26 Eylül 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Mayıs 2024
Kabul Tarihi 3 Eylül 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Uğurluoğlu, A., & Karaarslan, A. (2024). A Faster Active Package to Cell Balancing of Battery Management System Using Isolated CUK Converter with Switch Matrix. Gazi University Journal of Science Part C: Design and Technology, 12(3), 639-661. https://doi.org/10.29109/gujsc.1487808

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