Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Hava Kalitesi ve Meteoroloji: Korelasyon, Trend ve Epizot Analizleri

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4, 724 - 741, 15.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.563848

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Güney Marmara
bölgesinde bulunan Balıkesir şehir merkezine ait uzun yıllık hava
kirleticilerinin yerel meteorolojik koşullar etkisinde değişimleri, trendleri
ve epizotları incelenmiştir. Son beş yılı kapsayan dönemde, saatlik ölçülen PM10
ve SO2 seviyeleri ve saatlik sıcaklık (t), rüzgar hızı (ws), nem
(rh) ve basınç (p) verileri analiz edilmiştir. Uzun yıllık ortalamalar göz
önüne alındığında, şehir merkezinde ölçülen PM10
konsantrasyonlarının ortalama değeri 47.33 µg/m3 ve SO2
konsantrasyonlarının ortalaması ise 7.75 µg/m3 olarak tespit
edilmiştir. Pearson ve Kendall’s Tau korelasyon analizi sonuçlarına göre, PM10
seviyelerinin değişimlerinde rüzgar hızı (ws) ve sıcaklık (t) parametrelerinin
ters yönlü etkili olduğu, SO2 seviyelerinin değişimlerinde en etkili
parametrenin yine ters yönde sıcaklık (t) parametresi olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Hava kirleticilerinin meteorolojik parametrelerin değişimlerine göre tahmin
edilebilmesi için bir regresyon modeli oluşturmuştur. Tüm meteorolojik
parametrelerin modele dahil edilmesi halinde, PM10 seviyelerindeki
değişimin ancak %16 oranında, benzer şekilde SO2 seviye tahminleri
ancak %24 oranında açıklanabilmektedir. Theil-Sen trend analiz sonuçlarına
göre, uzun yıllık dönemde PM10 ve SO2 seviyelerinin artış
eğilimi gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Kirlilik takvimlerine göre, PM10
ve SO2 seviyeleri için epizot günleri belirlenmiştir. Epizot gününe
ait olağandışı durumların araştırılması sonucunda, il merkezinde en yüksek PM10
konsantrasyonun ölçüldüğü epizot gününde Kuzey Afrika’dan kıtasal toz
taşınımından gelen çöl tozlarının etkili olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. SO2
epizot günü için, Bulgaristan’ın ülkemiz sınırına yakın olan güney doğu
bölgesinde bulunan termik santrallerden yapılan salınımların bölgesel kirletici
taşınımlarında etkili olduğu ve ayrıca lokal olarak Balıkesir şehir merkezinde
özellikle Aralık aylarında görülen şiddetli enverziyon  oluşumlarının etkili olabileceği
düşünülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Alberini, A. ve Krupnick, A., 1998. Air Quality and Episodes of Acute Respiratory Illness in Taiwan Cities: Evidence from Survey Data. Journal of Urban Economics, 44 (1), 68-92.
  • Beaver, S. ve Palazoglu, A., 2009. Influence of synoptic and mesoscale meteorology on ozone pollution potential for San Joaquin Valley of California. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 1779-1788.
  • Borge, R., Lumbreras, J., Perez, J., de la Paz, D. ve Vedrenne, M., 2014. Emission inventories and modeling requirements for the development of air quality plans. Application to Madrid (Spain). Science of the Total Environment, 466, 809-819.
  • Brunekreef, B. ve Holgate, S.T., 2002. Air pollution and health. The Lancet, 360 (9341), 1233-1242.
  • Carslaw, D.C. ve Ropkins, K., 2012. Openair — an R package for air quality data analysis. Environmental Modelling & Software, 27 (28), 52-61.
  • Carslaw, D.C., 2015. The open-air manual — open-source tools for analyzing air pollution data. Manual for version 1.1-4, King’s College London, UK. 287p.
  • Cerro, J.C., Cerda, V. ve Pey, J., 2015. Trends of air pollution in the western Mediterranean Basin from a 13-year database: A research considering regional, suburban and urban environments in Mallorca (Balearic Islands). Atmospheric Environment, 103,138-146.
  • Csavina, J., Field, J., Félix, O., Corral-Avitia, A.Y., Sáez A.E. ve Betterton, E.A., 2014. Effect of wind speed and relative humidity on atmospheric dust concentrations in semi-arid climates. Science of the Total Environment, 487, 82-90.
  • Çakır, S. ve Abdullah, A.H., 2017. Hava kirletici konsantrasyonlarının meteorolojik parametrelere dayalı çoklu-lineer regresyonla analizi: Kuzey Kıbrıs Örneği, VII. Ulusal Hava Kirliliği ve Kontrolü Sempozyumu, 1-3 Kasım 2017, Antalya, s.17.
  • Elbir, T., Müzezzinoğlu, A. ve Bayram, A., 2000. Evaluation of some air pollution ındicators in Turkey. Environmental International, 26, 5-10.
  • Elminir, H.K., 2005. Dependence of urban air pollutants on meteorology. Science of the Total Environment, 350, 225-237.
  • Gomzi, M., 1999. Indoor air and respiratory health in preadolescent children. Atmospheric Environment, 33 (24-25), 4081-4086.
  • Guerreiro, C., Foltescu, V. ve De Leeuw, F., 2014. Air quality status and trends in Europe. Atmospheric Environment, 98, 376–384.
  • Helander, M.L., Savolainen, J. ve Ahlholm, J., 1997. Effects of air pollution and other environmental factors on birch pollen allergens. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, 52(12), 1207-1214.
  • HKDYY, 2008. Hava Kalitesi Değerlendirme ve Yönetimi Yönetmeliği, Resmi Gazete Tarihi: 06.06.2008, Resmi Gazete Sayısı: 26898. Ankara.
  • Jacob, D.J. ve Winner, D.A., 2009. Effect of climate change on air quality. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 51-63.
  • Koçman, A., 1993. Türkiye İklimi, Ege Üniversitesi Yayınları, Yayın No:72, İzmir.
  • Koudahe, K., Djaman, K., Bodian, A., Irmak, S., Sall, M., Diop, L., Balde, A.B. ve Rudnick, D., 2017. Trend analysis in rainfall, reference evapotranspiration and aridity ındex in southern senegal: adaptation to the vulnerability of rainfed rice cultivation to climate change. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 7 (4), 476–495.
  • Martonen T.B. ve Schroeter, J.D., 2003. Risk assessment dosimetry model for inhaled particulate matter: I. Human subjects. Toxicology Letters, 138 (1-2), 119-132.
  • Monn, C., Alean-Kirkpatrick, P., Künzli, N., Defila, C., Peeters, A., Ackermann-Liebrich, U., Leuenberger, F. ve SAPALDIA Team, 1999. Air pollution, climate and pollen comparisons in urban, rural and alpine regions in Switzerland (SAPALDIA study). Atmospheric Environment, 33 (15), 2411-2416.
  • Moshammer, H. ve Neuberger, M., 2003. The active surface of suspended particles as a predictor of lung function and pulmonary symptoms in Austrian school children. Atmospheric Environment, 37, 1737-1744.
  • Mutlu, A., 2018. Sanayi kaynaklı karbonmonoksit salınımlarının AERMOD dağılım modeli ile incelenmesi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(2), 275-286. Doi: 10.17482/uumfd.398123.
  • Mutlu, A., 2019. Balıkesir şehir merkezinde trafik kaynaklı hava kirliliği seviyelerinin analizi, BAUN Fen Bil. Enst. Dergisi, 21 (1), 152-168. Doi: 10.25092/baunfbed.532605.
  • Okello, N.O., Camminga, S., Okello, T.W. ve Zunckel, Mark., 2018. Spatial and temporal trends of PM₁₀ and SO₂ in the Richards Bay area. Clean Air Journal, 28 (2), 80-89.
  • Radaideh, J.A., 2017. Effect of meteorological variables on air pollutants variation in arid climates. Journal of Environmental & Analytical Toxicology, 7 (4), 1-12.
  • Samoli, E., Stafoggia, M., Rodopoulou, S., Ostro, B., Declercq, C., Alessandrini, E., Díaz, J., Karanasiou, A., Kelessis, A., Le Tertre, A., Pandolfi, P., Randi, G., Scarinzi, C., Zauli-Sajani, S., Katsouyanni, K. ve Forastiere, F., 2013. Associations between fine and coarse particles and mortality in Mediterranean cities: results from the MED-particles project. Environ. Health Perspect., 121, 8.
  • Sanchez de la Campa, A.M., Sánchez-Rodas, D., Alsioufi, L., Alastuey, A., Querol, X., ve de la Rosa, J.D., 2018. Air quality trends in an industrialised area of SW Spain. Journal of Cleaner Production, 186, 465-474.
  • Stafoggia, M., Samoli, E., Alessandrini, E., Cadum, E., Ostro, B., Berti, G., Faustini, A., Jacquemin, Linares C., Pascal, M., Randi, G., Ranzi, A., Stivanello, E. ve Forastiere, F., 2013. Short-term associations between fine and coarse particulate matter and hospitalizations in southern Europe: Results from the MED-particles project. Environ. Health Perspect., 121, 9.
  • Tağıl, Ş., 2007. Balıkesir’de hava kirliliğinin solunum yolu hastalıklarının mekânsal dağılışı üzerine etkisini anlamada jeo-istatistik teknikler, Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 5 (1), 37-56.
  • Tecer, L.H., 2009. A factor analysis study: Air pollution, meteorology, and hospital admissions for respiratory diseases. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. 91 (7), 1399-1411.
  • Tecer, L.H., 2013. Balıkesir’de hava kirliliğinin çocuk ve yetişkinlerde solunum hastalıklarına etkilerinin belirlenmesi üzerine bir alan çalışması. Hava Kirliliği Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2, 11–20.
  • Tian, J. ve Fernandez, G., 1999. Seasonal trend analysis of monthly water quality data. University of Alberta School of Business Research Paper No. 2013-1203. URL https://ssrn.com/abstract=2284439. 02 Nisan 2019.
  • Timonen, K.L., Pekkanen, J., Tiittanen, P. ve Salonen, R.O., 2002. Effects of air pollution on changes in lung function induced by exercise in children with chronic respiratory sypmtoms. Occup. Environ. Med., 59, 129-134.
  • Topal, M.H. ve Hayaloğlu, P., 2017. Farklı Gelişmişlik Düzeylerinde Kurumsal Kalitenin Çevre Performansı Üzerindeki Etkisi: Ampirik Bir Analiz. Sosyoekonomi, 25 (32), 189-212.
  • URL-1, 2017. TÜİK, Yıllara göe bölge nüfusları. 2000-2017. URL-1, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/UstMenu.do?metod=temelist. 18 Şubat 2019.
  • URL-2, 2019. Barcelona Super Computing Center, Global toz dağılımı merkezi. Https://sds-was.aemet.es/forecast-products/dust-forecasts. URL, https://sds-was.aemet.es/forecast-products/dust-forecasts. 08 Nisan 2019.
  • URL-3, 2019, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), HYSPLIT taşınım modellemesi. Https://www.ready.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT_traj.php. URL, https://www.ready.noaa.gov/READYtransp.php. 02 Nisan 2019.
  • Visscher, A., 2014. Air Dispersion Modeling, John Wiley & Sons Press. Hoboken, New Jersey. 634p.
  • Wang, L.K., Pereria, N.C. ve Hung, Y.T., 2004. Air Pollution Control Engineering, Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey. 505 p.
  • WHO (World Health Organization), 2006. Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Summary of Risk Assessment. Geneva, Switzerland.
  • WHO (World Health Organization), 2016. Ambient Air Pollution: A Global Assessment of exposure and burden of disease. Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Williams, R., Creason, J., Zweidinger, R., Watts, R., Sheldon L. ve Shy, C., 2000. Indoor, outdoor, and personal exposure monitoring of particulate air pollution: the Baltimore elderly epidemiology-exposure pilot study. Atmospheric Environment, 34 (24), 4193-4204.
  • Wong, G. W. K., Ko, F. W. S., Lau, T. S., Li, S. T., Hui, D., Pang, S. W., Leung, R., Fok, T. F. ve Lai, C.K.W., 2000. Temporal relationship between air pollution and hospital admissions for asthmatic children in Hong Kong. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 31 (4), 565-569.
  • Wordley, J., Walters, S. ve Ayres, J., 1997. Short term variations in hospital admissions and mortality and particulate air pollution. Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 54(2), 108-116.
  • Yılmaz, A., 2017. The effects of climate parametres on air pollution parametres: bolu province sample. Journal of Current Researches on Social Sciences, 7, 413-436.
  • Yolsal, H., 2016. Estimation of the air quality trends in Istanbul. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 38(1), 375-399.
  • Zhang H., Wang Y., Hu J., Ying Q., ve Hu X.M., 2015. Relationships between meteorological parameters and criteria air pollutants in three megacities in China. Environmental Research, 140, 242-254.

Air Quality and Meteorology: Analysis of Correlations, Trends and Episodes

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4, 724 - 741, 15.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.563848

Öz

In this
study,
changes, trends and episodes of long-term air
pollutants under local meteorological conditions were examined at Balikesir’s
downtown in South Marmara region.  In the
last five years period, hourly measured PM10 and SO2
levels and hourly temperature (t), wind speed (ws), humidity (rh) and pressure
(p) data were analyzed. Considering the long-term averages, the mean value of
PM10 concentrations measured in the downtown was 47.33 µg/m3 and the
mean of the SO2 concentrations was 7.75 µg/m3.
According to the results of Pearson and Kendall Tau’s correlation
analysis, wind speed (ws) and temperature (t) parameters were found to be
inversely effective in the changes of PM10 levels, while the most
effective parameter was the inverse temperature (t) parameter in the changes of
SO2 levels. A regression model was used to estimate air pollutants based
on the changes of the overall meteorological parameters.

If all meteorological parameters are included in the model, only 16% of the PM10
levels can just be explained, and the SO2 level estimates can only
be explained by 24%.
According to
Theil-Sen trend analysis, PM10 and SO2 levels were in an increasing
trend.
According to pollution calendars, the episode days for
PM10 and SO2 levels were determined for the study. As a
result of investigating the unusual conditions of the episode day, it was
concluded that desert dusts coming from the continental dust transport from
North Africa were effective on the day of the episode where the highest PM10
concentration was measured in the downtown area
. For SO2 episode day, it was determined that
the releases from the coal-powered energy plants in the south-eastern region
near Bulgaria's border with our country might be effective in the transport of
regional SO2 pollutants.In addition, it was thought that the
formation of temperature inversions seen in Balıkesir’s downtown especially in the
months of December could be effective for the highest SO2 levels.

Kaynakça

  • Alberini, A. ve Krupnick, A., 1998. Air Quality and Episodes of Acute Respiratory Illness in Taiwan Cities: Evidence from Survey Data. Journal of Urban Economics, 44 (1), 68-92.
  • Beaver, S. ve Palazoglu, A., 2009. Influence of synoptic and mesoscale meteorology on ozone pollution potential for San Joaquin Valley of California. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 1779-1788.
  • Borge, R., Lumbreras, J., Perez, J., de la Paz, D. ve Vedrenne, M., 2014. Emission inventories and modeling requirements for the development of air quality plans. Application to Madrid (Spain). Science of the Total Environment, 466, 809-819.
  • Brunekreef, B. ve Holgate, S.T., 2002. Air pollution and health. The Lancet, 360 (9341), 1233-1242.
  • Carslaw, D.C. ve Ropkins, K., 2012. Openair — an R package for air quality data analysis. Environmental Modelling & Software, 27 (28), 52-61.
  • Carslaw, D.C., 2015. The open-air manual — open-source tools for analyzing air pollution data. Manual for version 1.1-4, King’s College London, UK. 287p.
  • Cerro, J.C., Cerda, V. ve Pey, J., 2015. Trends of air pollution in the western Mediterranean Basin from a 13-year database: A research considering regional, suburban and urban environments in Mallorca (Balearic Islands). Atmospheric Environment, 103,138-146.
  • Csavina, J., Field, J., Félix, O., Corral-Avitia, A.Y., Sáez A.E. ve Betterton, E.A., 2014. Effect of wind speed and relative humidity on atmospheric dust concentrations in semi-arid climates. Science of the Total Environment, 487, 82-90.
  • Çakır, S. ve Abdullah, A.H., 2017. Hava kirletici konsantrasyonlarının meteorolojik parametrelere dayalı çoklu-lineer regresyonla analizi: Kuzey Kıbrıs Örneği, VII. Ulusal Hava Kirliliği ve Kontrolü Sempozyumu, 1-3 Kasım 2017, Antalya, s.17.
  • Elbir, T., Müzezzinoğlu, A. ve Bayram, A., 2000. Evaluation of some air pollution ındicators in Turkey. Environmental International, 26, 5-10.
  • Elminir, H.K., 2005. Dependence of urban air pollutants on meteorology. Science of the Total Environment, 350, 225-237.
  • Gomzi, M., 1999. Indoor air and respiratory health in preadolescent children. Atmospheric Environment, 33 (24-25), 4081-4086.
  • Guerreiro, C., Foltescu, V. ve De Leeuw, F., 2014. Air quality status and trends in Europe. Atmospheric Environment, 98, 376–384.
  • Helander, M.L., Savolainen, J. ve Ahlholm, J., 1997. Effects of air pollution and other environmental factors on birch pollen allergens. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, 52(12), 1207-1214.
  • HKDYY, 2008. Hava Kalitesi Değerlendirme ve Yönetimi Yönetmeliği, Resmi Gazete Tarihi: 06.06.2008, Resmi Gazete Sayısı: 26898. Ankara.
  • Jacob, D.J. ve Winner, D.A., 2009. Effect of climate change on air quality. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 51-63.
  • Koçman, A., 1993. Türkiye İklimi, Ege Üniversitesi Yayınları, Yayın No:72, İzmir.
  • Koudahe, K., Djaman, K., Bodian, A., Irmak, S., Sall, M., Diop, L., Balde, A.B. ve Rudnick, D., 2017. Trend analysis in rainfall, reference evapotranspiration and aridity ındex in southern senegal: adaptation to the vulnerability of rainfed rice cultivation to climate change. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 7 (4), 476–495.
  • Martonen T.B. ve Schroeter, J.D., 2003. Risk assessment dosimetry model for inhaled particulate matter: I. Human subjects. Toxicology Letters, 138 (1-2), 119-132.
  • Monn, C., Alean-Kirkpatrick, P., Künzli, N., Defila, C., Peeters, A., Ackermann-Liebrich, U., Leuenberger, F. ve SAPALDIA Team, 1999. Air pollution, climate and pollen comparisons in urban, rural and alpine regions in Switzerland (SAPALDIA study). Atmospheric Environment, 33 (15), 2411-2416.
  • Moshammer, H. ve Neuberger, M., 2003. The active surface of suspended particles as a predictor of lung function and pulmonary symptoms in Austrian school children. Atmospheric Environment, 37, 1737-1744.
  • Mutlu, A., 2018. Sanayi kaynaklı karbonmonoksit salınımlarının AERMOD dağılım modeli ile incelenmesi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(2), 275-286. Doi: 10.17482/uumfd.398123.
  • Mutlu, A., 2019. Balıkesir şehir merkezinde trafik kaynaklı hava kirliliği seviyelerinin analizi, BAUN Fen Bil. Enst. Dergisi, 21 (1), 152-168. Doi: 10.25092/baunfbed.532605.
  • Okello, N.O., Camminga, S., Okello, T.W. ve Zunckel, Mark., 2018. Spatial and temporal trends of PM₁₀ and SO₂ in the Richards Bay area. Clean Air Journal, 28 (2), 80-89.
  • Radaideh, J.A., 2017. Effect of meteorological variables on air pollutants variation in arid climates. Journal of Environmental & Analytical Toxicology, 7 (4), 1-12.
  • Samoli, E., Stafoggia, M., Rodopoulou, S., Ostro, B., Declercq, C., Alessandrini, E., Díaz, J., Karanasiou, A., Kelessis, A., Le Tertre, A., Pandolfi, P., Randi, G., Scarinzi, C., Zauli-Sajani, S., Katsouyanni, K. ve Forastiere, F., 2013. Associations between fine and coarse particles and mortality in Mediterranean cities: results from the MED-particles project. Environ. Health Perspect., 121, 8.
  • Sanchez de la Campa, A.M., Sánchez-Rodas, D., Alsioufi, L., Alastuey, A., Querol, X., ve de la Rosa, J.D., 2018. Air quality trends in an industrialised area of SW Spain. Journal of Cleaner Production, 186, 465-474.
  • Stafoggia, M., Samoli, E., Alessandrini, E., Cadum, E., Ostro, B., Berti, G., Faustini, A., Jacquemin, Linares C., Pascal, M., Randi, G., Ranzi, A., Stivanello, E. ve Forastiere, F., 2013. Short-term associations between fine and coarse particulate matter and hospitalizations in southern Europe: Results from the MED-particles project. Environ. Health Perspect., 121, 9.
  • Tağıl, Ş., 2007. Balıkesir’de hava kirliliğinin solunum yolu hastalıklarının mekânsal dağılışı üzerine etkisini anlamada jeo-istatistik teknikler, Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 5 (1), 37-56.
  • Tecer, L.H., 2009. A factor analysis study: Air pollution, meteorology, and hospital admissions for respiratory diseases. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. 91 (7), 1399-1411.
  • Tecer, L.H., 2013. Balıkesir’de hava kirliliğinin çocuk ve yetişkinlerde solunum hastalıklarına etkilerinin belirlenmesi üzerine bir alan çalışması. Hava Kirliliği Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2, 11–20.
  • Tian, J. ve Fernandez, G., 1999. Seasonal trend analysis of monthly water quality data. University of Alberta School of Business Research Paper No. 2013-1203. URL https://ssrn.com/abstract=2284439. 02 Nisan 2019.
  • Timonen, K.L., Pekkanen, J., Tiittanen, P. ve Salonen, R.O., 2002. Effects of air pollution on changes in lung function induced by exercise in children with chronic respiratory sypmtoms. Occup. Environ. Med., 59, 129-134.
  • Topal, M.H. ve Hayaloğlu, P., 2017. Farklı Gelişmişlik Düzeylerinde Kurumsal Kalitenin Çevre Performansı Üzerindeki Etkisi: Ampirik Bir Analiz. Sosyoekonomi, 25 (32), 189-212.
  • URL-1, 2017. TÜİK, Yıllara göe bölge nüfusları. 2000-2017. URL-1, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/UstMenu.do?metod=temelist. 18 Şubat 2019.
  • URL-2, 2019. Barcelona Super Computing Center, Global toz dağılımı merkezi. Https://sds-was.aemet.es/forecast-products/dust-forecasts. URL, https://sds-was.aemet.es/forecast-products/dust-forecasts. 08 Nisan 2019.
  • URL-3, 2019, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), HYSPLIT taşınım modellemesi. Https://www.ready.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT_traj.php. URL, https://www.ready.noaa.gov/READYtransp.php. 02 Nisan 2019.
  • Visscher, A., 2014. Air Dispersion Modeling, John Wiley & Sons Press. Hoboken, New Jersey. 634p.
  • Wang, L.K., Pereria, N.C. ve Hung, Y.T., 2004. Air Pollution Control Engineering, Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey. 505 p.
  • WHO (World Health Organization), 2006. Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Summary of Risk Assessment. Geneva, Switzerland.
  • WHO (World Health Organization), 2016. Ambient Air Pollution: A Global Assessment of exposure and burden of disease. Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Williams, R., Creason, J., Zweidinger, R., Watts, R., Sheldon L. ve Shy, C., 2000. Indoor, outdoor, and personal exposure monitoring of particulate air pollution: the Baltimore elderly epidemiology-exposure pilot study. Atmospheric Environment, 34 (24), 4193-4204.
  • Wong, G. W. K., Ko, F. W. S., Lau, T. S., Li, S. T., Hui, D., Pang, S. W., Leung, R., Fok, T. F. ve Lai, C.K.W., 2000. Temporal relationship between air pollution and hospital admissions for asthmatic children in Hong Kong. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 31 (4), 565-569.
  • Wordley, J., Walters, S. ve Ayres, J., 1997. Short term variations in hospital admissions and mortality and particulate air pollution. Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 54(2), 108-116.
  • Yılmaz, A., 2017. The effects of climate parametres on air pollution parametres: bolu province sample. Journal of Current Researches on Social Sciences, 7, 413-436.
  • Yolsal, H., 2016. Estimation of the air quality trends in Istanbul. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 38(1), 375-399.
  • Zhang H., Wang Y., Hu J., Ying Q., ve Hu X.M., 2015. Relationships between meteorological parameters and criteria air pollutants in three megacities in China. Environmental Research, 140, 242-254.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Atilla Mutlu 0000-0002-0777-0863

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ekim 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Mayıs 2019
Kabul Tarihi 4 Ağustos 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Mutlu, A. (2019). Hava Kalitesi ve Meteoroloji: Korelasyon, Trend ve Epizot Analizleri. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(4), 724-741. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.563848

Cited By