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Toplam Elektron İçeriği (TEC) Değerleri ve Deprem İlişkisinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 107 - 116, 11.03.2014
https://doi.org/10.17714/gufbed.2014.04.008

Öz

Sismik aktivitelerin iyonosfer tabakası üzerindeki etkileri konusunda birçok araştırma yapılmaktadır. Depremin yıkıcı etkilerine karşı önlem alabilmek için depremin meydana geliş zamanının önceden kestirilebilmesi önemlidir. Yerkürede meydana gelen kabuk hareketlerinin etkileri sadece sarsıntı olarak değil insanoğlunun direkt algılayamadığı değişimlere de yol açmaktadır. Bu değişimler farklı yöntem ve cihazlarla tespiti yapılacak şekilde modellenebilmektedir.Bu yöntemlerin incelenmesindeki temel parametrelerden birisi de Toplam Elektron İçeriği (TEC)değerinindeğişimidir.TEC, GPS alıcısı ile her bir GPS uydusu arasındaki sinyal yolunda bulunan toplam elektron sayısı olarak tanımlanır.İyonosferin radyo sinyalleri üzerindeki etkilerinden faydalanarakTECparametresiortayaçıkarılmıştır.Deprem öncüllerinin belirlenmesinde de deprem öncesi iyonosferde meydana gelen değişimlerin araştırılması bu açıdan yararlı olacaktır. Bu amaçla deprem öncesi ve sonrasıiyonosferde meydana gelen değişimlerinGPS sinyallerinden elde edilen TECdeğerleri ileberaber modellenerek aralarındaki ilişkinin ortaya çıkarılması gerekmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Atabey, E., (2000), "Deprem", Maden Tetkik Ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Eğitim Serisi No. 34, Ankara, 2000.
  • Barnes R A andLeonard R S (1965),Observations of ionospheric disturbances following the Alaska earthquake. J GeophysRes70: 1 250−1 253.
  • Bibl, K., (1998), Evolution of the Ionosonde, AnnaliDi Geofisica, Vol. 41, N. 5-6, November-December 1998.
  • Dach, R.,Hugentobler, U., Fridez, P. &Meindl, M. (2007). Manual of Bernese GPS Software Version5.0, Astronomical Institute, University of Bern.
  • Datchenko E A, Ulomov V I and Chernyshova C P (1972). Electron density anomalies as the possible precursor of Tashkent earthquake. DoklUzbekAcadSci12: 30−32.
  • Dautermann T, Calais E, Haase J and Garrison J (2007). Investigation of ionospheric electron content variations before earthquakes in southern California, 2003– 2004. J GeophysRes12: 1 230−1 231.
  • Du P R, Jiang H R andGuo Q S (1998). Research on possibility of ionospheric anomalies as an earthquake precursor. Earthquake18(2): 119−126 (in Chinesewith English abstract).
  • Jin, R., S.G. Jinand G.P. Feng (2012), M_DCB: Matlabcode forestimating GNSS satellite and receiver differential code biases, GPS Solut., 16(4), 541-548, doi: 10.1007/s10291-012-0279-3.
  • Klobuchar, J.A. and Aarons, J.,(1973), "Introduction - Importance of the Total Electron Content Parameter", Total Electron Content Studies Of The Ionosphere, Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories L. G. Hanscom Field, Massachusetts, Received for publication7 February1973.
  • Komjathy, A. (1997). Global Ionospheric Total Electron Content Mapping Using the Global Positioning System, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering Technical Report NO. 188, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, 248pp.
  • Liu J Y, Chen Y I, Pulinets S A and Chuo Y J (2000a). Seismo-ionospheric signatures prior to M>6.0Taiwan earthquakes. GeophysResLett27(19): 3 113−3 116.
  • Liu J Y, Chuo Y J and Chen Y I (2001b). Ionospheric GPS TEC perturbations priorto the 20 September 1999, Chi-Chi earthquake. Geophys ResLett28: 1 383−1 386. Liu J Y, Chuo Y J, Shan S J, Tsai Y B, Chen Y I, Pulinets S A andYu S B (2004). Preearthquake ionospheric anomalies registered by continuous GPS TEC measurements. AnnalesGeophysicae22: 1 585−1 593.
  • Liu J Y, Chen Y I, Chuo Y J and Chen C S (2006). A statistical investigation of preearthquake ionospheric anomaly. J Geophys Res111: A05304, doi:10.1029/2005JA011333.
  • NorsuzilaYa’acob, Mardina Abdullah and MahamodIsmail (2010). GPS Total Electron Content (TEC) Prediction a Ionosphere Layer over the Equatorial Region, Trends in Telecommunications Technologies, Christos J Bouras (Ed.), ISBN:978-953-307-072-8, InTech.DOI:10.5772/8474. Availablefrom:http://www.intechopen.co m/books/trends-in-telecommunicationstechnologies/gps-total-electron-contenttec-prediction-at-ionosphere-layer-overthe-equatorial-region
  • Pulinets S A (1998). Strong earthquakes prediction possibility with the help of top side sounding from satellites. Advances in Space Research21(3): 455−458.
  • PulinetsS. A. And BoyarchukK. A. (2004), "Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes", Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2004.
  • Pulinets S., Kotsarenko, A.N., Ciraolo, L., Pulinets, I.A. (2007) Special case of ionospheric day today variability associated with earthquake preparation, Adv. Space Res., 39, 970-977, 2007.
  • Schaer, S. (1999): ‘Mapping and Predicting the Earth's Ionosphere Using the Global Positioning System’, Geodatischgeophysikalische Arbeiten in der Schweiz, Vol. 59, 1999.
  • Singh, V.,Chauhan V., Singh O.P., and Singh B. (2010), Ionospheric effect of earthquakes as determined from ground based TEC measurement and satellite data, Indian J. of Radio& Space Phys., 39, 63-70, 2010.
  • Stein, S., Klosko, E., (2002), Earthquake Mechanisms And Plate Tectonics, International Handbook of Earthquake And Engineering Seismology, Volume 81A: 69-78, ISBN: 0-12-440652-1.
  • Wild, U. (1994): 'Ionosphere and Geodetic Satellite Systems: Permanent GPS Tracking Data for Modeling and Monitoring', Geodatisch-geophysikalische Arbeiten in der Schweiz, Vol. 48.
  • Wyss M., (1997), Second Round of Evaluations of Proposed Earthquake Precursors, Pure and Applied Geophysics,149, 1997, 3-16.
  • Yao, Y. B.,Chen, P., Wu, H., Zhang, S., and Peng, W. F. (2012), Analysis of ionospheric anomalies before the 2011 Mw 9.0 Japan earthquake, Chinese Sci. Bull., 57, 500–510, 2012a.
  • URL-1:T.C. Başbakanlık Afet Ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı Deprem Dairesi Başkanlığı http://www.deprem.gov.tr/sarbis/Deprem/ Depremnedir.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 16 Ağustos 2013)
  • URL-2: Global Ionosphere Map Proccessing Description Web Site http://aiuws.unibe.ch/spec/ion.php#proces sing_description (Erişim Tarihi: 18 Eylül 2013)
  • URL-3: Yerkürenin katmanları görseli (Şekil 1) http://www.korhaber.com/yazar/DUNYAMIZINE-KADAR-TANIYOR-VE-NEKADAR-KORUYORUZ/183 (Erişim Tarihi: 16 Ağustos 2013)

The Relationship Between Total Electron Content (TEC) Values and Earthquake

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 107 - 116, 11.03.2014
https://doi.org/10.17714/gufbed.2014.04.008

Öz

Research has been done on the effects of seismic activity on a layer of the ionosphere. To counter act the devastating effects of the earth quake, occurrence time of the earthquake is important for pre-estimating. Effects occurring in the earthcrust cannot be detected only as a shake. These changes will be modeled with using different methods and devices. One of the main parameters of these methods is Total Electron Content (TEC) values change. TEC is defined as the total number of electrons in the signal path between the GPS receiver and each GPS satellite. Advantage of the effects of the ionosphere on radio signals revealed TEC parameter. Determination of earthquake precursors before the earthquake investigation, the changes in the ionosphere will be useful in this respect. For this purpose, before and after the earthquake, the changes in the ionospheric TEC values ​​obtained from the GPS signals are required for modeling with the discovery of the relationship between these parameters.

Kaynakça

  • Atabey, E., (2000), "Deprem", Maden Tetkik Ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Eğitim Serisi No. 34, Ankara, 2000.
  • Barnes R A andLeonard R S (1965),Observations of ionospheric disturbances following the Alaska earthquake. J GeophysRes70: 1 250−1 253.
  • Bibl, K., (1998), Evolution of the Ionosonde, AnnaliDi Geofisica, Vol. 41, N. 5-6, November-December 1998.
  • Dach, R.,Hugentobler, U., Fridez, P. &Meindl, M. (2007). Manual of Bernese GPS Software Version5.0, Astronomical Institute, University of Bern.
  • Datchenko E A, Ulomov V I and Chernyshova C P (1972). Electron density anomalies as the possible precursor of Tashkent earthquake. DoklUzbekAcadSci12: 30−32.
  • Dautermann T, Calais E, Haase J and Garrison J (2007). Investigation of ionospheric electron content variations before earthquakes in southern California, 2003– 2004. J GeophysRes12: 1 230−1 231.
  • Du P R, Jiang H R andGuo Q S (1998). Research on possibility of ionospheric anomalies as an earthquake precursor. Earthquake18(2): 119−126 (in Chinesewith English abstract).
  • Jin, R., S.G. Jinand G.P. Feng (2012), M_DCB: Matlabcode forestimating GNSS satellite and receiver differential code biases, GPS Solut., 16(4), 541-548, doi: 10.1007/s10291-012-0279-3.
  • Klobuchar, J.A. and Aarons, J.,(1973), "Introduction - Importance of the Total Electron Content Parameter", Total Electron Content Studies Of The Ionosphere, Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories L. G. Hanscom Field, Massachusetts, Received for publication7 February1973.
  • Komjathy, A. (1997). Global Ionospheric Total Electron Content Mapping Using the Global Positioning System, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering Technical Report NO. 188, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, 248pp.
  • Liu J Y, Chen Y I, Pulinets S A and Chuo Y J (2000a). Seismo-ionospheric signatures prior to M>6.0Taiwan earthquakes. GeophysResLett27(19): 3 113−3 116.
  • Liu J Y, Chuo Y J and Chen Y I (2001b). Ionospheric GPS TEC perturbations priorto the 20 September 1999, Chi-Chi earthquake. Geophys ResLett28: 1 383−1 386. Liu J Y, Chuo Y J, Shan S J, Tsai Y B, Chen Y I, Pulinets S A andYu S B (2004). Preearthquake ionospheric anomalies registered by continuous GPS TEC measurements. AnnalesGeophysicae22: 1 585−1 593.
  • Liu J Y, Chen Y I, Chuo Y J and Chen C S (2006). A statistical investigation of preearthquake ionospheric anomaly. J Geophys Res111: A05304, doi:10.1029/2005JA011333.
  • NorsuzilaYa’acob, Mardina Abdullah and MahamodIsmail (2010). GPS Total Electron Content (TEC) Prediction a Ionosphere Layer over the Equatorial Region, Trends in Telecommunications Technologies, Christos J Bouras (Ed.), ISBN:978-953-307-072-8, InTech.DOI:10.5772/8474. Availablefrom:http://www.intechopen.co m/books/trends-in-telecommunicationstechnologies/gps-total-electron-contenttec-prediction-at-ionosphere-layer-overthe-equatorial-region
  • Pulinets S A (1998). Strong earthquakes prediction possibility with the help of top side sounding from satellites. Advances in Space Research21(3): 455−458.
  • PulinetsS. A. And BoyarchukK. A. (2004), "Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes", Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2004.
  • Pulinets S., Kotsarenko, A.N., Ciraolo, L., Pulinets, I.A. (2007) Special case of ionospheric day today variability associated with earthquake preparation, Adv. Space Res., 39, 970-977, 2007.
  • Schaer, S. (1999): ‘Mapping and Predicting the Earth's Ionosphere Using the Global Positioning System’, Geodatischgeophysikalische Arbeiten in der Schweiz, Vol. 59, 1999.
  • Singh, V.,Chauhan V., Singh O.P., and Singh B. (2010), Ionospheric effect of earthquakes as determined from ground based TEC measurement and satellite data, Indian J. of Radio& Space Phys., 39, 63-70, 2010.
  • Stein, S., Klosko, E., (2002), Earthquake Mechanisms And Plate Tectonics, International Handbook of Earthquake And Engineering Seismology, Volume 81A: 69-78, ISBN: 0-12-440652-1.
  • Wild, U. (1994): 'Ionosphere and Geodetic Satellite Systems: Permanent GPS Tracking Data for Modeling and Monitoring', Geodatisch-geophysikalische Arbeiten in der Schweiz, Vol. 48.
  • Wyss M., (1997), Second Round of Evaluations of Proposed Earthquake Precursors, Pure and Applied Geophysics,149, 1997, 3-16.
  • Yao, Y. B.,Chen, P., Wu, H., Zhang, S., and Peng, W. F. (2012), Analysis of ionospheric anomalies before the 2011 Mw 9.0 Japan earthquake, Chinese Sci. Bull., 57, 500–510, 2012a.
  • URL-1:T.C. Başbakanlık Afet Ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı Deprem Dairesi Başkanlığı http://www.deprem.gov.tr/sarbis/Deprem/ Depremnedir.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 16 Ağustos 2013)
  • URL-2: Global Ionosphere Map Proccessing Description Web Site http://aiuws.unibe.ch/spec/ion.php#proces sing_description (Erişim Tarihi: 18 Eylül 2013)
  • URL-3: Yerkürenin katmanları görseli (Şekil 1) http://www.korhaber.com/yazar/DUNYAMIZINE-KADAR-TANIYOR-VE-NEKADAR-KORUYORUZ/183 (Erişim Tarihi: 16 Ağustos 2013)
Toplam 26 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mustafa Ulukavak Bu kişi benim

Mualla Yalçınkaya Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 11 Mart 2014
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Mart 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Ulukavak, M., & Yalçınkaya, M. (2014). Toplam Elektron İçeriği (TEC) Değerleri ve Deprem İlişkisinin İncelenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(1), 107-116. https://doi.org/10.17714/gufbed.2014.04.008