Araştırma Makalesi
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Seasonal examination of certain physical, chemical, and microbial parameters of Ardahan city tap waters

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3, 904 - 916, 15.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1027676

Öz

The rapid increase in world population and migration to urban areas has created the need for central water systems to deliver sustainable supply of clean drinking and utility water to consumers. The failure of tap water suppliers to maintain acceptable (Ministry of Health and the World Health Organization) drinking water standards is often associated with old and neglected distribution systems, and this problem can cause significant health risks for consumers. The present study examines certain physical, chemical, and microbial parameters of tap water. Samples were seasonally taken at 14 locations in Ardahan province, were evaluated according to the criteria of the Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Health and the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition, we aimed to determine whether the detected values constitute a potential risk for public health. Physical (temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity), chemical (F-, Cl-, NO3-, NO2-, SO4-2, Na+, K+, Mg+2, Ca+2), and microbial (coliform bacteria) parameters were examined in the samples. The physical and chemical analysis of the tap water samples showed that the results comply with the criteria of the Ministry of Health and the WHO. Microbial analysis showed no contamination in all of the sampling points during the winter season and in almost all of the sampling points during the spring season; these results were in accordance with the Ministry of Health criteria. However, coliform bacteria were detected at certain sampling points in the summer and autumn seasons.

Kaynakça

  • Ardahan Çevre ve Şehircilik İl Müdürlüğü. (2020). Ardahan İli 2019 Yılı Çevre Durum Raporu. s. 22-23.
  • Ashbolt, N.J. (2004). Microbial contamination of drinking water and disease outcomes in developing regions. Toxicology, 198, 229-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2004.01.030
  • Auld, H., MacIver, D., Klaassen, J. (2004). Heavy rainfall and waterborne disease outbreaks: The walkerton example. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A, 67, 20-22, 1879-1887. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390490493475
  • Bhatt, S.M., Shilpa. (2015). Operational procedures and reliability for safe drinking water. J Bioremediation & Biodegradation, 6 (1), 160. doi:10.4172/2155- 6199.1000e160
  • Camper, A.K., McFeters, G.A., Characklis, W.G., Jones, W.L. (1991). Growth kinetics of Coliform Bacteria under conditions relevant to drinking water distribution systems. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57, 8, 2233-2239. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.57.8.2233-2239.1991
  • Delpla, I., Jung, A.-V., Baures, E., Clement, M., Thomas, O. (2009). Impacts of climate change on surface water quality in relation to drinking water production. Environment International, 35, 1225-1233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.07.001
  • Ghosh, P., Banerjee, M., De Chaudhurı, S., Chowdhury, R., Das, J.K., Mukherjee, A., Sarkar, A.K., Mondal, L., Baıdya, K., Sau, T.J., Banerjee, A., Basu, A., Chaudhurı, K., Ray, K., Gırı, A.K. (2007). Comparison of health effects between individuals with and without skin lesions in the population exposed to Arsenic through drinking water in west Bengal, India. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 17, 215-223. doi:10.1038/sj.jes.7500510
  • Goullé, J.P., Saussereau, E., Mahieu, L., Bouige, D., Groenwont, S., Guerbet, M., Lacroix, C. (2009). Application of ınductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry multielement analysis in fingernail and toenail as a biomarker of metal exposure. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 33, 92-98. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/33.2.92
  • Halkman, A.K., Sağdaş, O.E. (2014). Mikrobiyoloji El Kitabı, Merck Mıllıpore, s. 38, Ankara.
  • Herranz, S., Marciello, M., Marco, M-P., Garcia-Fierro, J.L., Guisan, J.M., Moreno-Bondi, M.C. (2018). Multiplex environmental pollutant analysis using an array biosensor coated with chimeric Hapten-dextran-lipase constructs. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 257, 256-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.10.134
  • Huck, P.M. and Coffey, B.M. (2004). The importance of robustness in drinking-water systems. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 67, 1581-1590. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390490491891
  • Kaale, L.D. and Katima, J.H.Y. (2013). Performance of activated carbons in the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) of maleic acid. Journal of Engineering and Technology Research, 5, 6, 189-199. https://doi.org/10.5897/JETR09.061
  • LeChevallier, M.W., Welch, N.J., Smıth, D.B. (1996). Full-scale studies of factors related to coliform regrowth in drinking water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62, 7, 2201-2211. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.62.7.2201-2211.1996
  • Li, P. and Wu, J. (2019). Drinking water quality and public health. Exposure and Health, 11, 73-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-019-00299-8
  • Majumdar, D. (2003). The blue baby syndrome, nitrate poisoning in humans. Resonance, 8, 20-30.
  • Meenakshi., Maheshwari, R.C. (2006). Fluoride in drinking water and its removal. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 137, 456-463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.02.024
  • Mintz, E.D., Reiff, F.M., Tauxe, R.V. (1995). Safe water treatment and storage in the home, A practical new strategy to prevent waterborne disease. JAMA, 273, 12, 948-953. doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520360062040
  • Oymak, O.F. (2011). Aydın ilinde tüketilen şişelenmiş suların mikrobiyolojik kalitesi üzerine bir çalışma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Aydın.
  • Pardue, J.H., Moe, W.M., Mcinnis, D., Thibodeaux, L.J., Valsaraj, K.T., Maciasz, E., Van Heerden, I., Korevec, N., Yuan, Q.Z. (2005). Chemical and microbiological parameters in new orleans floodwater following hurricane katrina. Environmental Science & Technology, 39, 22, 8591-8599. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0518631
  • Prüss-Ustün, A., Bartram, J., Clasen, T., Colford Jr, J.M., Cumming, O., Curtis, V., Bonjour, S., Dangour, A.D., De France, J., Fewtrell, L., Freeman, M.C., Gordon, B., Hunter, P.R., Johnston, R.B., Mathers, C., Mausezahl, D., Medlicott, K., Neira, M., Stocks, M., Wolf, J., Cairncross, S. (2014). Burden of disease from ınadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low- and middle-ıncome settings: A retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 19, 8, 894-905. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12329
  • Rose, J.B., Daeschner, S., Easterling, D.R., Curriero, F.C., Lele, S., Patz, J.A. (2000). Climate and waterborne disease outbreaks. Journal American Water Works Association, 92, 9, 77-87. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2000.tb09006.x
  • Sağlık Bakanlığı (Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu), (2013). İnsani tüketim amaçlı sular hakkında yönetmelikte değişiklik yapılmasına dair yönetmelik, Resmi Gazete Tarihi: 7 Mart 2013, Resmi Gazete Sayısı: 28580.
  • Schoenen, D. (2002). Role of disinfection in suppressing the spread of pathogens with drinking water: Possibilities and limitations. Water Research, 36, 3874-3888. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00076-3
  • Smith, A.H., Hopenhayn-Rich, C., Bates, M.N., Goeden, H.M., HertzPicciotto, I., Duggan, H.M., Wood, R., Kosnett, M.J., Smith, M.T. (1992). Cancer risks from arsenic in drinking water. Environmental Health Perspectives, 97, 259-267. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9297259
  • Sow, S., J. de Vlas, S., Engels, D., Gryseels, B. (2002). Water-related disease patterns before and after the construction of the Diama Dam in Northern Senegal. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 96, 6, 575-586. https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125001636
  • Thomas, M.K., Charron, D.F., Waltner-Toews, D., Schuster, C., Maarouf, A.R., Holt, J.D. (2006). A role of high ımpact weather events in waterborne disease outbreaks in Canada, 1975 – 2001. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 16, 3, 167-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603120600641326
  • URL-1: Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü, İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri, https://mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m=ARDAHAN, Erişim tarihi: 16 Ekim 2020.
  • Van Leeuwen, F.X.R. (2000). Safe drinking water: The toxicologist's approach. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 38, 1, S51-S58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(99)00140-4
  • World Health Organization. (2008). Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. Third Edition Incorporating the First and Second Addenda, Vol. 1, Geneva: WHO.
  • World Health Organization. (2017). Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. Fourth Edition Incorporating the First Addendum, Switzerland: WHO.

Ardahan ili şebeke sularının bazı fiziksel kimyasal ve mikrobiyal parametrelerinin mevsimsel olarak incelenmesi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3, 904 - 916, 15.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1027676

Öz

Dünya nüfusunda hızlı artış ve kentsel alanlara göç, tüketicilere sürdürülebilir temiz içme ve kullanma suyu temini için merkezi su sistemlerine duyulan ihtiyacın nedeni olmuştur. Şebeke sularının kabul edilebilir (Sağlık Bakanlığı ve Dünya Sağlık Örgütü) içme suyu seviyelerinin dışında olması, genellikle dağıtım sistemlerinin eski ve bakımsız olmasıyla ilişkili olup, tüketicilerde önemli sağlık risklerine neden olabilir. Bu çalışmada, şebeke sularının bazı fiziksel, kimyasal ve mikrobiyal parametreleri incelenmiştir. Ardahan ilinde 14 lokasyonda mevsimsel olarak alınan örnekler, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı (SB) ve Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) kriterlerine göre değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, saptanmış değerlerin halk sağlığı açısından potansiyel risk oluşturup oluşturmadığının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Örneklerde fiziksel (sıcaklık, pH, elektriksel iletkenlik, bulanıklık), kimyasal (F-, Cl-, NO3-, NO2-, SO4-2, Na+, K+, Mg+2, Ca+2) ve mikrobiyal (koliform bakteri) parametreler incelenmiştir. Şebeke suyu örneklerinin fiziksel ve kimyasal analiz sonuçlarının, SB ve DSÖ kriterlerine uygun olduğu saptanmıştır. Mikrobiyal (koliform bakteri) analiz sonucunda, kış mevsiminde örnekleme noktalarının tamamında, ilkbahar mevsiminde de neredeyse tüm örnekleme noktalarında koliform bakteri saptanmamış ve bu sonuçların SB kriterlerine uygun olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, yaz ve sonbahar mevsimlerinde bazı örnekleme noktalarında koliform bakteri tespit edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Ardahan Çevre ve Şehircilik İl Müdürlüğü. (2020). Ardahan İli 2019 Yılı Çevre Durum Raporu. s. 22-23.
  • Ashbolt, N.J. (2004). Microbial contamination of drinking water and disease outcomes in developing regions. Toxicology, 198, 229-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2004.01.030
  • Auld, H., MacIver, D., Klaassen, J. (2004). Heavy rainfall and waterborne disease outbreaks: The walkerton example. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A, 67, 20-22, 1879-1887. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390490493475
  • Bhatt, S.M., Shilpa. (2015). Operational procedures and reliability for safe drinking water. J Bioremediation & Biodegradation, 6 (1), 160. doi:10.4172/2155- 6199.1000e160
  • Camper, A.K., McFeters, G.A., Characklis, W.G., Jones, W.L. (1991). Growth kinetics of Coliform Bacteria under conditions relevant to drinking water distribution systems. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57, 8, 2233-2239. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.57.8.2233-2239.1991
  • Delpla, I., Jung, A.-V., Baures, E., Clement, M., Thomas, O. (2009). Impacts of climate change on surface water quality in relation to drinking water production. Environment International, 35, 1225-1233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.07.001
  • Ghosh, P., Banerjee, M., De Chaudhurı, S., Chowdhury, R., Das, J.K., Mukherjee, A., Sarkar, A.K., Mondal, L., Baıdya, K., Sau, T.J., Banerjee, A., Basu, A., Chaudhurı, K., Ray, K., Gırı, A.K. (2007). Comparison of health effects between individuals with and without skin lesions in the population exposed to Arsenic through drinking water in west Bengal, India. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 17, 215-223. doi:10.1038/sj.jes.7500510
  • Goullé, J.P., Saussereau, E., Mahieu, L., Bouige, D., Groenwont, S., Guerbet, M., Lacroix, C. (2009). Application of ınductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry multielement analysis in fingernail and toenail as a biomarker of metal exposure. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 33, 92-98. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/33.2.92
  • Halkman, A.K., Sağdaş, O.E. (2014). Mikrobiyoloji El Kitabı, Merck Mıllıpore, s. 38, Ankara.
  • Herranz, S., Marciello, M., Marco, M-P., Garcia-Fierro, J.L., Guisan, J.M., Moreno-Bondi, M.C. (2018). Multiplex environmental pollutant analysis using an array biosensor coated with chimeric Hapten-dextran-lipase constructs. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 257, 256-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.10.134
  • Huck, P.M. and Coffey, B.M. (2004). The importance of robustness in drinking-water systems. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 67, 1581-1590. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390490491891
  • Kaale, L.D. and Katima, J.H.Y. (2013). Performance of activated carbons in the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) of maleic acid. Journal of Engineering and Technology Research, 5, 6, 189-199. https://doi.org/10.5897/JETR09.061
  • LeChevallier, M.W., Welch, N.J., Smıth, D.B. (1996). Full-scale studies of factors related to coliform regrowth in drinking water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62, 7, 2201-2211. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.62.7.2201-2211.1996
  • Li, P. and Wu, J. (2019). Drinking water quality and public health. Exposure and Health, 11, 73-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-019-00299-8
  • Majumdar, D. (2003). The blue baby syndrome, nitrate poisoning in humans. Resonance, 8, 20-30.
  • Meenakshi., Maheshwari, R.C. (2006). Fluoride in drinking water and its removal. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 137, 456-463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.02.024
  • Mintz, E.D., Reiff, F.M., Tauxe, R.V. (1995). Safe water treatment and storage in the home, A practical new strategy to prevent waterborne disease. JAMA, 273, 12, 948-953. doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520360062040
  • Oymak, O.F. (2011). Aydın ilinde tüketilen şişelenmiş suların mikrobiyolojik kalitesi üzerine bir çalışma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Aydın.
  • Pardue, J.H., Moe, W.M., Mcinnis, D., Thibodeaux, L.J., Valsaraj, K.T., Maciasz, E., Van Heerden, I., Korevec, N., Yuan, Q.Z. (2005). Chemical and microbiological parameters in new orleans floodwater following hurricane katrina. Environmental Science & Technology, 39, 22, 8591-8599. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0518631
  • Prüss-Ustün, A., Bartram, J., Clasen, T., Colford Jr, J.M., Cumming, O., Curtis, V., Bonjour, S., Dangour, A.D., De France, J., Fewtrell, L., Freeman, M.C., Gordon, B., Hunter, P.R., Johnston, R.B., Mathers, C., Mausezahl, D., Medlicott, K., Neira, M., Stocks, M., Wolf, J., Cairncross, S. (2014). Burden of disease from ınadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low- and middle-ıncome settings: A retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 19, 8, 894-905. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12329
  • Rose, J.B., Daeschner, S., Easterling, D.R., Curriero, F.C., Lele, S., Patz, J.A. (2000). Climate and waterborne disease outbreaks. Journal American Water Works Association, 92, 9, 77-87. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2000.tb09006.x
  • Sağlık Bakanlığı (Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu), (2013). İnsani tüketim amaçlı sular hakkında yönetmelikte değişiklik yapılmasına dair yönetmelik, Resmi Gazete Tarihi: 7 Mart 2013, Resmi Gazete Sayısı: 28580.
  • Schoenen, D. (2002). Role of disinfection in suppressing the spread of pathogens with drinking water: Possibilities and limitations. Water Research, 36, 3874-3888. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00076-3
  • Smith, A.H., Hopenhayn-Rich, C., Bates, M.N., Goeden, H.M., HertzPicciotto, I., Duggan, H.M., Wood, R., Kosnett, M.J., Smith, M.T. (1992). Cancer risks from arsenic in drinking water. Environmental Health Perspectives, 97, 259-267. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9297259
  • Sow, S., J. de Vlas, S., Engels, D., Gryseels, B. (2002). Water-related disease patterns before and after the construction of the Diama Dam in Northern Senegal. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 96, 6, 575-586. https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125001636
  • Thomas, M.K., Charron, D.F., Waltner-Toews, D., Schuster, C., Maarouf, A.R., Holt, J.D. (2006). A role of high ımpact weather events in waterborne disease outbreaks in Canada, 1975 – 2001. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 16, 3, 167-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603120600641326
  • URL-1: Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü, İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri, https://mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m=ARDAHAN, Erişim tarihi: 16 Ekim 2020.
  • Van Leeuwen, F.X.R. (2000). Safe drinking water: The toxicologist's approach. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 38, 1, S51-S58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(99)00140-4
  • World Health Organization. (2008). Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. Third Edition Incorporating the First and Second Addenda, Vol. 1, Geneva: WHO.
  • World Health Organization. (2017). Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. Fourth Edition Incorporating the First Addendum, Switzerland: WHO.
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Nesrin Dursun 0000-0002-7463-1038

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Temmuz 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Kasım 2021
Kabul Tarihi 26 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Dursun, N. (2022). Ardahan ili şebeke sularının bazı fiziksel kimyasal ve mikrobiyal parametrelerinin mevsimsel olarak incelenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(3), 904-916. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1027676