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Recovery of Cyanide from Effluents: SART Process

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3, 600 - 615, 15.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.452203

Öz

Gold production from copper-rich gold ores is
increasing at worldwide. Owing to the high dissolution of copper minerals in
cyanide solutions, technical and economic difficulties have been faced in
treatment of those ores. Gold extraction from ores that contain >0.5% Cu is
often uneconomic by traditional cyanide leaching. High cyanide concentrations
(CN:Cu>4) should be maintained to achieve high gold extractions. This, in
turn, leads to an increase in reagent consumptions and environmental risk due
to higher use cyanide. SART process was developed in particular for recovery of
cyanide from the effluents of intensive cyanidation of Au-Cu ores. The process
is applied worldwide and in Turkey at industrial scale. It is based on
precipitation of copper in the form of Cu2S from leach solutions
under acidic conditions (pH 4-5) by addition of sulphide (as Na2S)
leading to the release of free cyanide prior to its recovery. Cu2S
is sold as a by-product. The performance of the process is dependent on the
addition of sulphur, precipitation period, retention of copper precipitates in
the thickener and other parameters. Addition of sulphur should be strictly
controlled to obtain a high purity Cu2S precipitate. In this study,
chemical principles and factors affecting the performance of SART process are
discussed in detail. A general economic analysis of the process in view of
capital and operating costs is also presented.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, M. D., 2013. Impact of recycling cyanide and its reaction products on upstream unit operations, Minerals Engineering, 53, 241-255.
  • Adams, M., Lawrence, R., Bratty, M., 2008. Biogenic sulphide for cyanide recycle and copper recovery in gold–copper ore processing, Minerals Engineering, 21/6, 509–517.
  • Ahlatcı, F., 2016. Bakır ve pirit içeriği yüksek cevher ve konsantrelerden tiyosülfat liçi ile altın/gümüş kazanımı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Trabzon, s.89.
  • Alacer Gold, 2013. Çöpler gold mine-site visit presentation, (https://www.asx.com.au/asxpdf/20130912/pdf/42j9t1t291px52.pdf) (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2017).
  • Alacer Gold, 2014. Alacer Gold commissions chemical facility with SART plant, (https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/alacer-gold-commissions-chemical-facility-with-sart-plant-285832511.html), (Erişim Tarihi: 01.02.2017).
  • Baker, B., Rodriques, F., Littlejohn, P., 2017. SART implementation at gold mines in Latin America, The Conference of Metallurgists (COM), Ağustos 27-30, Paper No: 9489, Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, 8.
  • Barry, T., 2013a. Silver Bull announces updated metallurgical test results on the silver mineralization at The Sierra Mojada Project, Coahuila, Mexico, Silver Bull Resources Inc., News Release, Temmuz, 1, (http://www.silverbullresources.com/s/news.asp?ReportID=590659).
  • Barry, T., 2013b. Silver Bull completes positive preliminary economic assessment for The Sierra Mojada Project, Coahuila, Mexico, Silver Bull Resources Inc., News Release, Ekim, 1, (http://www.silverbullresources.com/s/news.asp?ReportID=606026).
  • Barry, T., 2013c. Silver Bull CEO Tim Barry discusses Sierra Mojada PEA. In: Humphreys T (Hrsg.) (http://www.mining.com/web/silver-bull-ceo-tim-barry-discusses-sierra-mojada-pea/).
  • Barry, T., 2018. Silver Bull Intersects 10 Meters of Sulphide Mineralization Grading 347g/t Silver, 20.7% Zinc, 1.35% Lead & 1.25% Copper, on the Sierra Mojada Project, Coahuila, Mexico (https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/03/14/1422158/0/en/Silver-Bull-Intersects-10-Meters-of-Sulphide-Mineralization-Grading-347g-t-Silver-20-7-Zinc-1-35-Lead-1-25-Copper-on-the-Sierra-Mojada-Project-Coahuila-Mexico.html).
  • Barter, J., Lane, G., Mitchell, D., Kelson, R., Dunne, R., Trang, C., Dreisinger, D., 2001. Cyanide management by SART, Cyanide Soc. Ind. Econ. Asp., 549–562.
  • Bas, A.D., Ozdemir, E., Yazici, E.Y., Celep, O., Deveci, H., 2011. Ammoniacal thiosulphate leaching of a copper-rich gold ore, The 15th Int. Conference on Environmental and Mineral Processing (EaMP), 83-90.
  • Bas, A. D., Koc, E., Yazici, E. Y., Deveci, H., 2015. Treatment of copper-rich gold ore by cyanide leaching, ammonia pretreatment and ammoniacal cyanide leaching, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 25, 597-607.
  • Bas, A.D., Yazici, E.Y., Deveci, H., 2012. Treatment of a copper- rich gold ore by ammonia assisted cyanide leaching, XXVI International Mineral Processing Congress (IMPC), New Delhi, Hindistan, 24-28 Eylül, 356–365.
  • Botz, M., Guzman, G., Sevilla, L., 2015. Campaign testing the Yanacocha SART plant with high-copper feed solution, SME Annual Meeting, Şubat 15-18, Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration, Denver, CO.
  • Botz, M., Kaczmarek, A., Orser, S., 2011. Managing copper in leach solution at the Çöpler gold mine: laboratory testing and process design, Minerals & Metallurgical Processing, 28, 133-138.
  • BQE Water, 2017a. Mastra Mine, Koza Gold, (www.bqewater.com).
  • BQE Water, 2017b. Maricunga Mine, Kinross Gold, (www.bqewater.com).
  • Breuer, P.L., Jeffrey, M.I., Dai, X., 2005. Leaching and recovery of copper during the cyanidation of copper containing gold ores, in: treatment of gold ores - First Int. Symp., 44. Annual Conference of Metallurgists of CIM. Alberta, Canada, Editörler: Deschenes, G., Hodounin, D., Lorenzen, L., 279–293.
  • Bulatovic, S. M., 1997. Flotation behaviour of gold during processing of porphyry copper-gold ores and refractory gold-bearing sulphides, Minerals Engineering, 10, 895-908.
  • Corrans, I.J., Kyle, J.H., 2000. An overview of unit operations and processes used for treating gold and copper ores, Editör: Adams, M.D., Proc. of the Oretest Colloquium 99, 10 Kasım, Oretest Pty Ltd, Perth, Avustralya, 3–16.
  • Cuenca, H. E., Febre P. C., House, F. A., ARCADIS, 2012. The SART process: an attractive technology to recover copper and cyanide from gold mining, 2° International Workshop, 12-13 Nisan 2012, Santiago-Şili.
  • Dai, X., Simons, A., Breuer, P., 2012. A review of copper cyanide recovery technologies for the cyanidation of copper containing gold ores, Minerals Engineering, 25, 1-13.
  • Deschênes, G. ve Prud'homme, P. J. H., 1997. Cyanidation of a copper-gold ore, International Journal of Mineral Processing, 50, 127-141.
  • Deschênes, G., Guo, H., Xia, C., Pratt, A., Fulton, M., Choi, Y., Price, J., 2012. A study of the effect of djurliete, bornite and chalcopyrite during the dissolution of gold with a solution of ammonia-cyanide, Minerals, 2, 459-472.
  • Deveci, H., Yazıcı, E.Y., Alp, I., Uslu, T., 2006. Removal of cyanide from aqueous solutions by plain and metal-impregnated granular activated carbons, Int. J. Miner. Process, 79, 198–208.
  • Dreisinger, D., Vaughan, J., Lu, J., Wassink, B., West-Sells, P., 2008. Treatment of the Carmack’s copper-gold ore by acid leaching and cyanide Leaching with SART recovery of copper and cyanide from barren cyanide solution, In: C.A.
  • Estay, H., 2018. Designing the SART process – A review, Hydrometallurgy, 176, 147–165.
  • Estay, H., Carvajal, P., Arriagada, F., 2012. The SART Process: an attractive technology to recover copper and cyanide from gold mining, M2R2 Workshop, Expomin 2012, Nisan, Santiago, Şili, (http://www.expomin.cl/marketing/pdf/2012/presentacion_arcadis.pdf) (Erişim Tarihi: 01.02.2017).
  • Estay, H., Carvajal, P., González, K., Vásquez, V., 2013. A theoratical study of SART precipitate generation: Operational and safety impacts, Editörler: F., Valenzuela, C., Young (Hrsg.), 5th In. Seminar on Process Hydrometallurgy (Hydroprocess), Temmuz, 10-12, Gecamin, Santiago, Şili, 153-160.
  • Fleming, C. A. ve Melashvili, M., 2016. A re-examination of the sacred cows in the SART process, 48th Annual Canadian Mineral Processors Conference, Ottawa, Ontario, 187-205.
  • Fleming, C. A., 2016. Cyanide recovery, Gold Ore Processing, 2nd Edition, Chapter 36, Editör: Adams, M. D., Elsevier.
  • Fleming, C.A., 1992. Hydrometallurgy of precious metals recovery, Hydrometallurgy, 30, 127–162.
  • Fleming, C.A., 2003. The economic and environmental case for recovering cyanide from gold plant tailings, SGS Minerals Services, Technical Paper #2003-02.
  • Fleming, C.A., 2010. Cyanide management in the gold ındustry, SGS Minerals Services, Technical Paper #2010-04.
  • Fleming, C.A., 2011. Dealing with cyanide-soluble copper in the gold mining industry, Fray International Symposium on Metals and Materials Processing in a Clean Environment, 27 Kasım-01 Aralık, Meksika, 173–190.
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  • MacPhail, P.K., Fleming, C., Sarbutt, K., 1998. Cyanide recovery by the SART Process for the Lobo-Marte Project, Şili, Randol Gold and Silver Forum, Denver.
  • Mokone, T. P., van Hille, R. P., Lewis, A. E., 2010. Effect of solution chemistry on particle characteristics during metal sulfide precipitation, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 351, 10-18.
  • Mudder, T. I. ve Botz, M.M., 2001a. The chemistry and treatment of cyanidation wastes, Mining Journal Books Ltd, London, 393.
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  • Nodwell, M., Kratochvil, D., Lopez, O., 2012. Risk management and mitigation for the SART copper cyanide recovery process, HYDROPROCESS 2012, 4th International Seminar on Process Hydrometallurgy, 12-13 Temmuz, Santiago, Şili, 1-7.
  • Parga, J. R., 2011. Copper and cyanide recovery in cyanidation effluents, Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, 01, 191-197.
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  • Simons, A. ve Breuer, P., 2013a. Fundamental investigations of SART for cyanide and copper Recovery, CIM J, 4 (3), 145–152 Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum.
  • Simons, A. ve Breuer, P., 2013b. The impact of residence time on copper recovery in Telfer Gold Mine's cyanide recycling process. In: World Gold 2013, Brisbane, Queensland, Avustralya. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne, 189–196, 26–29 Eylül.
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Atıklardan Siyanürün Geri Kazanımı: SART Prosesi

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3, 600 - 615, 15.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.452203

Öz

Dünya’da bakır içeriği
yüksek altın cevherlerinden altın üretimi giderek artmaktadır. Bakır
minerallerinin siyanür çözeltilerinde yüksek oranlarda çözünmesi nedeniyle bu
tür cevherlerden altın kazanımında teknik ve ekonomik zorluklar yaşanmaktadır.
Bakır içeriği %0,5’ten yüksek cevherlerden geleneksel siyanür liçi ile altın
kazanımı genellikle ekonomik değildir. Yüksek altın kazanımlarına ulaşmak için liç
işleminin yüksek siyanür konsantrasyonlarında (CN:Cu>4) yapılması
gerekmektedir. Bu durum, hem reaktif maliyetini artırmakta hem de daha fazla
siyanür kullanımıyla ilgili olarak çevresel riskin artmasına neden olmaktadır.
SART prosesi özellikle bakır içeren altın cevherlerinin yoğun siyanür liçi
sonrası atıklardan siyanürün geri kazanımı için geliştirilmiş bir prosestir.
Dünya’da ve ülkemizde farklı tesislerde endüstriyel olarak uygulanmaktadır.
Prosesin temeli, liç çözeltisinden bakırın asidik koşullarda (pH 4-5) sülfür
(Na2S) ilavesiyle Cu2S halinde çöktürülmesi ve böylece
siyanürün serbest hale getirilerek geri kazanımına dayanmaktadır. Elde edilen
Cu2S yan ürün olarak satılmaktadır. Prosesin performansı sülfür
ilavesi, çöktürme süresi, bakır çökeleğinin tikinerde bekleme süresi vd.
koşullara bağlıdır. Yüksek saflıkta bir Cu2S çökeleği elde etmek
için sülfür ilavesinin hassas bir şekilde kontrol edilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu
çalışmada, SART prosesinin kimyasal esasları ve performansını etkileyen
parametreler detaylı olarak irdelenmiştir. Prosesin ilk yatırım ve işletme
maliyetleri ışığında genel bir ekonomik analizi de sunulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, M. D., 2013. Impact of recycling cyanide and its reaction products on upstream unit operations, Minerals Engineering, 53, 241-255.
  • Adams, M., Lawrence, R., Bratty, M., 2008. Biogenic sulphide for cyanide recycle and copper recovery in gold–copper ore processing, Minerals Engineering, 21/6, 509–517.
  • Ahlatcı, F., 2016. Bakır ve pirit içeriği yüksek cevher ve konsantrelerden tiyosülfat liçi ile altın/gümüş kazanımı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Trabzon, s.89.
  • Alacer Gold, 2013. Çöpler gold mine-site visit presentation, (https://www.asx.com.au/asxpdf/20130912/pdf/42j9t1t291px52.pdf) (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2017).
  • Alacer Gold, 2014. Alacer Gold commissions chemical facility with SART plant, (https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/alacer-gold-commissions-chemical-facility-with-sart-plant-285832511.html), (Erişim Tarihi: 01.02.2017).
  • Baker, B., Rodriques, F., Littlejohn, P., 2017. SART implementation at gold mines in Latin America, The Conference of Metallurgists (COM), Ağustos 27-30, Paper No: 9489, Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, 8.
  • Barry, T., 2013a. Silver Bull announces updated metallurgical test results on the silver mineralization at The Sierra Mojada Project, Coahuila, Mexico, Silver Bull Resources Inc., News Release, Temmuz, 1, (http://www.silverbullresources.com/s/news.asp?ReportID=590659).
  • Barry, T., 2013b. Silver Bull completes positive preliminary economic assessment for The Sierra Mojada Project, Coahuila, Mexico, Silver Bull Resources Inc., News Release, Ekim, 1, (http://www.silverbullresources.com/s/news.asp?ReportID=606026).
  • Barry, T., 2013c. Silver Bull CEO Tim Barry discusses Sierra Mojada PEA. In: Humphreys T (Hrsg.) (http://www.mining.com/web/silver-bull-ceo-tim-barry-discusses-sierra-mojada-pea/).
  • Barry, T., 2018. Silver Bull Intersects 10 Meters of Sulphide Mineralization Grading 347g/t Silver, 20.7% Zinc, 1.35% Lead & 1.25% Copper, on the Sierra Mojada Project, Coahuila, Mexico (https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/03/14/1422158/0/en/Silver-Bull-Intersects-10-Meters-of-Sulphide-Mineralization-Grading-347g-t-Silver-20-7-Zinc-1-35-Lead-1-25-Copper-on-the-Sierra-Mojada-Project-Coahuila-Mexico.html).
  • Barter, J., Lane, G., Mitchell, D., Kelson, R., Dunne, R., Trang, C., Dreisinger, D., 2001. Cyanide management by SART, Cyanide Soc. Ind. Econ. Asp., 549–562.
  • Bas, A.D., Ozdemir, E., Yazici, E.Y., Celep, O., Deveci, H., 2011. Ammoniacal thiosulphate leaching of a copper-rich gold ore, The 15th Int. Conference on Environmental and Mineral Processing (EaMP), 83-90.
  • Bas, A. D., Koc, E., Yazici, E. Y., Deveci, H., 2015. Treatment of copper-rich gold ore by cyanide leaching, ammonia pretreatment and ammoniacal cyanide leaching, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 25, 597-607.
  • Bas, A.D., Yazici, E.Y., Deveci, H., 2012. Treatment of a copper- rich gold ore by ammonia assisted cyanide leaching, XXVI International Mineral Processing Congress (IMPC), New Delhi, Hindistan, 24-28 Eylül, 356–365.
  • Botz, M., Guzman, G., Sevilla, L., 2015. Campaign testing the Yanacocha SART plant with high-copper feed solution, SME Annual Meeting, Şubat 15-18, Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration, Denver, CO.
  • Botz, M., Kaczmarek, A., Orser, S., 2011. Managing copper in leach solution at the Çöpler gold mine: laboratory testing and process design, Minerals & Metallurgical Processing, 28, 133-138.
  • BQE Water, 2017a. Mastra Mine, Koza Gold, (www.bqewater.com).
  • BQE Water, 2017b. Maricunga Mine, Kinross Gold, (www.bqewater.com).
  • Breuer, P.L., Jeffrey, M.I., Dai, X., 2005. Leaching and recovery of copper during the cyanidation of copper containing gold ores, in: treatment of gold ores - First Int. Symp., 44. Annual Conference of Metallurgists of CIM. Alberta, Canada, Editörler: Deschenes, G., Hodounin, D., Lorenzen, L., 279–293.
  • Bulatovic, S. M., 1997. Flotation behaviour of gold during processing of porphyry copper-gold ores and refractory gold-bearing sulphides, Minerals Engineering, 10, 895-908.
  • Corrans, I.J., Kyle, J.H., 2000. An overview of unit operations and processes used for treating gold and copper ores, Editör: Adams, M.D., Proc. of the Oretest Colloquium 99, 10 Kasım, Oretest Pty Ltd, Perth, Avustralya, 3–16.
  • Cuenca, H. E., Febre P. C., House, F. A., ARCADIS, 2012. The SART process: an attractive technology to recover copper and cyanide from gold mining, 2° International Workshop, 12-13 Nisan 2012, Santiago-Şili.
  • Dai, X., Simons, A., Breuer, P., 2012. A review of copper cyanide recovery technologies for the cyanidation of copper containing gold ores, Minerals Engineering, 25, 1-13.
  • Deschênes, G. ve Prud'homme, P. J. H., 1997. Cyanidation of a copper-gold ore, International Journal of Mineral Processing, 50, 127-141.
  • Deschênes, G., Guo, H., Xia, C., Pratt, A., Fulton, M., Choi, Y., Price, J., 2012. A study of the effect of djurliete, bornite and chalcopyrite during the dissolution of gold with a solution of ammonia-cyanide, Minerals, 2, 459-472.
  • Deveci, H., Yazıcı, E.Y., Alp, I., Uslu, T., 2006. Removal of cyanide from aqueous solutions by plain and metal-impregnated granular activated carbons, Int. J. Miner. Process, 79, 198–208.
  • Dreisinger, D., Vaughan, J., Lu, J., Wassink, B., West-Sells, P., 2008. Treatment of the Carmack’s copper-gold ore by acid leaching and cyanide Leaching with SART recovery of copper and cyanide from barren cyanide solution, In: C.A.
  • Estay, H., 2018. Designing the SART process – A review, Hydrometallurgy, 176, 147–165.
  • Estay, H., Carvajal, P., Arriagada, F., 2012. The SART Process: an attractive technology to recover copper and cyanide from gold mining, M2R2 Workshop, Expomin 2012, Nisan, Santiago, Şili, (http://www.expomin.cl/marketing/pdf/2012/presentacion_arcadis.pdf) (Erişim Tarihi: 01.02.2017).
  • Estay, H., Carvajal, P., González, K., Vásquez, V., 2013. A theoratical study of SART precipitate generation: Operational and safety impacts, Editörler: F., Valenzuela, C., Young (Hrsg.), 5th In. Seminar on Process Hydrometallurgy (Hydroprocess), Temmuz, 10-12, Gecamin, Santiago, Şili, 153-160.
  • Fleming, C. A. ve Melashvili, M., 2016. A re-examination of the sacred cows in the SART process, 48th Annual Canadian Mineral Processors Conference, Ottawa, Ontario, 187-205.
  • Fleming, C. A., 2016. Cyanide recovery, Gold Ore Processing, 2nd Edition, Chapter 36, Editör: Adams, M. D., Elsevier.
  • Fleming, C.A., 1992. Hydrometallurgy of precious metals recovery, Hydrometallurgy, 30, 127–162.
  • Fleming, C.A., 2003. The economic and environmental case for recovering cyanide from gold plant tailings, SGS Minerals Services, Technical Paper #2003-02.
  • Fleming, C.A., 2010. Cyanide management in the gold ındustry, SGS Minerals Services, Technical Paper #2010-04.
  • Fleming, C.A., 2011. Dealing with cyanide-soluble copper in the gold mining industry, Fray International Symposium on Metals and Materials Processing in a Clean Environment, 27 Kasım-01 Aralık, Meksika, 173–190.
  • Ford, K., Fleming, C., Henderson, R., 2008. Application of the SART process to heap leaching of gold-copper ores at Maricunga, Chile. In: 40th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Mineral Processors, Ottawa, Ocak 22-24.
  • Forrest, K., Yan, D., Dunne, R., 2001. Optimisation of gold recovery by selective gold flotation for copper-gold-pyrite ores, Minerals Engineering, 14, 227-241.
  • Goh, S. W., Buckley, A. N., Lamb, R. N., 2006. Copper(II) sulfide?, Minerals Engineering,19, 204-208.
  • González, O. A., Alonso,F. N., Velasco C. J., Salas, A. U., 2013. Copper cyanide removal by precipitation with quaternary ammonium salts, Minerals Engineering, 42, 43–49.
  • Habashi, F., 1999. Amalgam and electrometallurgy, 4, 1st, Metallurgie Extractive Quebec.
  • Koc, E., Ahlatcı, F., Kuzu, M., Yazici, E.Y., Celep, O., Deveci, H., 2016. Recovery of silver from cyanide leach solutions of a pyritic gold concentrate by sodium sulphide precipitation, Proceedings of XV. International Mineral Processing Symposium and Exhibition (IMPS) (Editörler: Çelik, M.S., Bulut, G., Karakaş, F., Güven, O., Baştürkçü, H., Tarsus, Z.),19-21 Ekim, İstanbul, Türkiye, 823-834.
  • Kondos, P. D., Deschênes, G., Morrison, R. M., 1995. Process optimization studies in gold cyanidation, Hydrometallurgy, 39, 235-250. Koza Altın İşletmeleri Tesis Bilgilendirme Sunumu, 15 Kasım 2011.
  • Kuyucak, N. ve Akcil, A., 2013. Cyanide and removal options from effluents in gold mining and metallurgical processes, Minerals Engineering, 50–51, 13–29.
  • La Brooy, S.R., Linge, H.G., Walker, G.S., 1994. Review of gold extraction from ores, Mineral Engineering, 7, 1213–1241.
  • Lawrence, R. W. ve Lopez, O., 2011. Improving the economics of gold-copper ore projects using SART technology.
  • Lopez, O., Petrovic, N., Krashenina, S., 2014. Copper and cyanide recovery from barren leach solution at the gold processing plant, XXVII. International Mineral Processing Congress (IMPC 2014), Santiago, Şili, 11.
  • Marsden, J. ve House, I., 2006. The chemistry of gold extraction, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, USA.
  • Medusa, 2009. Software for Chemical Equilibrium Diagrams, 32 bit version, Royal Institute of Technology, İsveç.
  • MacPhail, P.K., Fleming, C., Sarbutt, K., 1998. Cyanide recovery by the SART Process for the Lobo-Marte Project, Şili, Randol Gold and Silver Forum, Denver.
  • Mokone, T. P., van Hille, R. P., Lewis, A. E., 2010. Effect of solution chemistry on particle characteristics during metal sulfide precipitation, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 351, 10-18.
  • Mudder, T. I. ve Botz, M.M., 2001a. The chemistry and treatment of cyanidation wastes, Mining Journal Books Ltd, London, 393.
  • Mudder, T. I. ve Botz, M. M., 2001b. The cyanide monogragh, Mining Journal Books Ltd., London, 605.
  • Muir, D. M. ve Aylmore, M. G., 2005. Thiosulfate as an alternative lixiviant to cyanide for gold ores. Editörler: Adams, M. D. ve Wills, B. A., Developments in Mineral Processing, Elsevier, 541-560.
  • Muir, D. M., La Brooy, S. R., Fenton, K., 1991. Processing copper-gold ores with ammonia or ammonia-cyanide solutions, World Gold 1991, 21-25 Nisan, Cairns Qld., 145–150.
  • Muir, D.M., 2011. A review of the selective leaching of gold from oxidised copper–gold ores with ammonia–cyanide and new insights for plant control and operation, Minerals Engineering, 24, 576–582.
  • Nodwell, M., Kratochvil, D., Lopez, O., 2012. Risk management and mitigation for the SART copper cyanide recovery process, HYDROPROCESS 2012, 4th International Seminar on Process Hydrometallurgy, 12-13 Temmuz, Santiago, Şili, 1-7.
  • Parga, J. R., 2011. Copper and cyanide recovery in cyanidation effluents, Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, 01, 191-197.
  • Potter, G.M., Tucson, A., Bergmann, A., Haidlen, U., 1986. Process of recovering copper and of optionally recovering gold by leaching of oxide and sulfide-containing materials with water- soluble cyanides, US Patent 4587110, 6 Mayıs.
  • Ritcey, G. M., 2005. Tailings management in gold plants, Hydrometallurgy, 78, 3-20.
  • Sceresini, B. ve Breuer, P., 2016. Gold-copper ores, Gold Ore Processing, 2nd Edition, Chapter 43, Editör: Adams, M. D., Elsevier.
  • Sceresini, B., 2005. Gold-copper ores, Advances in Gold Ore Processing, Western Australia, Chapter 32, Editörler: Adams, M. D. ve Wills, B. A., Elsevier.
  • SGS, 2008. Application of the SART process to heap leaching of gold-copper ores at Maricunga, Chile, SGS Minerals Services Technical Paper 2008-51.
  • SGS, 2009. Cyanide Recovery, Technical Paper, No. T3 SGS 019, SGS Minerals Services.
  • SGS, 2013. Cyanide recovery, SGS Minerals Services – T3 SGS 019, 11-2013.
  • Simons, A. ve Breuer, P., 2013a. Fundamental investigations of SART for cyanide and copper Recovery, CIM J, 4 (3), 145–152 Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum.
  • Simons, A. ve Breuer, P., 2013b. The impact of residence time on copper recovery in Telfer Gold Mine's cyanide recycling process. In: World Gold 2013, Brisbane, Queensland, Avustralya. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne, 189–196, 26–29 Eylül.
  • Stewart, M. ve Kappes, D., 2012. SART for copper control in cyanide heap leaching, SAIMM, 112, 1037–1043.
  • Torre, M., Bachiller, D., Rendueles, M., Menéndez, C. O., Díaz, M., 2006. Cyanide recovery from gold extraction process waste effluents by ion exchange I. equilibrium and kinetics, Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 24, 99–117.
  • Van Deventer, J., Bazhko, V., Yahorava, V., 2014. Comparison of gold-selective ion exchange resins and activated carbon for the recovery of gold from copper-gold leach liquors, Gold-Precious Metals Conference (ALTA 2014), Perth, Avustralya, 17.
  • Xie, F., Dreisinger, D., Doyle, F., 2013. A review on recovery of copper and cyanide from waste cyanide solutions, 34:6, 387-411.
  • Yazıcı, E. Y., 2005. Atık sulardaki siyanürün hidrojen peroksit, aktif karbon adsorpsiyonu ve ses ötesi dalgalarla uzaklaştırılması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 141 syf., Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Trabzon.
  • Yazici, E. Y., Ahlatci, F., Koc, E., Celep, O., Deveci, H., 2015. Pre-treatment of a copper-rich gold ore for elimination of copper interference, 8th European Metallurgical Conference (EMC), Düsseldorf, 601-613.
  • Yılmaz, E., Yazıcı, E. Y., Celep, O., Deveci, H., 2018. Atıklardan Siyanürün Geri Kazanımı Yöntemleri, Madencilik (değerlendirmede)
  • Young, PRT, Anderson, C.G., Choi, Y. (Hrsg.), Hydrometallurgy 2008: Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium, Society of Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration Inc. (SME), 740-749.
  • Zhang, Y., Fang, Z., Muhammed, M., 1997. On the solution chemistry of cyanidation of gold and silver bearing sulphide ores, A critical evaluation of thermodynamic calculations, Hydrometallurgy, 46, 251-269.
Toplam 76 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Elif Yılmaz 0000-0001-8789-0007

Ersin Y. Yazıcı 0000-0002-8711-0784

Oktay Celep Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-9024-4196

Hacı Deveci 0000-0003-4105-0912

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Temmuz 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Ağustos 2018
Kabul Tarihi 19 Aralık 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Yılmaz, E., Yazıcı, E. Y., Celep, O., Deveci, H. (2019). Atıklardan Siyanürün Geri Kazanımı: SART Prosesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(3), 600-615. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.452203

Cited By

Atıklardan Siyanürün Geri Kazanımı: SART Prosesi
Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi
Elif YILMAZ
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.452203