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Framing Effect: Asian Disease Problem Turns to Reality: COVID 19 Problem

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3, 734 - 741, 25.09.2021

Öz

The framing effect is a cognitive bias in which the choices made in decisions to be made about an event are affected by the way the event or options are presented. If the frame presented highlights the gain, people tend to avoid risk, while if it highlights the loss, people will tend to seek risk. In this study, the classical studies of Tversky and Kahneman (1981) in which the frame effect was demonstrated, the framing effect assumptions were examined with the version of the Asian disease problem adapted to the Covid 19 epidemic we are in. When the framing effect was adapted to a real problem instead of a fictional scenario, its effect on decision-making processes was examined. There are many studies in the literature that examine the effects of framing effects on the presentation styles of an imaginary scenario as in the Asian disease problem. However, there are not many studies examining the effects of framing by adapting real life experiences to scenarios. They also examined the frames in the Asian disease problem in an inter-subject pattern from two different groups. In this study, the responses of the same people in two frames were examined in the within-subject design. The results are consistent with the framing effect findings in the classical studies of Tversky and Kahneman (1981). Within the framework of the problems and options fictionalized related to the Covid epidemic, while the gain was highlighted, people avoided risk and turned to the option with certainty, while they showed risk-seeking behavior in the framework condition where the loss was brought to the fore

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, J. R. (1993). Problem solving and learning. American Psychologist. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.48.1.35
  • Arkes, H. R. (1991). Costs and benefits of judgment errors: Implications for debiasing. Psychological Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.486
  • Druckman, J. N., & McDermott, R. (2008). Emotion and the framing of risky choice. Political Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-008-9056-y
  • JASP Team. (2018). JASP (Version 0.8.6.0). [Computer Software].
  • Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk Daniel Kahneman; Amos Tversky. Econometrica.
  • Kim, S., Goldstein, D., Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (2005). Framing effects in younger and older adults. Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/60.4.P215
  • Lauriola, M., Russo, P. M., Lucidi, F., Violani, C., & Levin, I. P. (2005). The role of personality in positively and negatively framed risky health decisions. Personality and Individual Differences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.03.020
  • Levin, I. P., Gaeth, G. J., Schreiber, J., & Lauriola, M. (2002). A new look at framing effects: Distribution of effect sizes, individual differences, and independence of types of effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.2001.2983
  • Levin, I. P., Schneider, S. L., & Gaeth, G. J. (1998). All Frames Are Not Created Equal: A Typology and Critical Analysis of Framing Effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1998.2804
  • Mikels, J. A., & Reed, A. E. (2009). Monetary losses do not loom large in later life: Age differences in the framing effect. Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbp043
  • Reyna, V. F., & Farley, F. (2006). Risk and rationality in adolescent decision making: Implications for theory, practice, and public policy. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, Supplement. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-1006.2006.00026.x
  • Thomas, A. K., & Millar, P. R. (2012). Reducing the framing effect in older and younger adults by encouraging analytic processing. Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbr076
  • Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211(4481), 453–458. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7455683

Çerçeveleme Etkisi: Asya Hastaliği Probleminin Gerçeğe Dönüşü Covid 19 Problemi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3, 734 - 741, 25.09.2021

Öz

Çerçeveleme etkisi bir olayla ilgili verilmesi gereken kararlarda yapılan seçimlerin, olayın ya da seçeneklerin sunuluş şekline göre etkilendiği bilişsel bir yanlılıktır. Çerçeveleme etkisine göre sunulan çerçeve kazancı ön plana çıkarıyor ise kişiler riskten kaçınma eğilimi gösterirken, eğer kaybı öne çıkarıyor ise kişilerin risk arama eğilimi göstereceklerdir. Bu çalışmada, Tversky ve Kahneman’ın (1981) çerçeve etkisini ortaya koydukları klasik çalışmaları Asya hastalığı probleminin içinde bulunduğumuz Covid salgınına uyarlanmış versiyonu ile çerçeveleme etkisi varsayımları incelenmiştir. Çerçeveleme etkisinin kurgusal bir senaryo yerine gerçek bir soruna uyarlandığında karar verme süreçlerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Literatürde çerçeveleme etkilerinin Asya hastalığı probleminde olduğu gibi hayali bir senaryonun sunuluş biçimlerindeki etkisinin incelenmesini içeren pek çok çalışma mevcuttur. Ancak gerçek hayatta yaşanılan tecrübelerin senaryolara uyarlanması ile çerçeveleme etkilerini inceleyen çok fazla çalışma yoktur. Ayrıca Asya hastalığı probleminde çerçeveler iki farklı gruptan denekler arası desende incelemişlerdir. Bu çalışmada denek içi desende iki çerçevede aynı kişilerin yanıtları incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar Tversky ve Kahneman’ın (1981) klasik çalışmalarındaki çerçeveleme etkisi bulguları ile tutarlıdır. Covid salgını ile ilgili kurgulanmış problem ve seçenekler içinden kazancın ön plana çıkarıldığı çerçevede kişiler riskten kaçınarak kesinlik içeren seçeneğe yönelirken, kaybın ön plana çıkarıldığı çerçeve koşulunda risk arama davranışı göstermişlerdir.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, J. R. (1993). Problem solving and learning. American Psychologist. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.48.1.35
  • Arkes, H. R. (1991). Costs and benefits of judgment errors: Implications for debiasing. Psychological Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.486
  • Druckman, J. N., & McDermott, R. (2008). Emotion and the framing of risky choice. Political Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-008-9056-y
  • JASP Team. (2018). JASP (Version 0.8.6.0). [Computer Software].
  • Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk Daniel Kahneman; Amos Tversky. Econometrica.
  • Kim, S., Goldstein, D., Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (2005). Framing effects in younger and older adults. Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/60.4.P215
  • Lauriola, M., Russo, P. M., Lucidi, F., Violani, C., & Levin, I. P. (2005). The role of personality in positively and negatively framed risky health decisions. Personality and Individual Differences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.03.020
  • Levin, I. P., Gaeth, G. J., Schreiber, J., & Lauriola, M. (2002). A new look at framing effects: Distribution of effect sizes, individual differences, and independence of types of effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.2001.2983
  • Levin, I. P., Schneider, S. L., & Gaeth, G. J. (1998). All Frames Are Not Created Equal: A Typology and Critical Analysis of Framing Effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1998.2804
  • Mikels, J. A., & Reed, A. E. (2009). Monetary losses do not loom large in later life: Age differences in the framing effect. Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbp043
  • Reyna, V. F., & Farley, F. (2006). Risk and rationality in adolescent decision making: Implications for theory, practice, and public policy. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, Supplement. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-1006.2006.00026.x
  • Thomas, A. K., & Millar, P. R. (2012). Reducing the framing effect in older and younger adults by encouraging analytic processing. Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbr076
  • Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211(4481), 453–458. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7455683
Toplam 13 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Gökhan Şahin 0000-0002-6479-7018

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Eylül 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Kasım 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Şahin, G. (2021). Çerçeveleme Etkisi: Asya Hastaliği Probleminin Gerçeğe Dönüşü Covid 19 Problemi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(3), 734-741. https://doi.org/10.36362/gumus.828822