Çin’in Yolsuzlukla Mücadele Politikalarının Evrimi: Kadim Çin’den Modern Çin’e

Öz

Yolsuzluğa dayalı rüşvet suçları, tarihsel olarak Çin ekonomisinin gelişimini tehdit etmiştir. Çinli şirketlerin ve devlet kurumlarının karıştığı yolsuzluk suçları, Çin’in yolsuzlukla mücadele politikasının etkinliğinin sorgulanmasına yol açmıştır. Ülke genelinde yolsuzluğun yaygınlaşması, Pekin yönetiminin bu konudaki politikalarını yeniden gözden geçirmesine neden olmuştur. Hukuki düzenlemelerin yetersizliği ve güçlü bir hukuk sisteminin eksikliği, finansal ve yolsuzluk suçlarının artmasına yol açmıştır. Bu bağlamda, Pekin yönetimi siyasal ve ekonomik istikrarı tehdit eden suçların önlenmesi için sert önlemler almış ve cezai yaptırımlar kullanarak yolsuzluğa karşı etkin bir mücadele sergilemiştir. Özellikle ekonomik düzeni koruma amacıyla, yolsuzluk ve rüşvet suçlarına karşı kararlı bir tutum sergileyen yönetim, idam ve müebbet hapis cezaları gibi ağır cezalar uygulamıştır. Pekin yönetiminin, ekonomik suçlar ve yolsuzlukla mücadeledeki kararlı politikaları, hukuki düzenlemelerin güçlendirilmesi ve cezai yaptırımların etkinliği üzerine yapılan reformlar, bu çalışmanın temel odak noktalarından birini oluşturmaktadır. Bu bağlamda öncelikle Çin ceza hukukunun tarihsel gelişimi ve yolsuzlukla mücadeleye yönelik yaklaşımları ele alınacaktır. Ardından, Mao Zedong’un yolsuzluk ve ekonomik suçlara ilişkin benimsediği politikalar sistematik bir şekilde incelenecek ve bu politikaların hukuki ve siyasi boyutları tartışılacaktır. Son bölümde ise, Çin tarihindeki en etkili yolsuzlukla mücadele politikalarını hayata geçiren Xi Jinping’in bu alandaki stratejileri, uygulamaları ve politikalarının etkileri kapsamlı bir şekilde değerlendirilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çin
• Rüşvet
• Yosuzluk
• Yolsuzlukla Mücadele
• Xi Jinping

The Evolution of China's Anti-Corruption Policies: From Ancient China to the Modern China

Öz

Corruption-based bribery crimes have historically threatened the development of the Chinese economy. Corruption crimes involving Chinese companies and state institutions have led to questions about the effectiveness of China's anti-corruption policy. The spread of corruption throughout the country has prompted the Beijing administration to reevaluate its policies on this issue. Inadequate legal regulations and the lack of a strong legal system have led to an increase in financial and corruption crimes. In this context, the Beijing administration has taken tough measures to prevent crimes that threaten political and economic stability and has demonstrated an effective fight against corruption by using criminal sanctions. In particular, with the aim of protecting the economic order, the administration has taken a firm stance against corruption and bribery crimes, imposing severe penalties such as the death penalty and life imprisonment. The Beijing administration's determined policies in the fight against economic crimes and corruption, along with reforms aimed at strengthening legal regulations and the effectiveness of criminal sanctions, constitute one of the main focal points of this study. In this context, the historical development of Chinese criminal law and approaches to combating corruption will first be examined. Then, Mao Zedong's policies on corruption and economic crimes will be systematically examined, and the legal and political dimensions of these policies will be discussed. In the final section, Xi Jinping's strategies, practices, and the effects of his policies in this area, which have implemented the most effective anti-corruption policies in Chinese history, will be comprehensively evaluated.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• China
• Bribery
• Corruption
• Anti- Corruption
• Xi Jinping

Kaynakça

1. Bryan, M. (2020). Mao zedong and the cultural revolution: in theory and impact (Honors Thesis, Coastal Carolina University). Coastal Carolina University Digital Commons. https://digitalcommons.coastal.edu/honors-theses/368.
2. China Daily. (May 29, 2015). China's most-wanted fugitive set to be extradited by US. [Available online at: https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china///2015-05/29/content_20851340.htm], Retrieved on March 7, 2025
3. China Daily. (May 17, 2020). Chinese police handle 159,000 economic crime cases in 2019. [Available online at: https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202005/17/WS5ec0ee2ba310a8b2411563ef.html], Retrieved on March 7, 2025
4. China Daily. (June 06, 2023). Fugitive returns to China, turns herself in. [Available online at: https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202306/13/WS6487b9b5a31033ad3f7bbe63.html], Retrieved on March 7, 2025
5. China Legal Experts. (2024). China's anti-corruption & anti-bribery laws regulations 2024. [Available online at: https://www.chinalegalexperts.com/news/china-anti-corruption-law], Retrieved on March 7, 2025
6. D’Ambrosio, P. J. (2015). The value of falsity in the Mencius: Early Confucianism is not consequentialism. International Communication of Chinese Culture, 2, 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40636-015-0017-y
7. D'Amico, N. (2015). Corruption and economic growth in China: An empirical analysis (Senior Honors Projects, 78,1-26. Fabre, Guilhem. (2017). “Xi Jinping’s Challenge: What Is behind China’s Anticorruption Campaign?,” Journal of SelfGovernance and Management Economics, 5(2): 7–28.
8. Feng, Y. ( 2002). “The Chinese Procuratorates and the Anti-Corruption Campaigns in the People’s Republic of China.” In Jianfu Chen, Yuwan Li, and Jan Michiel Otto (eds.), Implementation of Law in the People’s Republic of China. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 113-124.

9. Feng, L. (2019). The 2018 constitutional amendments. China Perspectives, 2019(1), 11-21.
10. Fisher, H. E. (2015). The Chinese inquisition: Xi Jinping's war on corruption (Honors thesis). University of Mississippi.
11. Gao, C. (2017). ( October 02, 2017). A closer look at the downfall of Sun Zhengcai. [Available online at: https://thediplomat.com/2017/10/a-closer-look-at-the-downfall-of-sun-zhengcai/], Retrieved on April.
12. GLI, (2022), (December 5, 2024). Bribery & Corruption Laws and Regulations. [Available online at: https://www.globallegalinsights.com/practice-areas/bribery-and-corruption-laws-and-regulations/], Retrieved on March 13, 2025.
13. He, Z. (2000). Corruption and anti-corruption in reform China. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 33(2), 243– 270. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-067X(00)00010-4.
14. Huhe, N., Chen, J., & Chen, Y. (2022). Flies, tigers, and the leviathan: Anti-corruption campaigns and popular political support in China. Japanese Journal of Political Science, 23(3), 193-208. https://doi.org/10.1017/S146810992200010X
15. Koçer, G., & Yüce, M. (2022). Çin’in yerel uluslararası ilişkiler teorileri ve Çin dış politikası. M. H. Caşın, S. Kısacık, & C. Donduran (Eds.), 21. yüzyılda bütün boyutlarıyla Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti (pp.542-555), Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
16. Leng, Shao-Chuan (1997). The Role of Law in the People’s Republic of China as Reflecting Mao Tse-Tung ‘s Influence, Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 68(3), 356-373.
17. Lewis, Margaret K. (2014). “Criminal Law Pays: Penal Law’s Contribution to China’s Economic Development”, in: Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 47(2), 371-450.
18. Li, Y., Milanovic, B., & Lin, Y. (2024). Anti-corruption campaign in China: An empirical investigation. European Journal of Political Economy, 85, 102559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2024.102559
19. Liu, C. (2012). Leaving the FDA behind: Pharmaceutical outsourcing and drug safety. Texas International Law Journal, 48(1), 1-33.
20. Lu, Xiaoning (2017) The Might of the People: Counter-Espionage Films and Participatory Surveillance in the Early PRC. In: Fang, Karen, (ed.), Surveillance in Asian Cinema: Under Eastern Eyes. Abingdon; New York, NY: Routledge, 1-24.
21. Orr, J. (2024). (June 21, 2022). Corruption in China. [Available online at:https://kkc.com/corruption-index/corruption-inchina//], Retrieved on March 15, 2025
22. Qingyun, W. (2025). Chinese police crack 78,000 cases of economic crimes in 2024. China Daily,https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202501/07/WS677cc1e4a310f1265a1d973f.html Reddy, R. K. (2022). (May 12, 2022). China’s anti-corruption campaign: Tigers, flies, and everything in between. [Available online at: https://thediplomat.com/2022/05/chinas-anti-corruption-campaign-tigers-flies-and-everythingin-between/], Retrieved on March 13, 2025
23. Ryan, L. V. (2000). Combating Corruption: The 21st-Century Ethical Challenge. Business Ethics Quarterly, 10(1), 331– 338. https://doi.org/10.2307/3857717
24. Sheng, Michael M. (2006). Mao Zedong and the Three-Anti Campaign (November 1951 to April 1952): A Revisionist Interpretation, Twentieth-Century China, 32 (1), 56-80, DOI: 10.1179/tcc.2006.32.1.56
25. Smeets, Larry, (1992). Judicial independence in the People’s Republic of China. Australian Journal of Law and Society, (8), 60–79.
26. Song, Y. (2011). (August 25, 2011). Chronology of mass killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976).[Available online at: https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronologymass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html], Retrieved on March 19, 2025
27. Statista. (2024). (December 2, 2024). China is the world's manufacturing superpower. [Available online at: https://www.statista.com/chart/20858/top-10-countries-by-share-of-global-manufacturing-output/], Retrieved on March 19, 2025
28. Sutherland, E. H. (1940). White-collar criminality. American Sociological Review, 5(1), 1-12.
29. Tanner, H. M. (2007). China’s law and government in the Mao years (1949–1976). Education About Asia, 12(3), 9-14.
30. Teng, Biao. (2014). (January 16, 2014).“Politics of the Death Penalty in China.” [Available online at: https://chinachange.org/2014/01/16/politics-of-the-death-penalty-in-china/.], Retrieved on April 2, 2025 Transparency International. (2025). Corruption Perceptions Index 2024. [Available online at: https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2024], Retrieved on April 2, 2025
31. United Nations, 2018, (December 05, 2018). Cost of Corruption at Least 5 Per Cent of Global Gross Domestic Product, Secretary-General Says in International Day Message. [Available online at: https://www.un.org/press/en/2018/sgsm19392.doc.htm], Retrieved on April 2, 2025
32. Wang, Shizhou, (2017). “Criminal Law in China”, Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, USA.
33. Wedeman, A. (2012). China’s corruption conundrum. China Currents: A Journal of the China Research Center, 11(2), 1- 9.
34. Xiao-Planes, X. (2010). The Pan Hannian affair and power struggles at the top of the CCP (1953-1955). China Perspectives, 2010(4), 116-127. https://doi.org/10.4000/chinaperspectives.5348.
35. Xiaoqun, Xu, (1997). The Fate of Judicial Independence in Republican China, 1912-37, China Quarterly, I149(1-28).
36. Xiaotong, Li, (2021). The Early Roots and Development of Chinese Criminal Law: The Xia and Shang Dynasties. Tsinghua China Law Review, 13 (2). pp. 100-122.
37. Yang, L., Milanovic, B., & Lin, Y. (2024). Anti-corruption campaign in China: An empirical investigation. European Journal of Political Economy, 85, 102559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2024.102559
38. Yin, C. (2024). (February 02, 2024). A new era for China’s overseas anti-corruption campaign. [Available online at: https://thediplomat.com/2024/02/a-new-era-for-chinas-overseas-anti-corruption-campaign/], Retrieved on April
39. Zhou, J. (2016). Will the Communist Party of China be able to win the anticorruption battle? Contemporary Chinese Political Economy and Strategic Relations, 2(3), 1007-1048.
40. Zhu, J. (2017),Corruption Networks in China: An Institutional Analysis. In Ting Gong & Ian Scott (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Corruption in Asia, p. 27-41. Abingdon, Oxford, UK: Routledge,
41. Zhu, J., & Wen, B. (2022). ‘Trace the Money, Seize the Fugitives’: China’s Other Anticorruption Battle. Journal of Contemporary China, 31(138), 993–1011. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2022.2031006
42. Zúñiga, N. (May 17, 2018). China: Overview of corruption and anti-corruption. Transparency International. https://knowledgehub.transparency.org/assets/uploads/helpdesk/Country-profile-China-2018.pdf