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Security-Democracy Dilemma in European Union’s Policy Towards the Southern Mediterranean: Institutional Initiatives After the Arab Spring

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 24, 44 - 68, 31.12.2018

Öz

European Union (EU) was surprised with the anti-governmental uprisings started in the Arab world at the end of 2010 like the other international actors. Political transformations in the region led the EU to redefine its long-rooted relations particularly with the Mediterranean states of the Middle East that is supported by institutional cooperation. EU officials introduced new initiatives to support the political dimension of the relations and to contribute to the “democratization” of the region after expressing that the policies they have pursued towards the Southern Mediterranean which mainly focused on security and economics failed. However, due to the new security threats in the Middle East and rising migration rates after the Arab Spring, the EU's Southern Mediterranean policy is still considered to be security-focused and not yet capable of providing a paradigm shift.

Kaynakça

  • Atlantic Council. (2011).” Diplomats Mourn Death of EU Defence Policy Over Libya”. Atlantic Council, 24 Mart 2011, http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/diplomats-mourn-deathof-eu-defence-policy-over-libya (16.04.2018)
  • Balfour, R. (2012). “EU Conditionality after Arab Spring”, European Institute of the Mediterranean, June 2012.
  • Barnutz, S. (2010), “The EU’s logic of security: Politics through institutionalised discourses”, European Security, 19( 3), s. 377-394.
  • BBC (2017) “BM: AB'nin Libya'yla göçmen anlaşması insanlık dışı”, http://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-41990647, (15.11.2017).
  • Behr T. (2012) , “The European Union’s Mediterranean Policies after the Arab Spring: Can the Leopard Change its Spots” Amsterdam Law Forum, 4(2). s.76-88.
  • Burke, E. (2013), “Running into the Sand: The EU’s Faltering Response to the Arab Revolutions”, Centre for European Union.
  • Council of the European Union (1995), Barselona Declaration adopted at the Euro-Mediterranean Conference of 27-28 November 1995, http://www.eeas.europa.eu/euromed/docs/bd_en.pdf
  • Dandashly, A. (2015), “The EU’S Response to Regime Change in the Wake of the Arab Revolt: Differential Implementation”, Journal of European Integration, 37:1, s. 37-56.
  • Dempsey J. (2013), “Influencing Egypt With Soft Power”, New York Times, (02.09.2013).
  • Dias, V.A. (2014), “A Critical Analysis of the EU’s Response to the Arab Spring and its Implications for EU Security”, Human Security Perspectives, 10(1),s. 26-61.
  • Dorstal M.J. ve Anja Z. (2009). “Syria and the Mediterranean Partnership”, St. Andrews Papers on Contemporary Syrian Studies.
  • EU Election Observation Mission to Tunisia 2011, EU Election Observation Mission to Tunisia 2014 https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/24404/eu-election-observation-mission-tunisia-2011_en, https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/23929/eu-election-observation-mission-tunisia-2014_en
  • EU Observer (2002). “Rise of 'Islamophobia' in EU after September 11”, https://euobserver.com/justice/6376
  • Europan Commission Factsheet (2017), Relations between the EU and Tunisia, Brussels, 10.05.2017.
  • European Commission (2003), Wider Europe- Neighbourhood: A new Framework for Relations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours, Brussels.
  • European Commission (2010). Commission proposes better management of migration to the EU. IP/11/532. 04.05.2010.
  • European Commission (2011a), High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs And Security Policy, A Partnershıp For Democracy And Shared Prosperıty Wıth The Southern Medıterranean European, Brussels,08.03.2011, Com(2011) 200 Final
  • European Commission (2011b), High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs And Security Policy, A new response to a changing Neighbourhood, Brussels, 25/05/2011, COM(2011) 303
  • European Commission (2011c). The EU’s response to the Arab Spring. MEMO/11/918. 16.12.2011.
  • European Commission Report (2014), EU Energy Markets in 2014 , Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, (05.11.2017)
  • European Commission(2013). EU-Egypt Relations.MEMO/13/751. (21.08. 2013).
  • European External Action Service (2017), The EU and the Crisis in Syria,(20.09.2017).
  • European Parliament (2011) , Stefan Füle, Speech on the recent events in North Africa, Committee on Foreign Affairs (AFET), Brussels, 28 .02.2011.
  • European Parliament (2013), Resolution of 14 March 2013 on the situation in Egypt (2013/2542(RSP))
  • European Union (2011a), Joint Statement by EU High Representative Catherine Ashton and Commissioner Stefan Füle on event in Tunisia, 10 January 2011, A010/11.
  • European Union (2011b), Remarks by the EU High Representative Catherine Ashton at the Senior Officials” meeting on Egypt and Tunisia, Brussels, 23.02.2011, A069/11.
  • Eurostat, (2015), Percentage of extra-EU imports of natural gas by country of origin, (06.11.2017)
  • Eurostat, (2017), Energy production and imports, (05.11.2017).
  • Ferhavi F. (2013) , “Ortadoğu ve Afrika’da Fransız Dış Politikası”, Uluslararası Stratejik Araştırmalar Kurumu, Analiz No:27.
  • Gardner, A. (2014), “EU ‘congratulates’ el-Sisi”, https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-congratulates-el-sisi/, (06.06.2014).
  • Hürriyet (2016). “Avrupa Birliği ile Türkiye arasındaki 'göçmen' anlaşması onaylandı”, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/avrupa-birligi-ile-turkiye-arasindaki-gocmen-anlasmasi-onaylandi-40071635 . (15.02.2018).
  • Hinnebusch, R. (2005) ‘Defying the Hegemon: Syria and the Iraq War’, Paper given at theconference of the European Consortium on Political Research conference, Budapest.
  • Ibrahim, A. (2017) “Is the EU getting ready to back General Haftar in Libya?”, English Al Arabbiya, http://english.alarabiya.net/en/views/news/middle-east/2017/08/20/Is-the-EU-getting-ready-to-back-General-Haftar-in-Libya-.html (20.08.2017)
  • Isaac, S.K. (2013), “The EU’s Democracy-Stability Dilemma Persists in Egypt”, , http://www.e-ir.info/2013/08/01/the-eus-democracy-stability-dilemma-persists-in-egypt/
  • Irish Times (2017), “Jihadist recruits continue to pose threat to Europe, finds EU report”, https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/jihadist-recruits-continue-to-pose-threat-to-europe-finds-eu-report-1.3189844 (15.02.2018).
  • Jünemann, A (2004), “Security Building in the Mediterranean after September 11” in Euro Mediterranean Relations after September 11,Annette Jünemann (ed), London: Frank Cass
  • Küçükkeleş M. (2013), “AB’nin Ortadoğu Politikası ve Arap Baharına Bakışı”, SETA Analiz, Sayı 63.
  • Louati, C. (2011), “Military intervention in Libya: where is ESDP?”, Nouvelle Europe, 20 Mart 2011. http://www.nouvelle-europe.eu/en/military-intervention-libya-where-esdp (16.04.2018).
  • Mikail B. (2011), “France and the Arab Spring: An Opportunistic Quest for influence”, FRIDE Working Paper.
  • Miller R. ve Mishrif A. (2005), “The Barcelona Process and Euro-Arab Economic Relations, 1995-2005”, Middle East Review of International Affairs, 9 (2), s. 94-108.
  • Mogherini F. (2017), Remarks by Federica Mogherini at the press conference following the 7th EU Egypt Association Council, 25/07/2017, file:///C:/Users/Acer/Desktop/eeas_-_european_external_action_service__remarks_by_federica_mogherini_at_the_press_conference_following_the_7th_eu-egypt_association_council_-_2017-07-25.pdf
  • Özgen, C. (2016). “Avrupa Birliği Ortak Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikası’nda İlk Çatlak: Libya Örneği”, ÖÜSUBİAD, Temmuz 2016, s. 143-176.
  • Soruş G. (2014), “Arap Baharı’nın Gölgesinde Avrupa Birliği Komşuluk Politikası” 21. Yüzyıl Türkiye Enstitüsü, 10 Mart 2014.
  • Sputniknews (2017)“Kaddafi Öncesi ve Sonrası Libya, https://tr.sputniknews.com/infografik/201710201030686507-kaddaf-libya-ortadogu/ (20.10.2017).
  • The European Union Delegation to Egypt (2017), “EU and Egypt cooperation: towards a stronger partnership”, https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/egypt/34859/eu-and-egypt-cooperation-towards-stronger-partnership_en (31.10.2017)
  • The Guardian (2011), “Libya no-fly zone plan rejected by EU leaders”, 11 Mart 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/11/libya-no-fly-zone-plan-rejected, (16.04.2018)
  • The New Observer (2016), “46 Million Muslims in Europe”, 10 Nisan 2016, http://newobserveronline.com/46-million-muslims-europe/, (03.11.2017)
  • Varvelli A. (2017) , “Time for action: EU and a new political initiative in Libya”, Politico, http://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/time-action-eu-and-new-political-initiative-libya-16287 , (02.02. 2017).
  • Youngs, R. (2004), “Europe’s Uncertain Pursuit of Middle East Reform”, Carnegie Papers, Number 45.

Avrupa Birliği’nin Güney Akdeniz Politikasında Güvenlik-Demokrasi İkilemi: Arap Baharı Sonrası Kurumsal Girişimler

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 24, 44 - 68, 31.12.2018

Öz

Avrupa Birliği (AB), 2010 yılı sonunda Arap dünyasında başlayan hükümet karşıtı ayaklanmalara, diğer uluslararası aktörler gibi hazırlıksız yakalanmıştır. Bölgedeki siyasi dönüşümler, AB’nin, özellikle Akdeniz’e kıyısı olan Ortadoğu ülkeleriyle uzun yıllara dayanan ve kurumsal işbirliği ile desteklenen ilişkilerini yeniden tanımlamasına yol açmıştır. Güney Akdeniz’e yönelik olarak izledikleri politikanın başarısız olduğunu ifade eden AB yetkilileri, bugüne kadar güvenlik ve ekonomik odaklı olan ilişkilerin siyasi ayağını güçlendirme ve bölgenin “demokratikleşmesine” destek olmak amacıyla yeni girişimlerde bulunmuşlardır. Ancak, Arap Baharı sonrasında Ortadoğu’da oluşan yeni güvenlik tehditleri ve artan göç oranları nedeniyle, AB’nin Güney Akdeniz politikasının halen güvenlik odaklı olduğu ve henüz bir paradigma değişikliği sağlayamadığı değerlendirilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Atlantic Council. (2011).” Diplomats Mourn Death of EU Defence Policy Over Libya”. Atlantic Council, 24 Mart 2011, http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/diplomats-mourn-deathof-eu-defence-policy-over-libya (16.04.2018)
  • Balfour, R. (2012). “EU Conditionality after Arab Spring”, European Institute of the Mediterranean, June 2012.
  • Barnutz, S. (2010), “The EU’s logic of security: Politics through institutionalised discourses”, European Security, 19( 3), s. 377-394.
  • BBC (2017) “BM: AB'nin Libya'yla göçmen anlaşması insanlık dışı”, http://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-41990647, (15.11.2017).
  • Behr T. (2012) , “The European Union’s Mediterranean Policies after the Arab Spring: Can the Leopard Change its Spots” Amsterdam Law Forum, 4(2). s.76-88.
  • Burke, E. (2013), “Running into the Sand: The EU’s Faltering Response to the Arab Revolutions”, Centre for European Union.
  • Council of the European Union (1995), Barselona Declaration adopted at the Euro-Mediterranean Conference of 27-28 November 1995, http://www.eeas.europa.eu/euromed/docs/bd_en.pdf
  • Dandashly, A. (2015), “The EU’S Response to Regime Change in the Wake of the Arab Revolt: Differential Implementation”, Journal of European Integration, 37:1, s. 37-56.
  • Dempsey J. (2013), “Influencing Egypt With Soft Power”, New York Times, (02.09.2013).
  • Dias, V.A. (2014), “A Critical Analysis of the EU’s Response to the Arab Spring and its Implications for EU Security”, Human Security Perspectives, 10(1),s. 26-61.
  • Dorstal M.J. ve Anja Z. (2009). “Syria and the Mediterranean Partnership”, St. Andrews Papers on Contemporary Syrian Studies.
  • EU Election Observation Mission to Tunisia 2011, EU Election Observation Mission to Tunisia 2014 https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/24404/eu-election-observation-mission-tunisia-2011_en, https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/23929/eu-election-observation-mission-tunisia-2014_en
  • EU Observer (2002). “Rise of 'Islamophobia' in EU after September 11”, https://euobserver.com/justice/6376
  • Europan Commission Factsheet (2017), Relations between the EU and Tunisia, Brussels, 10.05.2017.
  • European Commission (2003), Wider Europe- Neighbourhood: A new Framework for Relations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours, Brussels.
  • European Commission (2010). Commission proposes better management of migration to the EU. IP/11/532. 04.05.2010.
  • European Commission (2011a), High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs And Security Policy, A Partnershıp For Democracy And Shared Prosperıty Wıth The Southern Medıterranean European, Brussels,08.03.2011, Com(2011) 200 Final
  • European Commission (2011b), High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs And Security Policy, A new response to a changing Neighbourhood, Brussels, 25/05/2011, COM(2011) 303
  • European Commission (2011c). The EU’s response to the Arab Spring. MEMO/11/918. 16.12.2011.
  • European Commission Report (2014), EU Energy Markets in 2014 , Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, (05.11.2017)
  • European Commission(2013). EU-Egypt Relations.MEMO/13/751. (21.08. 2013).
  • European External Action Service (2017), The EU and the Crisis in Syria,(20.09.2017).
  • European Parliament (2011) , Stefan Füle, Speech on the recent events in North Africa, Committee on Foreign Affairs (AFET), Brussels, 28 .02.2011.
  • European Parliament (2013), Resolution of 14 March 2013 on the situation in Egypt (2013/2542(RSP))
  • European Union (2011a), Joint Statement by EU High Representative Catherine Ashton and Commissioner Stefan Füle on event in Tunisia, 10 January 2011, A010/11.
  • European Union (2011b), Remarks by the EU High Representative Catherine Ashton at the Senior Officials” meeting on Egypt and Tunisia, Brussels, 23.02.2011, A069/11.
  • Eurostat, (2015), Percentage of extra-EU imports of natural gas by country of origin, (06.11.2017)
  • Eurostat, (2017), Energy production and imports, (05.11.2017).
  • Ferhavi F. (2013) , “Ortadoğu ve Afrika’da Fransız Dış Politikası”, Uluslararası Stratejik Araştırmalar Kurumu, Analiz No:27.
  • Gardner, A. (2014), “EU ‘congratulates’ el-Sisi”, https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-congratulates-el-sisi/, (06.06.2014).
  • Hürriyet (2016). “Avrupa Birliği ile Türkiye arasındaki 'göçmen' anlaşması onaylandı”, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/avrupa-birligi-ile-turkiye-arasindaki-gocmen-anlasmasi-onaylandi-40071635 . (15.02.2018).
  • Hinnebusch, R. (2005) ‘Defying the Hegemon: Syria and the Iraq War’, Paper given at theconference of the European Consortium on Political Research conference, Budapest.
  • Ibrahim, A. (2017) “Is the EU getting ready to back General Haftar in Libya?”, English Al Arabbiya, http://english.alarabiya.net/en/views/news/middle-east/2017/08/20/Is-the-EU-getting-ready-to-back-General-Haftar-in-Libya-.html (20.08.2017)
  • Isaac, S.K. (2013), “The EU’s Democracy-Stability Dilemma Persists in Egypt”, , http://www.e-ir.info/2013/08/01/the-eus-democracy-stability-dilemma-persists-in-egypt/
  • Irish Times (2017), “Jihadist recruits continue to pose threat to Europe, finds EU report”, https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/jihadist-recruits-continue-to-pose-threat-to-europe-finds-eu-report-1.3189844 (15.02.2018).
  • Jünemann, A (2004), “Security Building in the Mediterranean after September 11” in Euro Mediterranean Relations after September 11,Annette Jünemann (ed), London: Frank Cass
  • Küçükkeleş M. (2013), “AB’nin Ortadoğu Politikası ve Arap Baharına Bakışı”, SETA Analiz, Sayı 63.
  • Louati, C. (2011), “Military intervention in Libya: where is ESDP?”, Nouvelle Europe, 20 Mart 2011. http://www.nouvelle-europe.eu/en/military-intervention-libya-where-esdp (16.04.2018).
  • Mikail B. (2011), “France and the Arab Spring: An Opportunistic Quest for influence”, FRIDE Working Paper.
  • Miller R. ve Mishrif A. (2005), “The Barcelona Process and Euro-Arab Economic Relations, 1995-2005”, Middle East Review of International Affairs, 9 (2), s. 94-108.
  • Mogherini F. (2017), Remarks by Federica Mogherini at the press conference following the 7th EU Egypt Association Council, 25/07/2017, file:///C:/Users/Acer/Desktop/eeas_-_european_external_action_service__remarks_by_federica_mogherini_at_the_press_conference_following_the_7th_eu-egypt_association_council_-_2017-07-25.pdf
  • Özgen, C. (2016). “Avrupa Birliği Ortak Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikası’nda İlk Çatlak: Libya Örneği”, ÖÜSUBİAD, Temmuz 2016, s. 143-176.
  • Soruş G. (2014), “Arap Baharı’nın Gölgesinde Avrupa Birliği Komşuluk Politikası” 21. Yüzyıl Türkiye Enstitüsü, 10 Mart 2014.
  • Sputniknews (2017)“Kaddafi Öncesi ve Sonrası Libya, https://tr.sputniknews.com/infografik/201710201030686507-kaddaf-libya-ortadogu/ (20.10.2017).
  • The European Union Delegation to Egypt (2017), “EU and Egypt cooperation: towards a stronger partnership”, https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/egypt/34859/eu-and-egypt-cooperation-towards-stronger-partnership_en (31.10.2017)
  • The Guardian (2011), “Libya no-fly zone plan rejected by EU leaders”, 11 Mart 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/11/libya-no-fly-zone-plan-rejected, (16.04.2018)
  • The New Observer (2016), “46 Million Muslims in Europe”, 10 Nisan 2016, http://newobserveronline.com/46-million-muslims-europe/, (03.11.2017)
  • Varvelli A. (2017) , “Time for action: EU and a new political initiative in Libya”, Politico, http://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/time-action-eu-and-new-political-initiative-libya-16287 , (02.02. 2017).
  • Youngs, R. (2004), “Europe’s Uncertain Pursuit of Middle East Reform”, Carnegie Papers, Number 45.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Duygu Dersan Orhan 0000-0002-0618-1530

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Ağustos 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 24

Kaynak Göster

APA Dersan Orhan, D. (2018). Avrupa Birliği’nin Güney Akdeniz Politikasında Güvenlik-Demokrasi İkilemi: Arap Baharı Sonrası Kurumsal Girişimler. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(24), 44-68.