Dijital Finansal Kapsayıcılık Literatürü Üzerine Retrospektif Bir Çalışma

Öz

Bu çalışma, dijital finansal kapsayıcılık alanındaki araştırmalarının mevcut durumunu, araştırma boşluklarını ve entelektüel evrimini bibliyometrik analiz yöntemiyle incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. 2008-2023 yılları arasında Scopus’ta derlenen 1.638 akademik yayın, Bibliometrix-R paketi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, G20 girişimleri ve pandemi kaynaklı dijitalleşmenin etkisiyle DFK araştırmalarının 2016 sonrasında (yıllık büyüme %50,68) önemli ölçüde arttığını göstermektedir. Coğrafi olarak araştırmalar, mobil para kullanımı ve düzenli veri altyapısı nedeniyle Çin ve Afrika'da yoğunlaşmaktadır. Tematik analiz, ana araştırma alanlarını belirlemiştir: (1) dijital altyapı, (2) düzenleyici çerçeveler ve (3) sosyoekonomik etkiler. Analiz, merkez bankası dijital paraları ve yapay zeka destekli finansal hizmetler gibi yeni araştırma alanlarının gerekliliğine işaret etmektedir. Bu bulgular, hem araştırmacılar için yol gösterici olmakta hem de politika yapıcıların kapsayıcı dijital finans stratejileri geliştirmesine katkı sağlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dijital Finansal Kapsayılık
• Fintek
• Bibliyometrik Analiz
• Finansal Kapsayıcılık

A Retrospective Study of the Digital Financial Inclusion Literature

Öz

This study aims to examine the current situation of research, research gaps, and intellectual evolution in the field of digital financial inclusion using the bibliometric analysis method. 1,638 academic publications collected from the Scopus database between 2008-2023 were analyzed using the Bibliometrix R package. The findings indicate that DFI research significantly increased after 2016 (annual growth rate of 50.68%) due to G20 initiatives and the impact of pandemic-induced digitalization. Geographically, the research focuses in China and Africa due to mobile money usage and regular data infrastructure. The thematic analysis has identified the main research areas: (1) digital infrastructure, (2) regulatory frameworks, and (3) socioeconomic impacts. The analysis indicates the necessity of new research areas such as central bank digital currencies and AI-supported financial services. These findings serve as a guide for researchers and contribute to policymakers developing inclusive digital finance strategies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Digital Financial Inclusion
• Fintech
• Bibliometric Analysis
• Financial Inclusion

Kaynakça

1. Ahmad, A. H., Green, C., & Jiang, F. (2020). Mobile money, financial inclusion and development: A review with reference to African experience. Journal of economic surveys, 34(4), 753-792.
2. Aria, M., & Cuccurullo, C. (2017). Bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. Journal of Informetrics, 11(4), 959-975.
3. Arner, D. W., Buckley, R. P., Zetzsche, D. A., & Veidt, R. (2020). Sustainability, FinTech and financial inclusion. European Business Organization Law Review, 21, 7-35.
4. Avcı, İ. (2024). Sosyal Medya Ve Gösterişçi Tüketim İle İlgili Web Of Science Veri Tabanında Yer Alan Yayınların Bibliyometrik Analizi. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(1), 85-103.
5. Bhatt, A., Joshipura, M., & Joshipura, N. (2022). Decoding the trinity of Fintech, digitalization and financial services: An integrated bibliometric analysis and thematic literature review approach. Cogent Economics & Finance, 10(1), 2114160.
6. Bornmann, L., Schier, H., Marx, W., & Daniel, H. D. (2012). What factors determine citation counts of publications in chemistry besides their quality?. Journal of Informetrics, 6(1), 11-18.
7. Börner, K., Chen, C., & Boyack, K. W. (2003). Visualizing knowledge domains. Annual review of information science and technology, 37(1), 179-255.
8. Burgess, R., & Pande, R. (2005). Do rural banks matter? Evidence from the Indian social banking experiment. American Economic Review, 95(3), 780-795.

9. Burmaoglu, S., Ozdemir Gungor, D., Kirbac, A., & Saritas, O. (2023). Future research avenues at the nexus of circular economy and digitalization. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 72(8), 2247-2269.
10. Burmaoglu, S., Ganiev, J., & Maksudunov, A. (2024). The Systematic Review of Blockchain: A Bibliometric Analysis. Exploring Blockchain Applications, 26-47.
11. Brika, S. K. M. (2022). A bibliometric analysis of fintech trends and digital finance. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9, 796495.
12. Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (TCMB) (2019). “Finansal İstikrar Raporu”, Mayıs, Sayı 28, 1-94.
13. Chatterjee, A. (2020). Financial inclusion, information and communication technology diffusion, and economic growth: a panel data analysis. Information Technology for Development, 26(3), 607-635.
14. Chen, Y., & Bellavitis, C. (2020). Blockchain disruption and decentralized finance: The rise of decentralized business models. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 13, e00151.
15. Chen, S., Tian, D., Law, R., & Zhang, M. (2022). Bibliometric and visualized review of smart tourism research. International Journal of Tourism Research, 24(2), 298-307.
16. Claessens, S. (2006). Access to financial services: A review of the issues and public policy objectives. The World Bank Research Observer, 21(2), 207-240.
17. Cobo, M. J., López-Herrera, A. G., Herrera-Viedma, E., & Herrera, F. (2011). An approach for detecting, quantifying, and visualizing the evolution of a research field: A practical application to the Fuzzy Sets Theory field. Journal of informetrics, 5(1), 146-166.
18. Demir, A., Pesqué-Cela, V., Altunbas, Y., & Murinde, V. (2022). Fintech, financial inclusion and income inequality: a quantile regression approach. The European Journal of Finance, 28(1), 86-107.
19. Demirgüç-Kunt, A. (2014). Presidential address: Financial inclusion. Atlantic Economic Journal, 42, 349-356.
20. Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., Singer, D., Ansar, S., & Hess, J. (2020). The Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring financial inclusion and opportunities to expand access to and use of financial services. The World Bank Economic Review, 34(Supplement_1), S2-S8.
21. Ding, R., Shi, F., & Hao, S. (2022). Digital inclusive finance, environmental regulation, and regional economic growth: An empirical study based on spatial spillover effect and panel threshold effect. Sustainability, 14(7), 4340.
22. Donthu, N., Kumar, S., Mukherjee, D., Pandey, N., & Lim, W. M. (2021). How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines. Journal of business research, 133, 285-296.
23. Evans, O. (2018). Connecting the poor: the internet, mobile phones and financial inclusion in Africa. Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance, 20(6), 568-581.
24. Gabor, D., & Brooks, S. (2020). The digital revolution in financial inclusion: international development in the fintech era. In Material Cultures of Financialisation (pp. 69-82). Routledge.
25. Gai, K., Qiu, M., & Sun, X. (2018). A survey on FinTech. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 103, 262-273.
26. Gallego-Losada, M. J., Montero-Navarro, A., García-Abajo, E., & Gallego-Losada, R. (2023). Digital financial inclusion. Visualizing the academic literature. Research in International Business and Finance, 64, 101862.
27. Garfield, E. (1979). Citation indexing: Its theory and application in science, technology, and humanities. John Wiley & Sons.
28. Geng, Z., & He, G. (2021). Digital financial inclusion and sustainable employment: Evidence from countries along the belt and road. Borsa Istanbul Review, 21(3), 307-316.
29. Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion. (2016). G20 High-Level Principles for Digital Financial Inclusion. Global Partneship for Financial Inclusion, 3-23.
30. Goyal, K., & Kumar, S. (2021). Financial literacy: A systematic review and bibliometric analysis. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 45(1), 80-105.
31. Hannig, A., & Jansen, S. (2010). Financial inclusion and financial stability: Current policy issues, ADBI Working Paper, No. 259, Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), Tokyo
32. Hu, D., Zhai, C., & Zhao, S. (2023). Does digital finance promote household consumption upgrading? An analysis based on data from the China family panel studies. Economic Modelling, 125, 106377.
33. Jutel, O. (2023). Blockchain financialization, neo-colonialism, and Binance. Frontiers in Blockchain, 6, 1160257.
34. Kass-Hanna, J., Lyons, A. C., & Liu, F. (2022). Building financial resilience through financial and digital literacy in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Emerging Markets Review, 51, 100846.
35. Li, J., Wu, Y., & Xiao, J. J. (2020). The impact of digital finance on household consumption: Evidence from China. Economic Modelling, 86, 317-326.
36. Liu, Y., Luan, L., Wu, W., Zhang, Z., & Hsu, Y. (2021). Can digital financial inclusion promote China's economic growth?. International Review of Financial Analysis, 78, 101889.
37. Mhlanga, D. (2023). Block chain technology for digital financial inclusion in the industry 4.0, towards sustainable development?. Frontiers in Blockchain, 6, 1035405.
38. Morgan, P. J. (2022). Fintech and financial inclusion in Southeast Asia and India. Asian Economic Policy Review, 17(2), 183-208.
39. Munyegera, G. K., & Matsumoto, T. (2016). Mobile money, remittances, and household welfare: Panel evidence from rural Uganda. World Development, 79, 127-137. Nasir, A., Shaukat, K., Iqbal Khan, K., A. Hameed, I., Alam, T. M., & Luo, S. (2021). Trends and directions of financial technology (Fintech) in society and environment: A bibliometric study. Applied Sciences, 11(21), 10353.
40. Okello Candiya Bongomin, G., Ntayi, J. M., Munene, J. C., & Malinga, C. A. (2018). Mobile money and financial inclusion in sub-Saharan Africa: the moderating role of social networks. Journal of African Business, 19(3), 361-384.
41. Omar, M. A., & Inaba, K. (2020). Does financial inclusion reduce poverty and income inequality in developing countries? A panel data analysis. Journal of economic structures, 9(1), 37.
42. Ozili, P. K. (2018). Impact of digital finance on financial inclusion and stability. Borsa istanbul review, 18(4), 329-340.
43. Ozili, P. K. (2023). Central bank digital currency research around the World: a review of literature. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 26(2), 215-226.
44. Ozturk, I., & Ullah, S. (2022). Does digital financial inclusion matter for economic growth and environmental sustainability in OBRI economies? An empirical analysis. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 185, 106489.
45. Panos, G. A., & Wilson, J. O. (2020). Financial literacy and responsible finance in the FinTech era: capabilities and challenges. The European Journal of Finance, 26(4-5), 297-301.
46. Pal, A., Tiwari, C. K., & Behl, A. (2021). Blockchain technology in financial services: a comprehensive review of the literature. Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing, 14(1), 61-80.
47. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, N. P., & Bachrach, D. G. (2008). Scholarly influence in the field of management: A bibliometric analysis of the determinants of university and author impact in the management literature in the past quarter century. Journal of management, 34(4), 641-720.
48. Polloni-Silva, E., da Costa, N., Moralles, H. F., & Sacomano Neto, M. (2021). Does financial inclusion diminish poverty and inequality? A panel data analysis for Latin American countries. Social indicators research, 158(3), 889-925.
49. Ren, X., Zeng, G., & Zhao, Y. (2023). Digital finance and corporate ESG performance: Empirical evidence from listed companies in China. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 79, 102019.
50. Saha, S., Saint, S., & Christakis, D. A. (2003). Impact factor: a valid measure of journal quality?. Journal of the Medical Library Association, 91(1), 42.
51. Sarma, M., & Pais, J. (2011). Financial inclusion and development. Journal of international development, 23(5), 613-628.
52. Schuetz, S., & Venkatesh, V. (2020). Blockchain, adoption, and financial inclusion in India: Research opportunities. International journal of information management, 52, 101936.
53. Sharma, H. P., Jain, M., & Anuforo, P. U. (2023). Adoption of Blockchain as a Solution Strategy for Financial Inclusion: Evidence From Rural India. In The Impact of AI Innovation on Financial Sectors in the Era of Industry 5.0 (pp. 151-170). IGI Global.
54. Small, H. (1973). Co‐citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents. Journal of the American Society for information Science, 24(4), 265-269.
55. Tahamtan, I., Safipour Afshar, A., & Ahamdzadeh, K. (2016). Factors affecting number of citations: a comprehensive review of the literature. Scientometrics, 107, 1195-1225.
56. Tao, Z., Wang, X., Li, J., & Wei, X. (2023). How can digital financial inclusion reduces relative poverty? An empirical analysis based on China household finance survey. Finance Research Letters, 58, 104570.
57. Thathsarani, U. S., Wei, J., & Samaraweera, GRSRC. (2021). Financial inclusion’s role in economic growth and human capital in South Asia: An econometric approach. Sustainability, 13(8), 4303. UNSGSA. (2018). Igniting SDG progress through digital financial inclusion. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/2655SDG_Compendium_Digital_Financial_Inclusion_September_2018.pdf ], Retrieved on April 10, 2025.
58. Wang, X., Wang, X., Ren, X., & Wen, F. (2022). Can digital financial inclusion affect CO2 emissions of China at the prefecture level? Evidence from a spatial econometric approach. Energy Economics, 109, 105966.
59. Wang, W., Gao, P., & Wang, J. (2023). Nexus among digital inclusive finance and carbon neutrality: Evidence from company-level panel data analysis. Resources Policy, 80, 103201.
60. Yalvaç, G., & Atalık, Ö. (2024). Teknolojik Direnç ve Havalimanı Deneyiminin Bibliyometrik Analiz ile İncelenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(3), 1008-1023.
61. Yeşilçelebi, G., Altunel, M., & Selimoğlu, S. K. (2022). Covıd-19 Sürecinde Denetim Alanında Yayınlanan Makalelerin Görsel Haritalama Tekniği ile Bibliyometrik Analizi: 2020-2022 Yılları Örneği. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(4), 276-305.
62. Zhao, H., Chen, S., & Zhang, W. (2023). Does digital inclusive finance affect urban carbon emission intensity: Evidence from 285 cities in China. Cities, 142, 104552.
63. Zhou, Y., Zhang, C., & Li, Z. (2023). The impact of digital financial inclusion on household carbon emissions: evidence from China. Journal of Economic Structures, 12(1), 2.
64. Zou, Z., Liu, X., Wang, M., & Yang, X. (2023). Insight into digital finance and fintech: A bibliometric and content analysis. Technology in Society, 73, 102221.