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Çevre Suçları Üzerinden Kara Para Aklama Suçuna Yönelik Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 778 - 794, 08.10.2024

Öz

Ekolojik duyarlılığın arttığı çağımızda çevre suçları, dünyada en önemli gündem maddelerinden biri haline gelmiştir. Çevre ile insan yaşamı ve yaşam kalitesi arasındaki ilişkilerin belirginleşmesiyle kamu politikaları içinde çevre politikaları ön plana çıkmıştır. Çevreye karşı işlenen suçların insan yaşamını doğrudan etkilemesi de bu konunun sürekli gündemde kalmasını sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada çevre suçlarının kara para aklama faaliyetinde nasıl kullanıldığı üzerinde durulacaktır. Sınıraşan bir özelliğe sahip çevre ve kara para aklama suçlarının birlikte işlenerek ortaya çıkması nedeniyle ülke temelli çözümler yerine küresel bir ortaklık kurulmasına gereksinim duyulmaktadır. Bu alanda çevre suçları ile kara para aklama (AML) rejiminin geliştirilmesi ve uygulanması beklenmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Avrupa Birliği (AB), (2018). Directive (EU) 2018/1673 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2018 on combating money laundering by criminal law. [Çevrim-içi: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2018.284.01.0022.01.ENG], Erişim Tarihi: 30.08.2024.
  • ACAMS (2021). Green Crıme: Re-Thınkıng How Fınancıal Crıme Strategıes Apply To Envıronmental Crıme. [Çevrim-içi: https://www.acams.org/pt-br/media/document/23436], Erişim Tarihi: 23.11.2023.
  • Aigbedion, I ve Iyayi, S. E. (2007). Environmental Effect of Mineral Exploitation in Nigeria. International Journal of Physical Sciences, No. 2 (14 February 2007): 033-38.
  • Alacakaptan, U. (1973). Suçun Unsurları, Ajans-Türk Matbaacılık Sanayi, Ankara.
  • Alıca, S. (2009). Avrupa Birliği’nde Çevresel Sorumluluk Alanında Yaşanan Gelişmeler. (Ed.) Süheyla Alıca. Sorumluk ve Tazminat Hukuku Sempozyumu, Ankara, s. 347-376.
  • Alldridge, P. (2001). Kara Para Aklama Suçunun Ahlaki Sınırları. Buffalo Ceza Hukuku İncelemesi 5(1): 279–319. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2001.5.1.279
  • Aydın, S. ve Yılmazer, Y. (2014). Yolsuzluk ve Mali Suçlar, Ankara.
  • Aykın, H. (2017). Kara Para (Dırty Money-Proceeds Of Crıme) Kavramı. [Çevrim-içi: https://vergidosyasi.com/2017/03/08/kara-para-dirty-money-proceeds-of-crime-kavrami-nedir/], Erişim Tarihi: 27.08.2024.
  • Basel Instıtute On Governance (2022). Basel AML Index 2022: 11th Public Edition – Ranking Money Laundering And Terrorist Financing Risks Around The World. [Çevrim-içi: https://index.baselgovernance.org/api/uploads/221110_Basel_AML_Index_2022_b705cc0842.pdf], Erişim: 03.11.2023.
  • Basel Instıtute On Governance (2022). Basel AML Index 2022: [Çevrim-içi https://baselgovernance.org/blog/environmental-crime-data-added-money-laundering-risk-indicators-basel-aml-index], Erişim: 25.08.2024.
  • Carrabine E., Cox P., Lee M., PLUMMER K. Ve SOUTH N. (2009). Criminology: A Sociological Introduction, Routledge Press, Oxon.
  • Dülger, M. V. Suç Gelirlerinin Aklanmasına İlişkin Suçlar ve Yaptırımlar, Ankara 2011.
  • Ergül, E. (1998). Karaparanın Aklanması ve Suçları, Adalet Yayınevi, Ankara.
  • Europen Comission (2008).Directive 2008/99/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on the protection of the environment through criminal law (Text with EEA relevance). [Çevrim-içi https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2008/99/oj], Erişim: 25.08.2024.
  • Europen Comission Press Corner: (2021). Questions and Answers on the revised EU Directive on environmental crime, [Çevrim-içi https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/api/files/document/print/en/qanda_21_6745/QANDA_21_6745_EN.pdf], Erişim: 25.08.2024.
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  • Goncalves Marilyne P. ve Hart A. (2024). Following The Money From Environmental Crimes – A Call To Action. [Çevrim-içi: https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/psd/following-the-money-from-environmental-crimes---a-call-to-action], Erişim Tarihi: 30.08.2024.
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  • Gökbunar, A. R. (2010). Organize Suçlarla Mücadelede Yeni Silah, Vergi, Maliye ve Hukuk Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Güneş, A. M. (2021). Çevre Hukuku. Adalet Yayınevi. 4. Baskı. Ankara.
  • ICAEW (2021). Environmental crime and links to money laundering. [Çevrim-içi: https://www.icaew.com/-/media/corporate/files/technical/legal-and-regulatory/money-laundering/environmental-crime.ashx?la=en] Erişim Tarihi: 04.11.2023.
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An Investigation on Money Laundering Offence through Environmental Crime

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 778 - 794, 08.10.2024

Öz

In our age of increasing ecological sensitivity, environmental crimes have become one of the most important agenda items in the world. As the relationship between the environment and human life and quality of life has become clearer, environmental policies have come to the forefront among public policies. The fact that crimes committed against the environment directly affect human life ensures that this issue is constantly on the agenda. This study will focus on how environmental crimes are used in money laundering activities. Since environmental and money laundering crimes, which have a transnational characteristic, are committed together, it is necessary to establish a global partnership instead of country-based solutions. In this field, it is expected that an AML regime will be developed and implemented.
Keywords: Environmental Crimes, Money Laundering, FATF, Ecology.

Kaynakça

  • Avrupa Birliği (AB), (2018). Directive (EU) 2018/1673 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2018 on combating money laundering by criminal law. [Çevrim-içi: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2018.284.01.0022.01.ENG], Erişim Tarihi: 30.08.2024.
  • ACAMS (2021). Green Crıme: Re-Thınkıng How Fınancıal Crıme Strategıes Apply To Envıronmental Crıme. [Çevrim-içi: https://www.acams.org/pt-br/media/document/23436], Erişim Tarihi: 23.11.2023.
  • Aigbedion, I ve Iyayi, S. E. (2007). Environmental Effect of Mineral Exploitation in Nigeria. International Journal of Physical Sciences, No. 2 (14 February 2007): 033-38.
  • Alacakaptan, U. (1973). Suçun Unsurları, Ajans-Türk Matbaacılık Sanayi, Ankara.
  • Alıca, S. (2009). Avrupa Birliği’nde Çevresel Sorumluluk Alanında Yaşanan Gelişmeler. (Ed.) Süheyla Alıca. Sorumluk ve Tazminat Hukuku Sempozyumu, Ankara, s. 347-376.
  • Alldridge, P. (2001). Kara Para Aklama Suçunun Ahlaki Sınırları. Buffalo Ceza Hukuku İncelemesi 5(1): 279–319. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2001.5.1.279
  • Aydın, S. ve Yılmazer, Y. (2014). Yolsuzluk ve Mali Suçlar, Ankara.
  • Aykın, H. (2017). Kara Para (Dırty Money-Proceeds Of Crıme) Kavramı. [Çevrim-içi: https://vergidosyasi.com/2017/03/08/kara-para-dirty-money-proceeds-of-crime-kavrami-nedir/], Erişim Tarihi: 27.08.2024.
  • Basel Instıtute On Governance (2022). Basel AML Index 2022: 11th Public Edition – Ranking Money Laundering And Terrorist Financing Risks Around The World. [Çevrim-içi: https://index.baselgovernance.org/api/uploads/221110_Basel_AML_Index_2022_b705cc0842.pdf], Erişim: 03.11.2023.
  • Basel Instıtute On Governance (2022). Basel AML Index 2022: [Çevrim-içi https://baselgovernance.org/blog/environmental-crime-data-added-money-laundering-risk-indicators-basel-aml-index], Erişim: 25.08.2024.
  • Carrabine E., Cox P., Lee M., PLUMMER K. Ve SOUTH N. (2009). Criminology: A Sociological Introduction, Routledge Press, Oxon.
  • Dülger, M. V. Suç Gelirlerinin Aklanmasına İlişkin Suçlar ve Yaptırımlar, Ankara 2011.
  • Ergül, E. (1998). Karaparanın Aklanması ve Suçları, Adalet Yayınevi, Ankara.
  • Europen Comission (2008).Directive 2008/99/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on the protection of the environment through criminal law (Text with EEA relevance). [Çevrim-içi https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2008/99/oj], Erişim: 25.08.2024.
  • Europen Comission Press Corner: (2021). Questions and Answers on the revised EU Directive on environmental crime, [Çevrim-içi https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/api/files/document/print/en/qanda_21_6745/QANDA_21_6745_EN.pdf], Erişim: 25.08.2024.
  • European Parliament. (2022). Environmental crime affecting EU financial interests, the economic recovery and the EU’s Green Deal objectives [Çevrim-içi: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2022/737869/IPOL_STU(2022)737869_EN.pdf], Erişim Tarihi: 29.08.2024.
  • European Parliament. (2024). Directive (EU) 2024/1203 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 April 2024 on the protection of the environment through criminal law and replacing Directives 2008/99/EC and 2009/123/EC. [Çevrim-içi: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32024L1203&qid=1725055353493], Erişim Tarihi: 31.08.2024.
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  • FACT (2023). US Financial Secrecy Fuels Illicit Financial Flows from Environmental Crimes, New Report Finds. [Çevrim-içi: https://thefactcoalition.org/us-financial-secrecy-fuels-illicit-financial-flows-from-environmental-crimes-new-report-finds/], Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2023.
  • FATF (2021). Money Laundering from Environmental Crimes. [Çevrim-içi: https://www.fatf-gafi.org/publications/methodsandtrends/documents/moneylaunderingenvironmentalcrime.html], Erişim Tarihi: 01.11.2023.
  • FATF (2024). Environmental Crime. [Çevrim-içi: https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/topics/environmental-crime.html], Erişim Tarihi: 30.08.2024.
  • Financial Crime Academy (FCA) (2023). Money Laundering in Environmental Crimes: The Relation of Money Laundering in Environmental Crimes Trade and Examples. [Çevrim-içi: https://financialcrimeacademy.org/money-laundering-in environmentalcrimes/#:~:text=Environmental%20crimes%20include%20activities%20such,to%20conceal%20their%20illicit%20gains], Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2023.
  • Genovese, M. A. (1999). The Watergate Crisis, Greenwood Press Yayınları, Westport.
  • Goncalves Marilyne P. ve Hart A. (2024). Following The Money From Environmental Crimes – A Call To Action. [Çevrim-içi: https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/psd/following-the-money-from-environmental-crimes---a-call-to-action], Erişim Tarihi: 30.08.2024.
  • Gorny, T. J. (2022). Money Laundering and Environmental Crime. [Çevrim-içi: https://www.sanctions.io/blog/money-laundering-and-environmental-crime], Erişim Tarihi: 28.11.2023.
  • Gökbunar, A. R. (2010). Organize Suçlarla Mücadelede Yeni Silah, Vergi, Maliye ve Hukuk Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Güneş, A. M. (2021). Çevre Hukuku. Adalet Yayınevi. 4. Baskı. Ankara.
  • ICAEW (2021). Environmental crime and links to money laundering. [Çevrim-içi: https://www.icaew.com/-/media/corporate/files/technical/legal-and-regulatory/money-laundering/environmental-crime.ashx?la=en] Erişim Tarihi: 04.11.2023.
  • IMF (2023). Anti-Money Laundering/Combating the Financing of Terrorism – Topics, [Çevrim-içi: https://www.imf.org/external/np/leg/amlcft/eng/aml1.htm#moneylaundering], Erişim Tarihi: 06.11.2023. International Law Commission, “Responsibility of States for International Wrongful Acts”, UN Doc. A/RES/56/83.
  • Joshi, D., Vyas, A., ve Joshi, M. (2012). Money Laundering: An overview. , 1, 55-62. https://doi.org/10.18034/gdeb.v1i2.199.
  • Konuk Sommer, B. (2020). Çevre ve İnsan Hakları İlişkisine Yeni Bir Yaklaşım: Amerikalılar Arası İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi’nin OC-23/17 Sayılı Tavsiye Görüşü. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), s. 384-393.
  • Kumar, V. A. (2012). Money Laundering: Concept, Significance and Its Impact. European Journal of Business and Management.
  • Lamond G. (2007). What is a Crime? Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 27, No. 4 (2007), pp. 609–632 doi:10.1093/ojls/gqm018
  • Lee J. (2000). The Underlying Legal Theory to Support a Well-Defined Human Right to a Healthy Environment as a Principle of Customary International Law”, Columbia Journal of Environmental Law, Vol. 25, Iss. 2, s. 283-346.
  • Liddick Donald R. (2011). Crimes Against Nature: Illegal Industries and the Global Environment, Praeger Press, California.
  • Lorizzo, L. (2003). Al Capone a Biography, Greenwood Press Yayınları, Westport, USA.
  • Lugano Sözleşmesi, (1993). Convention on Civil Liability for Damage Resulting from Activities Dangerous to the Environment. [Çevrim-içi: https://rm.coe.int/168007c079], Erişim Tarihi: 30.08.2024.
  • Lynch, M. (1990). “The Greening of Criminology: A Perspective on the 1990s.” The Critical Criminologist, 2: (1–4), 11–12.
  • MASAK, (2018). Aklamanın Aşamalar. [Çevrim-içi: https://masak.hmb.gov.tr/aklamanin-asamalari] Erişim Tarihi: 30.08.2024.
  • MASAK, (2022). Faaliyet Raporu 2021. [Çevrim-içihttps://ms.hmb.gov.tr/uploads/sites/12/2022/03/Faaliyet-Raporu-2021.pdf], Erişim Tarihi: 30.08.2024.
  • Masciandaro, D. (2007). Economics: The Demand Side, Masciandaro, D., Takats, E. ve, Unger, B. (Yay. Haz.) Black Finance, The Economics of Money Laundering, Edward Elgar, içinde (ss.1-26), Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA, USA.
  • Miynat, M., ve Duramaz, A. G. S. (2012). Türkiye'de Kara para ile Mücadelede Mali Kurumların Rolü. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(2), 98-115.
  • Mulig, E. ve Smith, M. (2004). Understanding and Preventing Money Laundering. PSN: Corruption (Topic). Nellemann, C. (Editor in Chief); Henriksen, R., Kreilhuber, A., Stewart, D., Kotsovou, M., Raxter, P., Mrema, E., and
  • Barrat, S. (Eds). (2016). The Rise of Environmental Crime – A Growing Threat To Natural Resources Peace, Development And Security.
  • Özbek, V. Ö., Kanbur, M. N., Doğan, K., Bacaksız, P., & Tepe, İ. (2015l). Ceza Hukuku Bilgisi, Genel Hükümler. Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Özgenç, İ. (2006). Türk Ceza Kanunu Gazi Şerhi, Genel Hükümler, 3. Baskı, Adalet Bakanlığı Eğitim Dairesi Başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • Hilson G., Hilson C. J. ve Pardie S. (2007). Improving Awareness of Mercury Pollution in Small-Scale Gold Mining Communities: Challenges and Ways Forward in Rural Ghana. Environmental Research, 103, no. 2 (February 2007): 275-87.
  • Sanctıon Scanner. (2023). Green Crime and Anti Money Laundering. [https://sanctionscanner.com/blog/green-crime-and-anti-money-laundering-197], Erişim: 09.04.2023.
  • Saunders, A. (2023). Environmental Crime and Money Laundering – Supply Chain Risk. [Çevrim-içi: https://www.linklaters.com/en/insights/blogs/businesscrimelinks/2023/march/environmental-crime-and-money-laundering-supply-chain-risk], Erişim Tarihi: 13.11.2023.
  • Sidanius, C. (2020). The rise of green crime: The growing threat. [Çevrim-içi: https://www.refinitiv.com/perspectives/financial-crime/the-rise-of-green-crime-the-hidden-threat/], Erişim Tarihi: 15.11.2023.
  • Stefano, S. (2020). Environmental Crimes & Money Laundering. [Çevrim-içi: https://pideeco.be/articles/environmental-green-crimes-aml-money-laundering/], Erişim Tarihi: 11.11.2023.
  • Situ Y. ve Emmons D. (2000). Environmental crime: The criminal justice system’s role in protecting the environment. Sage.
  • UNEP--INTERPOL Rapid Response Assessment. (2016). The Rise of Environ mental Crime – A Growing Threat To Natural Resources Peace, Development And Security. [Çevrim-içi: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/5099/file/UNEP-INTERPOL%20Report%20The%20Rise%20of%20Environmental%20Crime.pdf], Erişim Tarihi: 30.08.2024.
  • INTERPOL, (2021). World Atlas of Illicit Flows. [Çevrim-içi: https://www.interpol.int/ar/content/download/14080/file/World%20Atlas%20of%20Illicit%20Flows-1.pdf], Erişim Tarihi: 27.08.2024.
  • UNEP, (2024). The United Nations Environment Assembly. [Çevrim-içi: https://www.unep.org/environmentassembly/], Erişim Tarihi: 28.08.2024.
  • Unger, B. (2013). Can Money Laundering Decrease?. Public Finance Review, Volume 41, Issue 5.
  • UNODC (1988). Unıted Natıons C Onventıon Agaınst Illıcıt Traffıc In Narcotıc Drugs And Psychotropıc Substances. [Çevrim-içi: https://www.unodc.org/pdf/convention_1988_en.pdf], Erişim Tarihi: 17.11.2023.
  • UNODC (2021). Unodc Approach To Crımes That Affect The Envıronment, [Çevrim-içi: https://www.unodc.org/res/environmentclimate/resources_html/UNODC_Approach_to_Crimes_that_Affect_the_Environment.pdf], Erişim Tarihi: 19.12.2023.
  • Urıbe, R. (2003). Changing Paradigms on Money Laundering, Anti-Money Laundering Unit. [Çevrim-içi: http://www.cicad.oas.org/oid/new/information/observer/observer2_2003/mlparadigms.pf], Erişim Tarihi: 05.12.2023.
  • Wentworth J. Ve Rabaiotti D. (2017). Environmental Crime. [Çevrim-içi: https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/POST-PN-0547/POST-PN-0547.pdf], Erişim Tarihi: 29.08.2024.
  • White, R. D. (2011). Transnational Environmental Crime: Toward an Eco-Global Criminology. London ; New York, NY: Routledge.
  • 2872 sayılı Çevre Kanunu. [Çevrim-içi: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?
  • MevzuatNo=2872&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5], Erişim Tarihi: 29.08.2024.
  • 5237 sayılı Türk Ceza Kanunu (TCK). [Çevrim-içi: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?
  • MevzuatNo=5237&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5], Erişim Tarihi: 29.08.2024.
  • 6831 Sayılı Orman Kanunu. [Çevrim-içi: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?
  • MevzuatNo=6831&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=3], Erişim Tarihi: 29.08.2024.
Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mali Hukuk, Maliye Kuramı
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hüseyin Akkaya 0000-0002-9886-6552

Mehmet Yüce 0000-0001-6398-5589

Yayımlanma Tarihi 8 Ekim 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Şubat 2024
Kabul Tarihi 25 Eylül 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Akkaya, H., & Yüce, M. (2024). Çevre Suçları Üzerinden Kara Para Aklama Suçuna Yönelik Bir İnceleme. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(3), 778-794. https://doi.org/10.36362/gumus.1436245