Öz
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a vision of the
future Internet. Due to limited resources of IoT devices, a new generation of
protocols and algorithms are being developed and standardized. The Constrained
Application Protocol (CoAP) has been designed by the Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF) for application layer communication. CoAP is based on User
Datagram Protocol (UDP), a simple transport layer protocol that does not handle
congestion within the network. However, the phenomenon of congestion in IoT networks
is also a major problem. Thus, the core CoAP specification offers a basic CoAP
congestion control (CC) mechanism based on retransmission timeout (RTO) with
binary exponential backoff (BEB). Default CoAP CC is insensitive to network
conditions. Thus, to improve the default CoAP CC, CoAP Simple Congestion
Control/Advanced (CoCoA), defined in a draft specification, is being
standardized by the IETF CoRE working group. Nevertheless, comparison of
default CoAP CC and CoCoA has not been sufficiently investigated in the
literature. In this paper, we
investigate and present comparison of default CoAP CC and CoCoA in terms of
throughput (i.e. number of requests/second) by varying number of concurrent
clients where each client continuously sends back-to-back traffic to servers
residing in 1x6, 3x6 and 5x6 grid network topology. Our results show that CoCoA
is not always better than default CoAP CC in terms of throughput in some scenarios.
As a result, design and development of new CoAP CC mechanisms are open to
research.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Internet of Things Congestion control CoAP CoCoA Cooja ContikiOS
Kaynakça
- Ancillotti, E. and Bruno, R., 2017. Comparison of CoAP and CoCoA+ congestion control mechanisms for different IoT application scenarios. IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications, Crete, Greece, 1186–1192.
- Bandyopadhyay, D. and Sen, J., 2011. Internet of Things: Applications and Challenges in Technology and Standardization. Wireless Personal Communications, 58 (1), 49–69.
- Betzler, A., Gomez, C., Demirkol, I. and Kovatsch, M., 2014. Congestion control for CoAP cloud services. IEEE Emerging Technology and Factory Automation, Barcelona, Spain, 1–6.
- Betzler, A., Gomez, C., Demirkol, I. and Paradells, J., 2015. CoCoA+: An advanced congestion control mechanism for CoAP. Ad Hoc Networks, 33, 126–139.
- Betzler, A., Gomez, C., Demirkol, I. and Paradells, J., 2016. CoAP congestion control for the internet of things. IEEE Communications Magazine, 54 (7), 154–160.
- Bormann, C., Betzler, A., Gomez, C. and Demirkol, I., 2018. CoAP Simple Congestion Control/Advanced. Retrieved from https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-core-cocoa-03.
- Dunkels, A., Gronvall, B. and Voigt, T., 2004. Contiki - a lightweight and flexible operating system for tiny networked sensors. 29th Annual IEEE International Conference on Local Computer Networks, Tampa, FL, USA, 455–462.
- Jarvinen, I., Daniel, L. and Kojo, M., 2015. Experimental evaluation of alternative congestion control algorithms for Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). 2nd IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things, Milan, Italy, 453–458.
- Kovatsch, M., Duquennoy, S. and Dunkels, A., 2011. A Low-Power CoAP for Contiki. 8th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Systems, Valencia, Spain, 855–860.
- Kovatsch, M., Lanter, M. and Shelby, Z., 2014. Californium: Scalable cloud services for the Internet of Things with CoAP. International Conference on the Internet of Things, Seoul, Korea, 1–6.
- Lee, J. J., Kim, K. T. and Youn, H. Y., 2016. Enhancement of congestion control of Constrained Application Protocol/Congestion Control/Advanced for Internet of Things environment. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 12 (11), doi: 10.1177/1550147716676274.
- Li, S., Xu, L. Da and Zhao, S., 2015. The internet of things: a survey. Information Systems Frontiers, 17 (2), 243–259.
- Manjarekar, S., Rathod, S., Siddhiqi, R., Pathan, I. and Kale, M., 2018. IoT Based Home Security. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, 7 (5), 47–50.
- Shelby, Z., Hartke, K. and Bormann, C., 2014. Constrained Application Protocol. RFC 7252. Retrieved from https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7252.
Öz
Nesnelerin İnterneti (IoT) geleceğin İnternet’inin bir vizyonudur. IoT
cihazlarının sınırlı kaynakları nedeniyle yeni nesil protokoller ve
algoritmalar geliştirilmekte ve standartlaştırılmaktadır. Kısıtlı Uygulama
Protokolü (CoAP), uygulama katmanı iletişimi için Internet Mühendisliği Görev Gurubu
(IETF) tarafından tasarlanmıştır. CoAP, ağ içinde tıkanıklığı karşılamayan
basit bir taşıma katmanı protokolü olan Kullanıcı Datagram Protokolü (UDP)
üzerine kurulmuştur. Bununla birlikte, IoT ağlarında tıkanıklık olayı da büyük
bir sorundur. Bu nedenle, çekirdek CoAP spesifikasyonu, ikili üstel geri
çekilme (BEB) ile yeniden iletim zaman aşımına (RTO) dayalı temel bir CoAP
tıkanıklık kontrolü (CC) mekanizması sunar. Mevcut CoAP CC, ağ koşullarına
duyarsızdır. Bu nedenle, mevcut CoAP CC'yi geliştirmek için IETF CoRE çalışma
grubu tarafından taslak bir spesifikasyonda tanımlanan CoAP Simple Congestion
Control/Advanced (CoCoA) mekanizması standartlaştırılmaktadır. Ancak mevcut
CoAP CC ve CoCoA'nın karşılaştırılması literatürde yeterince araştırılmamıştır.
Bu çalışmada, eşzamanlı istemcilerin sayısının değiştirilmesiyle her istemcinin
sürekli olarak 1x6, 3x6 ve 5x6 grid ağ topolojilerinde yer alan sunuculara arka
arkaya trafik gönderilerek mevcut CoAP CC ve CoCoA'nın performansları iş/zaman oranı (yani istek sayısı/saniye) açısından karşılaştırılmış
ve sunulmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlar, CoCoA'nın bazı senaryolarda mevcut CoAP
CC'den iş/zaman oranı açısından her zaman daha iyi olmadığını göstermektedir.
Sonuç olarak, yeni CoAP CC mekanizmalarının tasarımı ve geliştirilmesi
araştırmaya açıktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Nesnelerin İnterneti Tıkanıklık kontrolü CoAP CoCoA Cooja ContikiOS
Kaynakça
- Ancillotti, E. and Bruno, R., 2017. Comparison of CoAP and CoCoA+ congestion control mechanisms for different IoT application scenarios. IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications, Crete, Greece, 1186–1192.
- Bandyopadhyay, D. and Sen, J., 2011. Internet of Things: Applications and Challenges in Technology and Standardization. Wireless Personal Communications, 58 (1), 49–69.
- Betzler, A., Gomez, C., Demirkol, I. and Kovatsch, M., 2014. Congestion control for CoAP cloud services. IEEE Emerging Technology and Factory Automation, Barcelona, Spain, 1–6.
- Betzler, A., Gomez, C., Demirkol, I. and Paradells, J., 2015. CoCoA+: An advanced congestion control mechanism for CoAP. Ad Hoc Networks, 33, 126–139.
- Betzler, A., Gomez, C., Demirkol, I. and Paradells, J., 2016. CoAP congestion control for the internet of things. IEEE Communications Magazine, 54 (7), 154–160.
- Bormann, C., Betzler, A., Gomez, C. and Demirkol, I., 2018. CoAP Simple Congestion Control/Advanced. Retrieved from https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-core-cocoa-03.
- Dunkels, A., Gronvall, B. and Voigt, T., 2004. Contiki - a lightweight and flexible operating system for tiny networked sensors. 29th Annual IEEE International Conference on Local Computer Networks, Tampa, FL, USA, 455–462.
- Jarvinen, I., Daniel, L. and Kojo, M., 2015. Experimental evaluation of alternative congestion control algorithms for Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). 2nd IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things, Milan, Italy, 453–458.
- Kovatsch, M., Duquennoy, S. and Dunkels, A., 2011. A Low-Power CoAP for Contiki. 8th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Systems, Valencia, Spain, 855–860.
- Kovatsch, M., Lanter, M. and Shelby, Z., 2014. Californium: Scalable cloud services for the Internet of Things with CoAP. International Conference on the Internet of Things, Seoul, Korea, 1–6.
- Lee, J. J., Kim, K. T. and Youn, H. Y., 2016. Enhancement of congestion control of Constrained Application Protocol/Congestion Control/Advanced for Internet of Things environment. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 12 (11), doi: 10.1177/1550147716676274.
- Li, S., Xu, L. Da and Zhao, S., 2015. The internet of things: a survey. Information Systems Frontiers, 17 (2), 243–259.
- Manjarekar, S., Rathod, S., Siddhiqi, R., Pathan, I. and Kale, M., 2018. IoT Based Home Security. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, 7 (5), 47–50.
- Shelby, Z., Hartke, K. and Bormann, C., 2014. Constrained Application Protocol. RFC 7252. Retrieved from https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7252.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Mühendislik |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Kasım 2018 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 24 Haziran 2018 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 30 Kasım 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2018 |