Avrupa, Asya-Pasifik ve Amerika Ülkelerinde Enerji ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Panel Veri Yaklaşımı

Öz

Bu çalışma, 1996-2023 dönemini kapsayan panel veri kullanarak Avrupa (32 ülke), Asya-Pasifik (9 ülke) ve Amerika (9 ülke) için enerji tüketiminin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktadır. Analizde, toplam enerji tüketimi (totec) ve toplam petrol tüketimi (oil) bağımsız değişkenler olarak belirlenirken, kontrol değişkenleri ihracat (exp) ve gayri safi sabit sermaye oluşumu (gfc) kontrol değişkenleri olarak dahil edilmiştir. Kişi başına düşen reel GSYİH (gdp) bağımlı değişken olarak kullanılmıştır. Kesitsel bağımlılık için test edildikten sonra, değişkenlerin durağanlık özellikleri Pesaran CIPS testi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Tahmin edilen modeller için, değişen varyans ve otokorelasyon sorunları ele alınmıştır; parametre tahminleri, sabit etkili modeller için Driscoll-Kraay yöntemi ve rastgele etkili modeller için Panel Düzeltilmiş Standart Hatalar (PCSE) yöntemi kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Bulgular hem toplam enerji hem de petrol tüketiminin Avrupa ve Asya-Pasifik ülkelerinde ekonomik büyüme üzerinde pozitif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Amerikan ülkelerinde, toplam enerji tüketimi büyüme için istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değildir, ancak petrol tüketiminin anlamlı ve pozitif yönde etkisi vardır. Ayrıca, her üç bölgede de ihracat ve brüt sabit sermaye oluşumu ekonomik büyümeyi önemli ölçüde desteklemektedir. Sonuçlar enerji-büyüme hipotezleri bağlamında değerlendirilmiş ve enerji tüketiminin ekonomik büyüme üzerinde bölgesel olarak farklı etkiler gösterdiğini, enerji politikalarının büyüme hedefleriyle uyumlu hale getirilmesinin gerekliliğini vurgular.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Panel Veri Analizi
• Ekonomik Büyüme
• Enerji-Büyüme Hipotezleri
• Discoll-Kraay Yöntemi
• Panel Düzeltilmiş Standart Hatalar Yöntemi

Energy and Economic Growth Relationship in European, Asia-Pacific, and American Countries: A Panel Data Approach

Öz

This study investigates the impact of energy consumption on economic growth for Europe (32 countries), Asia Pacific (9 countries) and America (9 countries) using panel data covering the period 1996-2023. In the analysis, total energy consumption (totec) and total oil consumption (oil) are determined as independent variables, while export (exp) and gross fixed capital formation (gfc) are included as control variables. Real GDP per capita (gdp) is used as the dependent variable. After testing for cross-sectional dependency, the stationarity properties of the variables are examined using the Pesaran CIPS test. For the estimated models, heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation issues are addressed; parameter estimates are obtained using the Driscoll-Kraay method for fixed-effect models and the Panel Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE) method for random-effect models. The findings reveal that both total energy and oil consumption have a positive and statistically significant impact on economic growth in Europe and Asia Pacific countries. In the American countries, total energy consumption is not statistically significant for growth, but oil consumption has a positive and significant effect. Moreover, exports and gross fixed capital formation significantly support economic growth in all three regions. The results are evaluated in the context of the energy-growth hypotheses, and they show that energy consumption has regionally differentiated effects on economic growth, highlighting the need to align energy policies with growth objectives.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Data Analysis
• Economic Growth
• Energy-Growth Hypotheses
• Driscoll-Kraay Method
• Panel Corredted Standart Error Method

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