Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Afganistan’da Dışarıda Çalışan Kadınlara İlişkin Sosyo-Demografik Faktörlerin Cinsiyet Normlarına Etkisi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3, 801 - 813, 25.09.2021

Öz

Kadınların ekonomik gücü, kadınların ne yapmasına izin verilmesi gerektiği konusunda toplum üyeleri arasında hakim olan normlardan etkilenmektedir. Afganistan'da kadınların erkeklerden ayrı bir yerde çalışmaları bekleniyor ya da erkeklerin onayını almaları gerekmekte ve bizim hesaplamalarımıza göre insanların çoğu dışarıdaki çalışmalarıyla hemfikir olduklarını göstermektedir. Asia Foundation'dan alınan anket verileri için lojistik regresyonlar uygulayarak; eğitim, şehirleşme ve TV izlemenin kadınların dışarıda çalışmasını destekleyen normlar üzerinde olumlu etkisi olduğu bulunmuştur. En iyi strateji, her iki cinsiyetten insanların eğitimine yatırım yapmak ve kadınların güçlenmesi için kampanyaya medyanın faaliyetlerini artırmaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Abney, D. & Laya, A. G. (2018). This Is Why Women Must Play A Greater Role in The Global Economy. (Available online at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/01/this-is-why-women-must-play-a-greater-role-in-the-global-economy/), Retrieved on January 13 2020.
  • Aizer, A. (2011). Poverty, violence and health: The impact of domestic violence during pregnancy on newborn health. The Journal of Human Resources, 46(3), 518-538.
  • Aly, Y. H. & Quisi, I. A. (1996). Determinants of women labour force participation in Kuwait: A logit analysis. The Middle East Business and Economic Review, 8(2), 1-9.
  • Amnesty International UK. (2014). Women in Afghanistan: The Back Story. (Available online at: https://www.amnesty.org.uk/womens-rights-afghanistan-history), Retrieved on.
  • Ashenfelter, O. (1980). Unemployment as disequilibrium in a model of aggregate labor supply. Econometrica, 48(3), 547-564.
  • Benham, L. (1980). Benefits of women education within marriage. Journal of Political Economy, 82(2), 57-71.
  • Benton, A., Heinzelman, J. & Sackett, J. (2012). Economic empowerment strategy for Afghan women. Kabul: USAID Afghanistan.
  • Borchgrevink, K. (2010). Beyond borders: Diversity and transnational links in Afghan religious education. Oslo: Peace Research Institute Oslo.
  • Bossler, M., Mosthaf, A. & Schank, T. (2016). More female manager hires through more female managers? (Report No. Discussion Papers 10240). Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  • Bunch, C. (1990). Women’s rights as human rights: Towards a re-vision of human rights. Human Right Quarterly, 12(4), 486-498.
  • Collins, R. (2011). Content analysis of gender roles in the media: Where are we now and where should we. Sex Roles, 64(3), 290-298.
  • Echavez, C. R., Sayed M. M & Leah W. R. P. (2016). The other side of gender inequality: Men and masculinities in Afghanistan. Kabul: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation.
  • Farah, A. (2014). Factors influencing women participation in entrepreneurial activities in mandera township. Kenya: Mandera Central Division , Unpublished Thesis. Guadreau, J. (2013). The 15 Jobs Where Women Earn More Than Men. (Available online at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/jennagoudreau/2011/03/14/jobs-where-women-earn-more-than-men/#365c6fbc109e), Retrieved on March 20, 2020.
  • Heath, R. A. (2017). The causes and consequences of increased female education and labor force participation in developing countries. The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy, 345-367.
  • International Labor Organization (2016). Women at work. Geneva: International Labor Organization.
  • Jacqueline, C. & Davis, S. N. (2013). Gender differences in the influence of televesion on gender ideology? Tv hours and attıtudes toward employed mothers 1988-2008. International Review of Modern Sociology, 39(2), 205-223.
  • Joesch, J. (1994). Children and the timing of women’s paid work after childbirth: A further specification of the relationship. J Marriage Fam, 56(2), 429-440.
  • Junchao, Z. A. (2015). Identifying the causal effect of marriage on women's labor force participation in the presence of chinese superstition. Economics Bulletin, 35(2), 986-997.
  • Kahn, L. & Blau, F. (2007). Changes in the labor supply behavior of married women: 1980-2000. Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, 25(3), 393-438.
  • Kane, E. W. (1995). Education and beliefs about gender inequality. Social Problems, 42(1), 74–90.
  • Majda, C. C. (2007). Attitude towards gender role and gender role behavior among urban, rural and farm population in solvania. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 38(3), 477-497.
  • Minority Rights Group International (2020). Minority Rights Group International. (Available online at https://minorityrights.org/minorities/hazaras/), Retrieved on January 19, 2020.
  • Moghadam, V. M. (2005). The ‘Femınızatıon of Poverty’ and Women’s Human Rıghts. (Available online at: http://www.cpahq.org/cpahq/cpadocs/Feminization_of_Poverty.pdf), Retrieved on October 17, 2020.
  • Nasimi, S. (2016). Open Democracy. (Available online at: https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/opensecurity/devastating-truth-of-womens-rights-in-afghanistan/), Retrieved on January 19, 2020.
  • Niaz, M. A., Islam, M. & Wahhaj, Z. (2018). Gender bias in Bangladeshi school textbooks: Not just a matter of politics or growing influence of Islamists. The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 6(2), 84-89.
  • Peters, H. E. (2016). Gender Norms and Women’s Economic Empowerment in Low-Income Countries: What We Learned by Reviewing the Evidence. (Available online at: https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/gender-norms-and-womens-economic-empowerment-low-income-countries-what-we-learned-reviewing-evidence), Retrieved on January 13, 2020.
  • Sabri, F. (2018). How empowerment processes manifest for Afghan women with different levels of education. Capstone Collection, 3101.
  • Schein, V. E. & Mueller, R. (1992). Sex role stereotyping and requisite management characteristics. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(5), 439-447.
  • Siddique, A. (2012). Sources of tension in Afghanistan and Pakistan: A regional prospective. Barcelona: Center for International Affairs.
  • Stuart, A. R., Katz, D. & Allport, F. H. (1931). Students' attitudes: A report of the syracuse university reaction study, pp. xxviii, 408, Syracuse, New York: The Craftsman Press, Inc., 1931. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 155(1), 256-257.
  • Tan, J. & Yazdanifard, R. (2013). Generation, The Review of Women Workforce Increment and Its Impact on Society and Future. (Available online at: file:///C:/Users/USER/Downloads/Thelatestreviewofwomen%20(1).pdf), Retrieved on March 20, 2020.
  • The Asia Foundation (2018). Afghanistan in 2018: A Survey of the Afghan People. (Available online at: https://asiafoundation.org/publication/afghanistan-in-2018-a-survey-of-the-afghan-people/), Retreived on February 5, 2020.
  • The Asian Foundation (2019). Survey of Afghan People 2018. (Available online at: http://asiafoundation.org/where-we-work/afghanistan/survey/data-download/), Retreived on September 2, 2019.
  • The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (2018). Hashemite kingdom of jordan understanding how gender norms in MNA impact female employment outcomes. USA: The World Bank.
  • The World Bank (2019). Femal Labor Force Participation Rate. (Available online at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.FE.ZS?locations=AF). Toossi, M. (2002). A century of change: The US labor force, 1950-2050. Monthly Lab. Rev, 125(5), 15-25.
  • World Bank Group (2015). Women, business and the law 2016: Getting to equal, Washington. DC: World Bank.
  • World Health Organization (2020). Gender, Equity and Human Rights. (Avaliable online at: http://www.emro.who.int/pdf/afg/programmes/gender-health-development.pdf?ua=1), Retrevied on October a7, 2020.
  • Yücel, D. (2017). Women poverty and women In secondary labor. Social Sciences Research Journal, 6(3), 12-21.
  • Zeiny, E., Hashim, R., Yusof, N., Shahizah H. I. & Zandi, P. (2014). Educating prisoners of tradition: Visual narratives of Afghan women on social media. Afghan Women on Social Media, 7(3), 60-66.

The Impact of Socio-Demographic Factors on the Gender Norms about Women outside Working in Afghanistan

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3, 801 - 813, 25.09.2021

Öz

Women's economic power is affected by the norms prevailing among society members on what women should be allowed to do. In Afghanistan, women are expected to work in a separate place from men or they should take the approval of men and as per our calculation most of the people show their agreement with their outside working. By deploying logistic regressions for a survey data taken from Asia Foundation; we found that education, urbanization and TV watching have positive impact on the norms supporting women's working outside. The best strategy is to invest in education of the people from both sexes and increase the activity of media to campaign for women empowerment.

Kaynakça

  • Abney, D. & Laya, A. G. (2018). This Is Why Women Must Play A Greater Role in The Global Economy. (Available online at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/01/this-is-why-women-must-play-a-greater-role-in-the-global-economy/), Retrieved on January 13 2020.
  • Aizer, A. (2011). Poverty, violence and health: The impact of domestic violence during pregnancy on newborn health. The Journal of Human Resources, 46(3), 518-538.
  • Aly, Y. H. & Quisi, I. A. (1996). Determinants of women labour force participation in Kuwait: A logit analysis. The Middle East Business and Economic Review, 8(2), 1-9.
  • Amnesty International UK. (2014). Women in Afghanistan: The Back Story. (Available online at: https://www.amnesty.org.uk/womens-rights-afghanistan-history), Retrieved on.
  • Ashenfelter, O. (1980). Unemployment as disequilibrium in a model of aggregate labor supply. Econometrica, 48(3), 547-564.
  • Benham, L. (1980). Benefits of women education within marriage. Journal of Political Economy, 82(2), 57-71.
  • Benton, A., Heinzelman, J. & Sackett, J. (2012). Economic empowerment strategy for Afghan women. Kabul: USAID Afghanistan.
  • Borchgrevink, K. (2010). Beyond borders: Diversity and transnational links in Afghan religious education. Oslo: Peace Research Institute Oslo.
  • Bossler, M., Mosthaf, A. & Schank, T. (2016). More female manager hires through more female managers? (Report No. Discussion Papers 10240). Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  • Bunch, C. (1990). Women’s rights as human rights: Towards a re-vision of human rights. Human Right Quarterly, 12(4), 486-498.
  • Collins, R. (2011). Content analysis of gender roles in the media: Where are we now and where should we. Sex Roles, 64(3), 290-298.
  • Echavez, C. R., Sayed M. M & Leah W. R. P. (2016). The other side of gender inequality: Men and masculinities in Afghanistan. Kabul: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation.
  • Farah, A. (2014). Factors influencing women participation in entrepreneurial activities in mandera township. Kenya: Mandera Central Division , Unpublished Thesis. Guadreau, J. (2013). The 15 Jobs Where Women Earn More Than Men. (Available online at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/jennagoudreau/2011/03/14/jobs-where-women-earn-more-than-men/#365c6fbc109e), Retrieved on March 20, 2020.
  • Heath, R. A. (2017). The causes and consequences of increased female education and labor force participation in developing countries. The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy, 345-367.
  • International Labor Organization (2016). Women at work. Geneva: International Labor Organization.
  • Jacqueline, C. & Davis, S. N. (2013). Gender differences in the influence of televesion on gender ideology? Tv hours and attıtudes toward employed mothers 1988-2008. International Review of Modern Sociology, 39(2), 205-223.
  • Joesch, J. (1994). Children and the timing of women’s paid work after childbirth: A further specification of the relationship. J Marriage Fam, 56(2), 429-440.
  • Junchao, Z. A. (2015). Identifying the causal effect of marriage on women's labor force participation in the presence of chinese superstition. Economics Bulletin, 35(2), 986-997.
  • Kahn, L. & Blau, F. (2007). Changes in the labor supply behavior of married women: 1980-2000. Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, 25(3), 393-438.
  • Kane, E. W. (1995). Education and beliefs about gender inequality. Social Problems, 42(1), 74–90.
  • Majda, C. C. (2007). Attitude towards gender role and gender role behavior among urban, rural and farm population in solvania. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 38(3), 477-497.
  • Minority Rights Group International (2020). Minority Rights Group International. (Available online at https://minorityrights.org/minorities/hazaras/), Retrieved on January 19, 2020.
  • Moghadam, V. M. (2005). The ‘Femınızatıon of Poverty’ and Women’s Human Rıghts. (Available online at: http://www.cpahq.org/cpahq/cpadocs/Feminization_of_Poverty.pdf), Retrieved on October 17, 2020.
  • Nasimi, S. (2016). Open Democracy. (Available online at: https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/opensecurity/devastating-truth-of-womens-rights-in-afghanistan/), Retrieved on January 19, 2020.
  • Niaz, M. A., Islam, M. & Wahhaj, Z. (2018). Gender bias in Bangladeshi school textbooks: Not just a matter of politics or growing influence of Islamists. The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 6(2), 84-89.
  • Peters, H. E. (2016). Gender Norms and Women’s Economic Empowerment in Low-Income Countries: What We Learned by Reviewing the Evidence. (Available online at: https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/gender-norms-and-womens-economic-empowerment-low-income-countries-what-we-learned-reviewing-evidence), Retrieved on January 13, 2020.
  • Sabri, F. (2018). How empowerment processes manifest for Afghan women with different levels of education. Capstone Collection, 3101.
  • Schein, V. E. & Mueller, R. (1992). Sex role stereotyping and requisite management characteristics. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(5), 439-447.
  • Siddique, A. (2012). Sources of tension in Afghanistan and Pakistan: A regional prospective. Barcelona: Center for International Affairs.
  • Stuart, A. R., Katz, D. & Allport, F. H. (1931). Students' attitudes: A report of the syracuse university reaction study, pp. xxviii, 408, Syracuse, New York: The Craftsman Press, Inc., 1931. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 155(1), 256-257.
  • Tan, J. & Yazdanifard, R. (2013). Generation, The Review of Women Workforce Increment and Its Impact on Society and Future. (Available online at: file:///C:/Users/USER/Downloads/Thelatestreviewofwomen%20(1).pdf), Retrieved on March 20, 2020.
  • The Asia Foundation (2018). Afghanistan in 2018: A Survey of the Afghan People. (Available online at: https://asiafoundation.org/publication/afghanistan-in-2018-a-survey-of-the-afghan-people/), Retreived on February 5, 2020.
  • The Asian Foundation (2019). Survey of Afghan People 2018. (Available online at: http://asiafoundation.org/where-we-work/afghanistan/survey/data-download/), Retreived on September 2, 2019.
  • The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (2018). Hashemite kingdom of jordan understanding how gender norms in MNA impact female employment outcomes. USA: The World Bank.
  • The World Bank (2019). Femal Labor Force Participation Rate. (Available online at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.FE.ZS?locations=AF). Toossi, M. (2002). A century of change: The US labor force, 1950-2050. Monthly Lab. Rev, 125(5), 15-25.
  • World Bank Group (2015). Women, business and the law 2016: Getting to equal, Washington. DC: World Bank.
  • World Health Organization (2020). Gender, Equity and Human Rights. (Avaliable online at: http://www.emro.who.int/pdf/afg/programmes/gender-health-development.pdf?ua=1), Retrevied on October a7, 2020.
  • Yücel, D. (2017). Women poverty and women In secondary labor. Social Sciences Research Journal, 6(3), 12-21.
  • Zeiny, E., Hashim, R., Yusof, N., Shahizah H. I. & Zandi, P. (2014). Educating prisoners of tradition: Visual narratives of Afghan women on social media. Afghan Women on Social Media, 7(3), 60-66.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mustafa Kartal 0000-0002-5404-5365

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Eylül 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Şubat 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Kartal, M. (2021). The Impact of Socio-Demographic Factors on the Gender Norms about Women outside Working in Afghanistan. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(3), 801-813. https://doi.org/10.36362/gumus.876408