Araştırma Makalesi
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Identification of carnivorous mammal (Carnivora: Canidae, Hyaenidae) remains found in archaeological excavations based on cranial and dental morphology

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4, 950 - 962, 15.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1734847
https://izlik.org/JA46TB54MF

Öz

The identification of fundamental characteristics such as species, sex, age, and size in animal bone remains recovered from archaeological excavations plays a critical role in understanding the lifeways, dietary habits, hunting strategies, and domestication processes of past societies. At this point, identification keys become essential tools for the accurate and standardized classification of bones. Especially in disciplines such as zooarchaeology and paleoanthropology, these guides provide a systematic framework for morphological and osteometric analyses, significantly minimizing the margin of error. Identification keys often include detailed illustrations, measurement points, and diagnostic criteria that depict the comparative anatomy of bones belonging to different animal species. Through this method, especially subtle differences between cranial elements can be clearly distinguished across taxa. This study presents an identification key developed specifically for use in archaeological contexts where comparative collections for members of the Canidae (wolf, dog, jackal, and fox) and Hyaenidae (hyena) families are unavailable. The primary aim of this work is to facilitate species-level identification using complete or fragmented cranial elements of the aforementioned taxa. To achieve this, a wide range of comparative and explanatory photographs has been provided. Although cranial elements of these species often appear similar, this study highlights the subtle anatomical distinctions that separate them. Misidentification—especially between wild and domestic species—can result in serious interpretive errors when constructing economic models or reconstructing the environmental and chronological character of settlement sites.

Kaynakça

  • Atallah, S. I. (1978). Mammals of the eastern Mediterranean region; their ecology, systematics and zoogeographical relationships. Part 2. Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen, 26:1–50.
  • Atay, E., Ersal, M., Karabağ, K., & Çetin, İ. T. (2021). Phylogenetic analysis of striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena: Hyaenidae, Carnivora) in Hatay province in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 9(6), 1047–1052. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i6.1047-1052.4140
  • Atay, E., Tatlı, M., & Çetin, İ. (2020). A study on the skull of the striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena: Hyaenidae, Carnivora). Eurasian Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 3(2), 78–82.
  • Broughton, J. M., & Miller, S. D. (2016). Zooarchaeology and field ecology: A photographic atlas. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
  • Castelló, J. R. (2018). Canids of the World: Wolves, wild dogs, foxes, jackals, coyotes, and their relatives. Princeton University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv39x6vm
  • Corbet, G. B. (1966). The terresterial mammals of Western Europea. A systematic review of the mammals of Western Europea. British Museum (Natural History).
  • Corbet, G. B. (1978). The mammals of the Palaearctic region: A taksonomic review. British Museum (Natural History), London/Cornell Univ. Press.
  • Görner, M., & Hackethal, H. (1988). Saugetiere Europas. Ferdinand Enke Verlag. Stuttgart, Germany.
  • Gromov, I. M., & Baranova, G. I. (1981). Catalogue of mammals in USSR. Nauka, Leningrad.
  • Gündem, C. Y. (2020). Uzun yürüyüş. Arkeolojik alıntıların hikayesi. Arkeoloji bilmi nedir? Ege Yayınları. İstanbul.
  • Gündem, C. Y., Ertaştan, S. S., & Gündem, E. (2023). The preliminary archaeozoological report of Seleukeia Sidera ancient city. In Hürmüzlü. B., Talloan, P., Sönmez, B, & Togan, S. (Eds), Seleukeia Sidera I. (ss. 341–350), Myrina Yayınları.
  • Gündem, C. Y. (2024). Earliest mule remains from early bronze age Central Anatolia. Animals, 14(10), 1397. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14101397
  • Harrison, D. L., & Bates, P. J. J. (1991). The Mammals of Arabia. 2nd Edition. Harrison Zoological Museum.
  • Heptner, V. G., & Sludskii, A. A. (1992). Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2 Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats). Smithsonian Institution Libraries and The National Science Foundation.
  • Heptner, V. G., Naumov, N. P., Yurgenson, P. B., Sludskii, A. A., Chirkova, A. F., & Bannikov, A. G. (1998). Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part la. Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; wolves and bears). Smithsonian Insitution Libraries and The National Science Foundation.
  • Kargopoulos, N. (2018). The skulls of Greek mammals: The macromammals. Parnassiana Archives 6:63–88.
  • Kasparek, M., Kasparek, A., Gözcelioğlu, B., Çolak, E., & Yiğit, N. (2004). On the status and distribution of the striped hyaena, Hyaena hyaena, in Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East, 33(1), 93-108. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-2007-8
  • Kowalski, K., & Rzebik-Kowalska, B. (1991). Mammals of Algeria. Polish Academy of Sciences.
  • Larsen, C. S. (2002). Bioarchaeology: The lives and lifestyles of past people. Journal of Archaeological Research, 10(2), 119–166.
  • Miller, G. S. (1912). Catalogue of the mammals of Western Europea in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History) Department of Zoology.
  • Novikov, G. A. (1962). Carnivorous mammals of the fauna of the USSR. Key to the fauna of the USSR. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, No. 62. Israel Program for Scientific Translations (ISPT).
  • Ognev, S. I. (1962). Mammals of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Vol.II. Carnivora (Fissipedia). Israel Program for Scientific Translations, (I.P.S.T. 1931).
  • Osborn, D. J., & Helmy, I. (1980). The contemporary land mammals of Egypt (Including Sinai). Fieldiana Zoology Field Museum of Natural History Publication, 5, 191–201.
  • Peshev, Tc., Peshev, D., & Popov, V. (2004). The fauna of Bulgaria. Marin Drinov Press.
  • Reitz, E., & Wing, E. (2008). Zooarchaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • Stubbe, M., & Krapp, F. (1993). Handbuch der säugetiere Europas. Band 5: Raubsäuger - Carnivora (Fissipedia) Teil I: Canidae, Ursidae, Procyonidae, Mustelidae. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft- Wiesbaden.
  • Tancredi, D., & Cardinali, I. (2023). Being a dog: A review of the domestication process. Genes (Basel). 14(5):992. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14050992
  • Van Derwarker, A. M., & Peres, T. M. (2010). (eds.), Integrating zooarchaeology and paleoethnobotany: A consideration of issues, methods, and cases. Springer, New York.
  • Vereshchagain, N. K. (1959). The mammals of the Caucasus. A history of the evolution of the fauna. Israel Program for Scientific Translations: Jerusalem.
  • Pitulko, V. V., & Kasparov, A. K. (2017). Archaeological dogs from the early holocene Zhokhov site in the Eastern Siberian Arctic. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 13, 491–515.
  • Von den Driesch, A. (1976). A guide to the measurement of the animal bones from archaeological sites. Harvard University Press. Massachusetts.

Arkeolojik kazılarda çıkarılan etçil memeli (Carnivora: Canidae, Hyaenidae) kalıntılarının kafatası ve diş morfolojisine dayanarak tanımlanması

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4, 950 - 962, 15.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1734847
https://izlik.org/JA46TB54MF

Öz

Arkeolojik kazılarda elde edilen hayvan kemik kalıntılarının tür, cinsiyet, yaş ve boyut gibi temel özelliklerinin belirlenmesi; geçmiş toplumların yaşam biçimlerini, beslenme alışkanlıklarını, avlanma stratejilerini ve hayvan evcilleştirme süreçlerini anlamak açısından kritik bir rol oynar. Bu noktada, kemiklerin doğru ve standart bir biçimde tanımlanmasını sağlayan en önemli araçlardan biri tayin anahtarlarıdır. Özellikle zooarkeoloji ve paleoantropoloji gibi disiplinlerde, bu tür kılavuzlar kemiklerin morfolojik ve osteometrik analizleri için sistematik bir çerçeve sunar ve hata payını en aza indirir. Tayin anahtarları, farklı hayvan türlerine ait kemiklerin karşılaştırmalı anatomisini yansıtan detaylı çizimler, ölçüm noktaları ve ayırt edici kriterler içerir. Bu sayede, özellikle kafatası kemikleri gibi karmaşık yapıların türler arası farkları net bir şekilde ayırt edilebilir. Bu çalışma, özellikle Canidae (kurt, köpek, çakal ve tilki) ile Hyaenidae (sırtlan) türlerine ait karşılaştırma koleksiyonu bulunmayan arkeolojik kazılar için geliştirilmiş bir tayin anahtarı sunmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı, söz konusu türlerin kafatası ve parçaları üzerinden tür tayini yapılmasını sağlamaktır. Bu doğrultuda çok sayıda karşılaştırmalı ve açıklayıcı fotoğraf kullanılmıştır. Her ne kadar bu türlerin kafatası yapıları ve parçaları arasında benzerlikler bulunsa da, aralarındaki nüans farkları bu çalışmada detaylı şekilde ele alınmıştır. Aksi takdirde yapılabilecek hatalı tanımlamalar; evcil ve yabani türlerin karıştırılmasına, dolayısıyla ekonomik modellemelerde ve yerleşim yerlerinin tarihsel doğasını yeniden kurgulama sürecinde ciddi yanlışlara neden olabilir.

Etik Beyan

Bu makalenin yazarları, bu çalışmada kullanılan materyal ve yöntemlerin etik kurul izni ve / veya yasal-özel izin gerektirmediğini beyan etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Atallah, S. I. (1978). Mammals of the eastern Mediterranean region; their ecology, systematics and zoogeographical relationships. Part 2. Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen, 26:1–50.
  • Atay, E., Ersal, M., Karabağ, K., & Çetin, İ. T. (2021). Phylogenetic analysis of striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena: Hyaenidae, Carnivora) in Hatay province in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 9(6), 1047–1052. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i6.1047-1052.4140
  • Atay, E., Tatlı, M., & Çetin, İ. (2020). A study on the skull of the striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena: Hyaenidae, Carnivora). Eurasian Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 3(2), 78–82.
  • Broughton, J. M., & Miller, S. D. (2016). Zooarchaeology and field ecology: A photographic atlas. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
  • Castelló, J. R. (2018). Canids of the World: Wolves, wild dogs, foxes, jackals, coyotes, and their relatives. Princeton University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv39x6vm
  • Corbet, G. B. (1966). The terresterial mammals of Western Europea. A systematic review of the mammals of Western Europea. British Museum (Natural History).
  • Corbet, G. B. (1978). The mammals of the Palaearctic region: A taksonomic review. British Museum (Natural History), London/Cornell Univ. Press.
  • Görner, M., & Hackethal, H. (1988). Saugetiere Europas. Ferdinand Enke Verlag. Stuttgart, Germany.
  • Gromov, I. M., & Baranova, G. I. (1981). Catalogue of mammals in USSR. Nauka, Leningrad.
  • Gündem, C. Y. (2020). Uzun yürüyüş. Arkeolojik alıntıların hikayesi. Arkeoloji bilmi nedir? Ege Yayınları. İstanbul.
  • Gündem, C. Y., Ertaştan, S. S., & Gündem, E. (2023). The preliminary archaeozoological report of Seleukeia Sidera ancient city. In Hürmüzlü. B., Talloan, P., Sönmez, B, & Togan, S. (Eds), Seleukeia Sidera I. (ss. 341–350), Myrina Yayınları.
  • Gündem, C. Y. (2024). Earliest mule remains from early bronze age Central Anatolia. Animals, 14(10), 1397. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14101397
  • Harrison, D. L., & Bates, P. J. J. (1991). The Mammals of Arabia. 2nd Edition. Harrison Zoological Museum.
  • Heptner, V. G., & Sludskii, A. A. (1992). Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2 Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats). Smithsonian Institution Libraries and The National Science Foundation.
  • Heptner, V. G., Naumov, N. P., Yurgenson, P. B., Sludskii, A. A., Chirkova, A. F., & Bannikov, A. G. (1998). Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part la. Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; wolves and bears). Smithsonian Insitution Libraries and The National Science Foundation.
  • Kargopoulos, N. (2018). The skulls of Greek mammals: The macromammals. Parnassiana Archives 6:63–88.
  • Kasparek, M., Kasparek, A., Gözcelioğlu, B., Çolak, E., & Yiğit, N. (2004). On the status and distribution of the striped hyaena, Hyaena hyaena, in Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East, 33(1), 93-108. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-2007-8
  • Kowalski, K., & Rzebik-Kowalska, B. (1991). Mammals of Algeria. Polish Academy of Sciences.
  • Larsen, C. S. (2002). Bioarchaeology: The lives and lifestyles of past people. Journal of Archaeological Research, 10(2), 119–166.
  • Miller, G. S. (1912). Catalogue of the mammals of Western Europea in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History) Department of Zoology.
  • Novikov, G. A. (1962). Carnivorous mammals of the fauna of the USSR. Key to the fauna of the USSR. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, No. 62. Israel Program for Scientific Translations (ISPT).
  • Ognev, S. I. (1962). Mammals of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Vol.II. Carnivora (Fissipedia). Israel Program for Scientific Translations, (I.P.S.T. 1931).
  • Osborn, D. J., & Helmy, I. (1980). The contemporary land mammals of Egypt (Including Sinai). Fieldiana Zoology Field Museum of Natural History Publication, 5, 191–201.
  • Peshev, Tc., Peshev, D., & Popov, V. (2004). The fauna of Bulgaria. Marin Drinov Press.
  • Reitz, E., & Wing, E. (2008). Zooarchaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • Stubbe, M., & Krapp, F. (1993). Handbuch der säugetiere Europas. Band 5: Raubsäuger - Carnivora (Fissipedia) Teil I: Canidae, Ursidae, Procyonidae, Mustelidae. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft- Wiesbaden.
  • Tancredi, D., & Cardinali, I. (2023). Being a dog: A review of the domestication process. Genes (Basel). 14(5):992. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14050992
  • Van Derwarker, A. M., & Peres, T. M. (2010). (eds.), Integrating zooarchaeology and paleoethnobotany: A consideration of issues, methods, and cases. Springer, New York.
  • Vereshchagain, N. K. (1959). The mammals of the Caucasus. A history of the evolution of the fauna. Israel Program for Scientific Translations: Jerusalem.
  • Pitulko, V. V., & Kasparov, A. K. (2017). Archaeological dogs from the early holocene Zhokhov site in the Eastern Siberian Arctic. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 13, 491–515.
  • Von den Driesch, A. (1976). A guide to the measurement of the animal bones from archaeological sites. Harvard University Press. Massachusetts.
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hayvan Yapısı ve İşlevi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Yüksel Coşkun 0000-0002-0288-7886

Gökhan Yürümez 0000-0001-5415-2278

Can Yümni Gündem 0000-0002-6369-0913

Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Temmuz 2025
Kabul Tarihi 23 Eylül 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2025
DOI https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1734847
IZ https://izlik.org/JA46TB54MF
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Coşkun, Y., Yürümez, G., & Gündem, C. Y. (2025). Arkeolojik kazılarda çıkarılan etçil memeli (Carnivora: Canidae, Hyaenidae) kalıntılarının kafatası ve diş morfolojisine dayanarak tanımlanması. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(4), 950-962. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1734847