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Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlükle Başa Çıkmak: Psikolojik Esneksizlik Durumunda Çevrimiçi Sosyal Desteğin Aracı Rolü

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 1343 - 1351, 17.10.2022

Öz

Belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük (IU), olayların deneyimine yönelik bilişsel bir önyargıdır. Bu göz önüne alındığında, kişinin psikolojik esneksizliği beklenmedik olaylara (örneğin beklenmedik COVİD-19 pandemisi ve bununla birlikte gelişen sosyal izolasyonu gerekli kılan yaşan tarzı) nasıl tolerans gösterileceğiyle büyük ölçüde ilişkili olacaktır. Özellikle pandemi döneminde değişmek zorunda kalan sosyal ilişkilerin yapısı düşünülerek, bu araştırmada, kişilerin algıladığı çevrimiçi sosyal desteğin psikolojik esneksizlik ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük arasındaki ilişkiye etkisini vurgulamak amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma örneklemini yaşları 18 ila 27 arasında değişen üniversite öğrencileri oluşturmaktadır. Katılımcılara demografik bilgi formu, Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlük Ölçeği-12, Çevrimiçi Sosyal Destek Ölçeği, Kabul ve Eylem Formu-II’yi içeren bir soru paketi ulaştırılmıştır. PROCESS yazılımıyla yapılan aracılık analizi, psikolojik esneksizliğin belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük üzerindeki dolaylı etkisinin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Bulgular, algılanan çevrimiçi sosyal desteğin etkisi kontrol edildiğinde, psikolojik esneksizliğin belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlüğün önemli bir yordayıcısı olmaya devam ettiğini, ancak standartlaştırılmamış regresyon katsayısında cüzi bir azalma olduğunu göstermiştir

Destekleyen Kurum

yok

Kaynakça

  • Akbari, M., & Khanipour, H. (2018). The transdiagnostic model of worry: The mediating role of experiential avoidance. Personality and Individual Differences, 135, 166-172.
  • Anari, A., Tahmassian, K. & Fathabadi, M. (2011). Worry and social support in adolescence. Developmental Psychology: Journal of Iranian Psychologists, 8(29), 27-37.
  • Bardeen, J. R., & Michel, J. S. (2017). The buffering effect of religiosity on the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and depressive symptoms. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 9(S1), S90.
  • Blackledge, J. T., & Hayes, S. C. (2001). Emotion regulation in acceptance and commitment therapy. Journal of clinical psychology, 57(2), 243-255.
  • Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., & Zettle, R. D. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 676-688.
  • Brown, K. W. & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822.
  • Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2006). Investigating the construct validity of intolerance of uncertainty and its unique relationship with worry. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20(2), 222-236.
  • Carleton, R. N., Norton, M. P. J., & Asmundson, G. J. (2007). Fearing the unknown: A short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(1), 105-117.
  • Carleton, R. N., Norton, M. P. J., & Asmundson, G. J. (2007). Fearing the unknown: A short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(1), 105-117.
  • Cole, D. A., Nick, E. A., Zelkowitz, R. L., Roeder, K. M., & Spinelli, T. (2017). Online social support for young people: Does it recapitulate in-person social support; can it help? Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 456-464.
  • Council of Higher Education (CHE). (2020a, March 13). Coronavirus (COVID-19) information note: 1. Retrieved from https://www.yok.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Haberler/2020/ coronavirus_bilgilendirme_1.aspx.
  • Council of Higher Education (CHE). (2020b, March 18). Press release. Head of the higher education board Prof. Dr. M. A. Yekta Saraç. Retrieved from https://www.yok.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Haberler/2020/universitelerde-uygulanacak-uzaktan egitime-iliskin-aciklama.aspx.
  • Dugas, M. J., Gagnon, F., Ladouceur, R., & Freeston, M. H. (1998). Generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary test of a conceptual model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(2), 215–226.
  • Dugas, M. J., Gosselin, P., & Ladouceur, R. (2001). Intolerance of uncertainty and worry: Investigating specificity in a nonclinical sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25(5), 551-558.
  • Eastin, M. S., & LaRose, R. (2005). Alt. support: Modeling social support online. Computers in Human Behavior, 21(6), 977-992.
  • Hayes, A. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis (Second Edition). New York, NY: Guilford.
  • Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A. & Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, processes and outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(1), 1-25.
  • Hayes, S. C., Pistorello, J. & Levin, M. E. (2012). Acceptance and commitment therapy as a unified model of behavior change. The Counseling Psychologist, 40(7), 976-1002.
  • Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical psychology, 64(6), 1152.
  • Horesh, D., & Brown, A. D. (2020). Traumatic stress in the age of COVID-19: A call to close critical gaps and adapt to new realities. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(4), 331.
  • Kashdan, T. B., & Rottenberg, J. (2010). Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 865-878.
  • Khawaja, N. G., & Yu, L.N.H. (2010). A comparison of the 27-item and 12-item Intolerance of Uncertainty Scales. Clinical Psychologist, 14, 97–106.
  • Latzman, R. D., & Masuda, A. (2013). Examining mindfulness and psychological inflexibility within the framework of Big Five personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(2), 129-134.
  • Laugesen, N., Dugas, M. J., & Bukowski, W. M. (2003). Understanding adolescent worry: The application of a cognitive model. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(1), 55-64.
  • Lin, N., Ensel, W. M., Simeone, R. S., & Kuo, W. (1979). Social support, stressful life events, and illness: A model and an empirical test. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 20(2),108-119.
  • Luoma, J., Drake, C. E., Kohlenberg, B. S., & Hayes, S. C. (2011). Substance abuse and psychological flexibility: The development of a new measure. Addiction Research & Theory, 19(1), 3-13.
  • Masuda, A. & Tully, E. C. (2012). The role of mindfulness and psychological flexibility in somatization, depression, anxiety, and general psychological distress in a nonclinical college sample. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 17(1), 66-71.
  • McCracken, L. M., & Velleman, S. C. (2010). Psychological flexibility in adults with chronic pain: a study of acceptance, mindfulness, and values-based action in primary care. Pain, 148(1), 141-147.
  • Naveenraj, X. & Wesley, J. R. (2018). Mediating effect of online social support on the relationship between stress and mental well-being. Mental Health and Social Inclusion, 22(4), 178-186.
  • Norris, F. H., & Kaniasty, K. (1996). Received and perceived social support in times of stress: a test of the social support deterioration deterrence model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(3), 498.
  • Oh, H. J., Ozkaya, E., & LaRose, R. (2014). How does online social networking enhance life satisfaction? The relationships among online supportive interaction, affect, perceived social support, sense of community, and life satisfaction. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 69-78.
  • Ozbay, F., Johnson, D. C., Dimoulas, E., Morgan III, C. A., Charney, D., & Southwick, S. (2007). Social support and resilience to stress: from neurobiology to clinical practice. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 4(5), 35.
  • Pfeil, U., Zaphiris, P. & Wilson, S. (2009). Older adults’ perceptions and experiences of online social support. Interacting with Computers, 21(3), 159-172.
  • Roohafza, H. R., Afshar, H., Keshteli, A. H., Mohammadi, N., Feizi, A., Taslimi, M. & Adibi, P. (2014). What's the role of perceived social support and coping styles in depression and anxiety? Journal of Research in Medical Sciences: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 19(10), 944.
  • Sarıçam, H., Erguvan, F. M., Akın, A. & Akça, M. Ş. (2014). Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlük Ölçeği (BTÖ-12) Türkçe Formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Route Educational and Social Science Journal, 1(3), 148-157.
  • Shaw, L. H., & Gant, L. M. (2002). In defense of the Internet: The relationship between Internet communication and depression, loneliness, self-esteem, and perceived social support. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 41(10), 157-171.
  • Southwick, S. M., Vythilingam, M., & Charney, D. S. (2005). The psychobiology of depression and resilience to stress: implications for prevention and treatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1(1), 255-291.
  • Tabachnick, B.G. & Fidell, L.S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th edition). Boston: Pearson.
  • Tolin, D.F., Abramowitz, J.S., Brigidi, B.D. & Foa, E.B. (2003). Intolerance of uncertainty in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17(2), 233-242.
  • Ünal, Ç. & Güven, E. (2019). The mediating role of social media addiction and social media fatigue in explaining the relationship between online social support, fear of missing out and social anxiety disorder symptom level. (Unpublished master's thesis). Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Wills, T. A. & Fegan, M. F. (2001). Social networks and social support. In A. Baum, T. A. Revenson, & J.E. Singer (Eds.), Handbook of Health Psychology (pp. 209-235). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • World Health Organization. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Situation report, 72.
  • Yavuz, F., Ulusoy, S., Iskin, M., Esen, F. B., Burhan, H. S., Karadere, M. E., & Yavuz, N. (2016). Turkish version of Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II): A reliability and validity analysis in clinical and non-clinical samples. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni-Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 26(4), 397-408.
  • Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G. & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41.

Dealing with Intolerance of Uncertainty: Mediator Role of Online Social Support in Case of Psychological Inflexibility

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 1343 - 1351, 17.10.2022

Öz

Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a cognitive bias toward the experience of events. Given that, one’s psychological inflexibility (PI) would be very much related to how one will be tolerant to unexpected events (i.e., pandemic, restricted social isolation). Considering their relationship, the aim of this study is to highlight the effect of online social support (OSS) on the relationship between PI and IU. Sample consisted of 238 university students from Turkey, aging from 18 to 27. Participants were completed Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-12, Online Social Support Scale, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II. Mediation analysis performed by the PROCESS software revealed that the indirect effect of PI on IU was statistically significant. Results indicated that when controlling the effect of perceived OSS, PI remained to be a significant predictor of IU but with rather slight reduction in the unstandardized regression coefficient. Results also provided support for theoretical models of social support in that changing structure of social interaction does not necessarily indicate a labefaction in the function of it.

Kaynakça

  • Akbari, M., & Khanipour, H. (2018). The transdiagnostic model of worry: The mediating role of experiential avoidance. Personality and Individual Differences, 135, 166-172.
  • Anari, A., Tahmassian, K. & Fathabadi, M. (2011). Worry and social support in adolescence. Developmental Psychology: Journal of Iranian Psychologists, 8(29), 27-37.
  • Bardeen, J. R., & Michel, J. S. (2017). The buffering effect of religiosity on the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and depressive symptoms. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 9(S1), S90.
  • Blackledge, J. T., & Hayes, S. C. (2001). Emotion regulation in acceptance and commitment therapy. Journal of clinical psychology, 57(2), 243-255.
  • Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., & Zettle, R. D. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 676-688.
  • Brown, K. W. & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822.
  • Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2006). Investigating the construct validity of intolerance of uncertainty and its unique relationship with worry. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20(2), 222-236.
  • Carleton, R. N., Norton, M. P. J., & Asmundson, G. J. (2007). Fearing the unknown: A short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(1), 105-117.
  • Carleton, R. N., Norton, M. P. J., & Asmundson, G. J. (2007). Fearing the unknown: A short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(1), 105-117.
  • Cole, D. A., Nick, E. A., Zelkowitz, R. L., Roeder, K. M., & Spinelli, T. (2017). Online social support for young people: Does it recapitulate in-person social support; can it help? Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 456-464.
  • Council of Higher Education (CHE). (2020a, March 13). Coronavirus (COVID-19) information note: 1. Retrieved from https://www.yok.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Haberler/2020/ coronavirus_bilgilendirme_1.aspx.
  • Council of Higher Education (CHE). (2020b, March 18). Press release. Head of the higher education board Prof. Dr. M. A. Yekta Saraç. Retrieved from https://www.yok.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Haberler/2020/universitelerde-uygulanacak-uzaktan egitime-iliskin-aciklama.aspx.
  • Dugas, M. J., Gagnon, F., Ladouceur, R., & Freeston, M. H. (1998). Generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary test of a conceptual model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(2), 215–226.
  • Dugas, M. J., Gosselin, P., & Ladouceur, R. (2001). Intolerance of uncertainty and worry: Investigating specificity in a nonclinical sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25(5), 551-558.
  • Eastin, M. S., & LaRose, R. (2005). Alt. support: Modeling social support online. Computers in Human Behavior, 21(6), 977-992.
  • Hayes, A. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis (Second Edition). New York, NY: Guilford.
  • Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A. & Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, processes and outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(1), 1-25.
  • Hayes, S. C., Pistorello, J. & Levin, M. E. (2012). Acceptance and commitment therapy as a unified model of behavior change. The Counseling Psychologist, 40(7), 976-1002.
  • Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical psychology, 64(6), 1152.
  • Horesh, D., & Brown, A. D. (2020). Traumatic stress in the age of COVID-19: A call to close critical gaps and adapt to new realities. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(4), 331.
  • Kashdan, T. B., & Rottenberg, J. (2010). Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 865-878.
  • Khawaja, N. G., & Yu, L.N.H. (2010). A comparison of the 27-item and 12-item Intolerance of Uncertainty Scales. Clinical Psychologist, 14, 97–106.
  • Latzman, R. D., & Masuda, A. (2013). Examining mindfulness and psychological inflexibility within the framework of Big Five personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(2), 129-134.
  • Laugesen, N., Dugas, M. J., & Bukowski, W. M. (2003). Understanding adolescent worry: The application of a cognitive model. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(1), 55-64.
  • Lin, N., Ensel, W. M., Simeone, R. S., & Kuo, W. (1979). Social support, stressful life events, and illness: A model and an empirical test. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 20(2),108-119.
  • Luoma, J., Drake, C. E., Kohlenberg, B. S., & Hayes, S. C. (2011). Substance abuse and psychological flexibility: The development of a new measure. Addiction Research & Theory, 19(1), 3-13.
  • Masuda, A. & Tully, E. C. (2012). The role of mindfulness and psychological flexibility in somatization, depression, anxiety, and general psychological distress in a nonclinical college sample. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 17(1), 66-71.
  • McCracken, L. M., & Velleman, S. C. (2010). Psychological flexibility in adults with chronic pain: a study of acceptance, mindfulness, and values-based action in primary care. Pain, 148(1), 141-147.
  • Naveenraj, X. & Wesley, J. R. (2018). Mediating effect of online social support on the relationship between stress and mental well-being. Mental Health and Social Inclusion, 22(4), 178-186.
  • Norris, F. H., & Kaniasty, K. (1996). Received and perceived social support in times of stress: a test of the social support deterioration deterrence model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(3), 498.
  • Oh, H. J., Ozkaya, E., & LaRose, R. (2014). How does online social networking enhance life satisfaction? The relationships among online supportive interaction, affect, perceived social support, sense of community, and life satisfaction. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 69-78.
  • Ozbay, F., Johnson, D. C., Dimoulas, E., Morgan III, C. A., Charney, D., & Southwick, S. (2007). Social support and resilience to stress: from neurobiology to clinical practice. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 4(5), 35.
  • Pfeil, U., Zaphiris, P. & Wilson, S. (2009). Older adults’ perceptions and experiences of online social support. Interacting with Computers, 21(3), 159-172.
  • Roohafza, H. R., Afshar, H., Keshteli, A. H., Mohammadi, N., Feizi, A., Taslimi, M. & Adibi, P. (2014). What's the role of perceived social support and coping styles in depression and anxiety? Journal of Research in Medical Sciences: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 19(10), 944.
  • Sarıçam, H., Erguvan, F. M., Akın, A. & Akça, M. Ş. (2014). Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlük Ölçeği (BTÖ-12) Türkçe Formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Route Educational and Social Science Journal, 1(3), 148-157.
  • Shaw, L. H., & Gant, L. M. (2002). In defense of the Internet: The relationship between Internet communication and depression, loneliness, self-esteem, and perceived social support. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 41(10), 157-171.
  • Southwick, S. M., Vythilingam, M., & Charney, D. S. (2005). The psychobiology of depression and resilience to stress: implications for prevention and treatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1(1), 255-291.
  • Tabachnick, B.G. & Fidell, L.S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th edition). Boston: Pearson.
  • Tolin, D.F., Abramowitz, J.S., Brigidi, B.D. & Foa, E.B. (2003). Intolerance of uncertainty in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17(2), 233-242.
  • Ünal, Ç. & Güven, E. (2019). The mediating role of social media addiction and social media fatigue in explaining the relationship between online social support, fear of missing out and social anxiety disorder symptom level. (Unpublished master's thesis). Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Wills, T. A. & Fegan, M. F. (2001). Social networks and social support. In A. Baum, T. A. Revenson, & J.E. Singer (Eds.), Handbook of Health Psychology (pp. 209-235). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • World Health Organization. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Situation report, 72.
  • Yavuz, F., Ulusoy, S., Iskin, M., Esen, F. B., Burhan, H. S., Karadere, M. E., & Yavuz, N. (2016). Turkish version of Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II): A reliability and validity analysis in clinical and non-clinical samples. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni-Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 26(4), 397-408.
  • Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G. & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Durmuş Ümmet 0000-0002-8318-9026

Şeyda Çetintaş 0000-0002-4534-4128

Yayımlanma Tarihi 17 Ekim 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Ümmet, D., & Çetintaş, Ş. (2022). Dealing with Intolerance of Uncertainty: Mediator Role of Online Social Support in Case of Psychological Inflexibility. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(3), 1343-1351. https://doi.org/10.36362/gumus.1047632