Kalınçam (Tonya-Trabzon, KD Türkiye) Yöresi Geç Kretase Yaşlı Volkanitlerin Jeokimyası ve Petrojenezi

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 102 - 127, 31.07.2017

Ferkan Sipahi

Öz

Doğu Karadeniz Bölümü’nde, Kalınçam (Tonya, Trabzon) yöresi
volkanitleri Geç Kretase yaşlı olup, tabanda bazalt, andezit ve
piroklastitleri, bunları sırasıyla dasit, riyodasit ve piroklastitleri, andezit
ve piroklastitleri ve tekrar dasit ve piroklastitleri izlemektedir. Taban
bazalt ve andezitlerinde vesiküler, porfirik ve boşluklu doku; mineralojik
olarak bazaltta plajiyoklas; andezitte ise plajiyoklas ve daha az olarak
amfibol mineralleri bulunmaktadır. Dasit ve riyodasitik kayaçlar mikrogranü
porfirik ve camsı porfirik dokuda olup, plajiyoklas, kuvars ve hornblend
minerallerinden oluşmaktadır. Bunların üzerine gelen andezitler
camsı-mikrolitik-porfirik dokuda ve plajiyoklas ile hornblendden ibaret bir
bileşime sahiptirler. En üstte bulunan dasitik kayaçlar mikrogranü porfirik ve
camsı porfirik dokuda; plajiyoklas, kuvars ve hornblend minerallerinden
oluşmaktadır. İncelenen volkanitler kalk-alkali-geçiş? özelliğe sahip olup,
yüksek büyük iyon yarıçaplı element (BİYE) ve düşük yüksek çekim alanlı element
(YÇAE) içerikleri ve yüksek BİYE/YÇAE oranları ile yitim ilişkili kayaçların
jeokimyasal özelliğini yansıtmaktadır. Kondirite normalleştirilmiş nadir toprak
element dağılımları (La_N/Lu_N=3.11-13.10) Kalınçam yöresi volkanitleri için benzer kaynağa işaret eden orta
derece zenginleşme göstermektedir. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_(i)
değerleri 0.70727 ilâ 0.70779 arasında, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd_(i)
değerleri ise 0.512318 ilâ 0.512656 arasında değişmektedir. İncelenen
volkanik formasyonlardaki kayaçların bazik-asidik karakterde olması hem
yitimden etkilenmiş manto hem de kabuk kaynaklarının olası olduğunu
göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kalınçam, Volkanit, Petrografi, Bazalt, Dasit, Sr-Nd izotopları

Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Kalınçam (Tonya-Trabzon, NE Turkey) area Late Cretaceous aged Volcanic Rock

Öz

Volcanics around the Kalınçam (Tonya, Trabzon) in eastern Black Sea
Region of Turkey, is of Late Cretaceous age, basalts, andesites and
pyroclastics occur at the base; over these comes dacite, rhyodacite and their
pyroclastics, andesite and its pyroclastics with dacite and its pyroclastics,
respectively. The vesicular, porphyritic and open space textures are observed
in basalts and andesites and as mineralogical components plagioclase in basalt,
on the other hand, plagioclase and lesser amount amphibole are seen in
andesite. Dacite and rhyodacite rocks have microgranular porphyritic and glassy
porphyritic textures, and hey consist of quartz and hornblende. The andesites
ion have glassy- microlitic- porphyritic texture and have a composition
consisting of plagioclase and hornblende. The dacitic rocks located at the top
exhibite microgranular porphyritic and glassy porphyritic textures, and mainly
they consist of plagioclase, quartz and hornblende. The investigated volcanics are of
calc-alcaline-transitional? in character and have high large ion lithophile
elements (LILE) and low High field strength elements (HFSE) content and high
LILE/HFSE ratio, so they reflect the geochemical features of subduction related
rocks. Chondrites normalized rare earth element patterns (La_N/Lu_N=3.11-13.10) show a moderate
enrichment pointing similar source for volcanics around Kalınçam. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values changes between 0.70727
and 0.70779; and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd
values ranges from 0.512318 to 0.512656. The fact that the rocks in
the studied volcanic formations are of a basic-acidic character indicate that
both the mantle which is affected by the subduction and crustal resources are
possible.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Basalt, Dacite, Kalınçam, Petrography, Sr-Nd isotopes, Volcanics

Kaynakça

• Ağar, Ü., 1977. Demirözü (Bayburt) ve Köse (Kelkit) bölgesinin jeolojisi. Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi, İstanbul.
• Akaryalı, E., 2016, Geochemical, fluid inclusion and isotopic (O, H and S) constraints on the origin of Pb–Zn±Au vein-type mineralizations in the Eastern Pontides Orogenic Belt (NE Turkey), Ore Geology Reviews, 74, 1–14.
• Altun, Y., 1972. Çayeli-Madenköy Bakır-Çinko yatağının jeolojisi ve cevherleşmeye ilişkin sorunlar, MTA Dergisi, 89, 10-24.
• Arslan, M., Tüysüz, N., Korkmaz, S. ve Kurt, H., 1997. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the eastern pontide volcanic rocks, Northeast Turkey, Chemie der Erde/Geochemistry, 57, 157-187.
• Aslan, Z., Arslan, M., Temizel, İ., Kaygusuz, A., 2014. K–Ar dating, whole-rock and Sr–Nd isotope geochemistry of calc-alkaline volcanic rocks around the Gümüşhane area: implications for post-collisional volcanism in the Eastern Pontides, Northeast Turkey. Mineralogy and Petrology, 108 (2), 245-267.
• Arslan, M. ve Aslan, Z., 2006. Mineralogy, petrography and whole-rock geochemistry of the Tertiary granitic intrusions in the Eastern Pontides, Turkey, Journal of Asian Earth Sci., 27, 177–193.
• Aslan, Z., 2005. Petrography and Petrology of the Calc-Alkaline Sarıhan Granitoid (NE Turkey): An Example of Magma Mingling and Mixing, Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 14, 2005, 185-207.
• Aydınçakır, E., 2014. The petrogenesis of Early Eocene non-adakitic volcanism in NE Turkey: Constraints on the geodynamic implications. Lithos, 208–209, 361–377.
• Aydınçakır, E., Şen, C., 2013. Petrogenesis of the post-collisional volcanic rocks from the Borçka (Artvin) area: implications for the evolution of the Eocene magmatism in the Eastern (NE Turkey). Lithos, 172, 98–117.
• Aydın, F., Karslı, O., Chen, B., 2008. Petrogenesis of the Neogene alkaline volcanics with implications for post collisional lithospheric thinning of the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. Lithos, 104, 249–266.
• Barrett, T.J., Cattalani, S. ve MacLean, W.H., 1993. Volcanic lithogeochemistry and alteration at the delbridge massive sulphide deposits, Noranda Quebec, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 48, 135-173.
• Barrett, T.J. ve MacLean, W.H., 1994. Mass changes in hydrothermal alteration zones associated with VMS deposits in the Noranda area, Exploration and Mining Geology, 3, 131-160.
• Barrett, T.J. ve MacLean, W.H., 1991. Chemical, Mass, and Oxygen Isotope Changes During Extreme Hydrothermal Alteration of an Archean Rhyolite, Noranda, Quebec, Economic Geology, 86, 406-414.
• Barrett, T.J. ve MacLean, W.H., 1999. Volcanic sequences, lithogeochemistry and hydrothermal alteration in some bimodal volcanic-associated massive sulfide systems, volcanic-associated massive sulfide systems: Processes and examples in modern and ancient settings. Eds: Barrie, C.T., Hannington, M.D. 8, 101-131, Reviews in Economic Geology.
• Beard, J.S., 1995. Experimental, geological, and geochemical constraints on the origins of low-K silicic magmas in oceanic arcs, Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 15593–15600.
• Bektaş, O., 1984. Pontidlerde Üst Kretase yaşlı şoşonitik volkanizma ve jeotektonik önemi, KTÜ Yer Bilimleri Dergisi, 3, 1-2, 53-62.
• Bektaş, O., 1986. Paleostress trajectories and polyphase rifting in arc-backarc of eastern pontides, MTA Bulletin, 103-104, 1-15.
• Briggs, R.M. ve McDonough, W.F., 1990. Contemporaneous convergent margin and ıntraplate magmatism, North Island, New Zeland, Journal of Petrology, 3, 14, 813-851.
• Buket, E. ve Temel, A., 1998. Major-element, trace-element, and Sr–Nd isotopic geochemistry and genesis of Varto (Muş) volcanic rocks, Eastern Turkey, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85, 405–422.
• Bulut, F., 1989. Çambaşı (Çaykara-Trabzon) barajı ve hidroelektrik santral yerlerinin mühendislik jeolojisi açısından incelenmesi, Doktora Tezi, KTÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon.
• Buser, S. ve Cvetic, S., 1973. Geology of the environs from the Murgul copper deposits, Turkey, MTA Bulletin, 81, 22-45.
• Condie, K.C., 1993. Chemical composition and evolution of the upper continental crust: contrasting results from surface samples and shales, Chemical Geology, 104, 1-37.
• Çoğulu, E., 1975. Gümüşhane ve Rize granitik plütonlarının mukayeseli petrojeolojik ve jeokronometrik etüdü, Doçentlik Tezi, İTÜ Maden Fakültesi, İstanbul.
• Deniel, C., Aydar, E. ve Gourgaud, A., 1998. The Hasan Dagi stratovolcano (Central Anatolia, Turkey): evolution from calcalkaline to alkaline magmatism in a collision zone, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 87, 275–302.
• DePaolo, D.J. ve Wasserburg, G.J., 1979. Petrogenetic mixing models and Nd–Sr isotopic pattern, Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, 43, 615–627.
• Drummond, M.S. ve Defand, M.J., 1990. A model for trondhjemite-tonalite-dacite gen-esis and crustal growth via slab melting: archean to modern comparison, Journal Geophysical Research 95, 21503–21521.
• Faure, G. ve Mensing, T.M., 2005. Isotopes: Principles and Applications, 3rd ed. John Wiley and Sons, USA, 897p.
• Gedikoğlu, A., 1970. Etude Geologique De La Region De Gölköy (Province D’Ordu- Turquie), Phd Thesis, Faculte Des Sciences DE l’Universite De Grenoble.
• Gedikoğlu, A., 1978. Harşit granit karmaşığı ve çevre kayaçları. (Doçentlik Tezi), KTÜ Yer Bilimleri Fakültesi, Trabzon.
• George, R., Turner, S., Hawkesworth, C., Nye, C., Bacon, C., Stelling, P. ve Dreher, S., 2004. Chemical versus temporal controls on the evolution of tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magmas at two volcanoes in the Aleutian arc, Journal of Petrology, 45, 203-219.
• Gülibrahimoğlu, İ., Nalbantoğlu, A.K, Saraloğlu, A., Doksanbir, T, Yağcı, A. ve Kırcı, M., 1984. Trabzon-Maçka güneyi yöresinin jeoloji raporu, MTA Rapor No: JD-383, Trabzon.
• Güven, İ.H., 1993. Doğu pontidlerin 1/250.000 ölçekli kompilasyonu, MTA Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
• Hawkesworth, C.J., Turner, S.P., Mcdermott, F., Peate, D.W. ve Van Calsteren, P., 1997. U-Th isotopes in arc magmas: implications for element transfer from the subducted crust, Science, 276, 551–555.
• Innocenti, F., Mazzuoli, C., Pasquare, G., Serri, G. ve Villari L., 1980. Geology of the volcanic area North of Lake Van, Turkey, Geologische Rundschau, 69, 292-322.
• Irvine, T.N. ve Baragar, W.R.A., 1971. A guide to chemical classification of the common volkanic rocks, Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 8, 523-548.
• Karslı, O., Dokuz, A., Uysal, İ., Aydın, F., Kandemir, R. ve Wijbrans, J., 2009. Generation of the Early Cenozic adakit volcanism by partial melting of mafic lower crust, Easten Turkey: Implications for crustal thickening to delemination. Lithos, doi: 10,1016/J.Lithos.2009.08.003.
• Kaygusuz, A. ve Aydınçakır, E., 2011. Petrogenesis of a Late Cretaceous composite pluton from the eastern Pontides: the Dağbaşı pluton, NE Turkey, Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie (Abhandlungen), 188, 211–233.
• Kaygusuz, A., Arslan, M., İlbeyli, N. ve Sipahi, F., 2012a. Doğu pontid kuzey zonu ve kuzey-güney zon geçişinde yüzeylenen Kretase-Paleosen yaşlı granitoyidik sokulumların petrokimyası, Sr-Nd-Pb-O izotop jeokimyası, jeokronolojisi ve jeodinamik gelişimi. Tübitak Projesi Raporu, No: 109Y052.
• Kaygusuz, A., Arslan, M., Siebel, W., Sipahi, F. ve İlbeyli, N., 2012b. Geochronological evidence and tectonic significance of carboniferous magmatism in the southwest Trabzon area, eastern pontides, Turkey, International Geology Review, 54,15, 1776–1800.
• Kaygusuz, A., Arslan, M. ve Sipahi, F., 2012c. Doğu Pontid Kuzey Zonu’nda yüzeylenen Paleozoyik yaşlı granitlerin U-Pb zirkon yaşlandırması, Sr-Nd-Pb-O izotop sistematikleri ve jeodinamik evrimi, Tübitak Projesi Raporu, No: 112Y015.
• Kaygusuz, A., Arslan, M., Siebel, W., Sipahi, F., İlbeyli, N. ve Temizel, İ., 2014. LA-ICP MS zircon dating and whole-rock Sr-Nd-Pb-O isotope geochemistry of the Camiboğazı pluton, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of arc-related I-type magmatism, Lithos, 192-195, 271-290.
• Kaygusuz, A., Chen, B., Aslan, Z., Wolfgang, S. ve Şen, C., 2009. U–Pb zircon SHRIMP ages, geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic compositions of the Early Cretaceous I type Sarıosman pluton, eastern Pontides, NE Turkey, Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 18, 549–581.
• Kaygusuz, A., Siebel, W., Şen, C. ve Satır, M., 2008. Petrochemistry and petrology of I type granitoids in an arc setting: the composite Torul pluton, eastern Pontides, NE Turkey, International Journal Earth Sciences, 97, 739–764.
• Kaygusuz, A., Sipahi, F., İlbeyli, N., Arslan,M., Chen, B. ve Aydınçakır, E., 2013. Petrogenesis of the Late Cretaceous Turnagöl intrusion in the eastern Pontides: implications for magma genesis in the arc setting, Geoscience Frontiers, 4, 423–438.
• Keskin, M., Pearce, J.A., Kempton, P.D. ve Greenwood, P., 2006. Magma-crust interactions and magma plumbing in a postcollisional setting: geochemical evidence from the Erzurum-Kars volcanic plateau, eastern Turkey. In: Dilek, Y., Pavlides, S. (Eds.), Postcollisional Tectonics and Magmatism in the Mediterranean Region and Asia, Geological Society of America Special Paper, 409, 475–505.
• Kurt, H., Asan, K. ve Ruffet, G., 2008. The relationship between collision-related calc-alkaline, and within-plate alkaline volcanism in the Karacadağ area (Konya-Türkiye, central Anatolia), Chemie der Erde, 68, 155–176.
• Lambert, R.S.J. ve Holland, J.G., 1974. Yttrium Geochemistry Applied to Petrogenesis Utilizing Calcium-Yttrium Releationships in Minerals and Rocks, Geochimica Cosmochimic Acta, 38, 1393–1414.
• McCulloch, M.T., Kyser, T.K., Woodhead, J.D. ve Kinsley, L., 1994. Pb–Sr–Nd–O isotopic constraints on the origin of rhyolites from the Taupo volcanic zone of New Zealand: evidence for assimilation followed by fractionation from basalt, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 115, 303– 312.
• McDermott, F., Delfin, F.G., Defant, M.J., Turner, S. ve Maury, R., 2005. The petrogenesis of magmas from Mt. Bulusan and Mayon in the Bicol arc, the Philippines, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 150, 652-670.
• MTA ve JICA., 1977. Report on Geological Survey of Trabzon Area, Northeastern Turkey. MTA Raporu, No:190, Ankara. Özkan, İ. ve Yazıcı, E.N., 2000. AR:69849 Nolu Trabzon-Tonya-Kalınçam Yöresindeki Ruhsat Sahasına ait 2. Dönem Raporu. MTA, Ankara.
• Özsayar, T., 1971. Paläontologie Und Geologie Des Gebietes Östlich Trabzon (Anatolien), Gieben, Geology Schrift., 165-183, Gieben.
• Özsayar, T., Pelin, S. ve Gedikoğlu, A., 1981. Doğu pontidlerde Kretase, KTÜ Yer Bilimleri Dergisi, 2, 65-114.
• Pearce, J.A., Baker, P.E., Harvey, P.K. ve Luff, I.A., 1995. Geochemical evidence for subduction fluxes, mantle melting and fractional crystallization beneath the South Sandwich Island Arc, Journal of Petrology, 36, 1073– 1109.
• Pearce, J.A. ve Norry, M.L., 1979. Petrogenetic implications of Ti, Zr, Y, and Nb variations in volcanic rocks, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 69, 33-47.
• Pejatoviç, S., 1979. Metallogeny of the pontid-type massive sulphide deposits, mineral geochemistry of massive sulphide-associated hydrothermal sediments of the Brunswick horizon, bathurst mining camp, New Brunswick, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 33, 252-283.
• Ross, P.-S. ve Bédard, J.H., 2009. Magmatic affinity of modern and ancient subalkaline volcanic rocks determined from trace-element discriminant diagrams, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 46, 11, 823-839.
• Saydam Eker, Ç., 2012. Petrography and Geochemistry of Eocene sandstones from eastern Pontides (NE TURKEY): Implications for source area weathering, provenance and tectonic setting, Geochemistry International, 50, 683-701.
• Schneider, H.J., Özgür N. ve Palacios, C.M., 1988. Relationship between alteration, rare earth element distribution and mineralisation of the Murgul copper deposit, northern Turkey, Economic Geology, 83, 1238–1246.
• Schultz-Wetsrum, H.H., 1961. Kuzeydoğu Anadolu Doğu pontid mineral bölgesinin jeolojisi ve maden yatakları ile ilgili mütaalalar. MTA Dergisi, 57, 63-71.
• Singer, B.S., Myers, J.D. ve Frost, C.D., 1992. Mid-Pleistocene lavaş from the Seguam volcanic center, central Aleutian Arc: closed system fractional crystallization of a basalt to rhyodacite eruptive süite, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 110, 87–112.
• Sipahi, F., 2005. Zigana dağı (Torul-Gümüşhane) volkanitlerindeki hidrotermal ayrışmaların mineraloji ve jeokimyası, Doktora Tezi, KTÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon.
• Sipahi, F., 2011. Formation of skarns at Gümüşhane (Northeastern Turkey). Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie-Abhandlungen, 188, 169-190.
• Sipahi, F. ve Sadıklar, M.B., 2014. Geochemistry of dacitic volcanics in the eastern pontides (NE Turkey), Geochemistry International, 4, 329-349.
• Sipahi, F., Sadıklar, M.B. ve Şen, C., 2014. The Geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic Characteristics of Murgul (Artvin) Volcanics in the Eastern Black Sea Region (NE Turkey), Chemie der Erde/Geochemistry, 74, 331-342.
• Sun, S. ve McDonough, W.F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalt, implications for mantle composition and processes, magmatism in the oceanbasins. Eds: Saunders, A.D. ve Norry, M.J., 42, 313-345, Geological Society of London, Special Publication.
• Şarman, E., 1975. İsrail ve Eseli güneyindeki G41-b1, b2, b3, b4, G42-a1, a4 paftalarına ait sahanın 1/10000 ölçekli jeolojik etüt raporu, MTA Maden Etüd Rapor No:1259, Ankara.
• Şengör, A.M.C. ve Yılmaz, Y., 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey: A Plate Tectonic Approach, Tectonophysics, 75, 181-241.
• Taylor, S.R. ve McLennan, S.M., 1981. The composition and evolution of the continental crust: rare earth element evidence from sedimentary rocks, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, A301, 381-399.
• Taylor, S.R. ve McLennan, S.M., 1985. The continental crust, its composition andevolution. Blackwell, Oxford, 312s.
• Temel, A., Gündoğdu, M.N., Gourgaud, A. ve Le Pennec, J.L., 1998. Ignimbrites of Cappadocia (Central Anatolia, Turkey): Petrology and geochemistry, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85, 447–471.
• Temizel, I., Arslan, M., Ruffet, G. ve Peucat, J.J., 2012. Petrochemistry, geochronology and Sr-Nd isotopic systematics of the Tertiary collisional and post-collisional volcanic rocks from the Ulubey (Ordu) area, eastern Pontide, NE Turkey: implications for extension-related origin and mantle source characteristics. Lithos, 128, 126–147.
• Temizel, I., Arslan, M., Abdioğlu, E. ve Yücel, C., 2014. Mineral chemistry and thermobarometry of the Eocene monzogabbroic stocks from the Bafra (Samsun) area in Turkey: implications for disequilibrium crystallization and emplacement condition. International Geology Review 56 (10), 1226–1245.
• Thirlwall, M.F., Graham, A.M., Arculus, R.J., Harmon, R.S. ve Macpherson, C.G., 1996. Resolution of the effects of crustal assimilation, sediment subduction, and fluid transport in island arc magmas: Pb-Sr-Nd-O isotope geochemistry of Grenada, Lesser Antilles, Geochimica Cosmochimic Acta 60, 4785-4810.
• Thompson, R.N., Morrison, M.A., Hendry, G.L. ve Parry, S.J., 1984. An assessment of therelative roles of crust and mantle in magma genesis: an elemental approach, Philos. Trans. Royal Socienty London A310, 549–590.
• Tokel, S., 1977. Doğu Karadeniz bölgesinde Eosen yaşlı kalkalkalen andezitler ve jeotektonizma, Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Bülteni, 20, 49-54.
• Tokel, S., 1972. Stratigraphical and Volcanic History of the Gümüşhane Region, Doktora Tezi, University College, London.
• Van, A., 1990. Pontid kusağında Artvin bölgesinin jeokimyası, petrojenezi ve masif sülfit mineralizasyonları, Doktora Tezi, KTÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon.
• Varol, E., Temel, A., Gourgaud, A. ve Bellon, H., 2007. Early Miocene ‘adakite-like’ volcanism in the Balkuyumcu region, central Anatolia, Turkey: petrology and geochemistry, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 30, 613–628.
• White, W.M. ve Patchett, J., 1984. Hf–Nd–Sr isotopes and incompatible elementabuvdances in island arcs: impications for magma origins and crust-mantleevolution, Earth Planet Science Letters, 67, 167–185.
• Winchester, J.A. ve Floyd, P.A., 1977. Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobike elements, Chemical Geology, 20, 325-343.
• Yalçın, H., Gündoğdu, M.N., Gourgaud, A., Vidal, P. ve Uçurum, A., 1998. Geochemical characteristics of Yamadağı volcanics in central east Anatolia: an example from collision-zone volcanism, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85, 303–326.
• Yalçınlar, İ., 1952. İspir-Pazar-Arhavi ve Yusufeli arasındaki bölgenin jeolojisi, MTA Rapor No: 2022, Ankara.
• Yılmaz, Y., 1976. Geochemical study of the Gümüşhane granite, İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Mecmua Seri B, 39, 3-4, 173-203.
• Yücel, C., Arslan, M., Temizel, İ. ve Abdioğlu, E., 2014. Volcanic facies and mineral chemistry of Tertiary volcanics in the northern part of the Eastern Pontides, northeast Turkey: implications for pre-eruptive crystallization conditions and magma chamber processes. Mineral. Petrol., 108, 439–467.
• Zankl, H., 1961. Magmatismus und Bauplan des Ostpontischen Gebirges im Querprofildes Harsit-Tales, NE Anatolien, Geologische Rundschau, 51, 218-239.
• Zankl, H., 1962. Magmatismus und Bauplan des Ostpontischen Gebirges im Querprofildes Harsit-Tales, Bayerische, Akademie der Wissenschaften, Abhandlungen, NeueFolge, München, Heft, 109, 61-91.