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Karpuz atıkları ve karpuz suyu ile zenginleştirilmiş tam buğday ekmeği üretimi ve duyusal özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 234 - 244, 15.03.2025

Öz

Ekmek, ülkemizde beslenme açısından önemli yer tutan, fazla tüketilen bir gıdadır. Bu nedenle ekmeğin zenginleştirilmesiyle besleyici değerinin artırılması üzerine çalışmalar, halkımızın sağlıklı ve dengeli beslenebilmesi açısından önemlidir. Karpuz, gıda endüstrisinde işlenmesi sırasında %30-41 kısmının kabuk ve %2’lik kısmının ise çekirdek yan ürünü açığa çıkaran bir meyvedir. Bu çalışmada karpuz atıklarının ve karpuz suyunun ekmeğin zenginleştirilmesinde kullanılmasıyla biyoaktif özelliği iyileştirilmiş ekmek üretimi hedeflenmiştir. Üretilen ekmek, kontrol tam buğday ekmeğiyle karşılaştırılmıştır. Duyusal analiz sonuçlarına göre kontrol tam buğday ekmeğiyle (KE) karşılaştırıldığında karpuz atıkları ve karpuz suyu ile zenginleştirilmiş ekmeğin (KAZE) renk, koku, gözenek yapısı, tekstür, çiğnenebilirlik, lezzet ve genel beğeni açısından farklı bulunmadığı gözlenmiştir (t testi, p>0.05). Toplam fenolik madde içeriği açısından kuru örneğin gramı başında KAZE ve KE örneklerinde sırasıyla 0.860.02 mg gallik asit eşdeğer cinsinden (GAE) ve 0.430.01 mg GAE değerleri bulunmuştur. Sırasıyla KAZE ve KE kuru örneklerinin gramı başına DPPH metodunda; 0.400.04 mg askorbik asit eşdeğeri (AAE) ve 0.300.04 mg AAE, ABTS metodunda; 1.130.05 mg AAE ve 0.620.02 mg AAE değerleri saptanmıştır. Sonuçlar KAZE örneğinin toplam fenolik madde ve antioksidan aktivite değerleri açısından KE örneğinden daha zengin olduğunu göstermektedir (p<0.05).

Kaynakça

  • Al-Sayed, H. M. A.,  Ahmed, A. R. (2013). Utilization of watermelon rinds and sharlyn melon peels as a natural source of dietary fiber and antioxidants in cake, Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 58(1), 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2013.01.012.
  • Altuğ Onoğur, T.  Elmacı, T. (2011). Gıdalarda duyusal değerlendirme. Sidas Medya Ltd. Şti, İzmir, Türkiye.
  • AOAC (2015). Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 18th Edition, AOAC, Arlington, 806-814.
  • Ashoka, S., Shamshad Begum, S., & Vijayalaxmi, K. G. (2021). Byproduct utilization of watermelon to develop watermelon rind flour based cookies. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 10(2), 196-199. https://doi.org/10.22271/tpi.2021.v10.i2c.5658
  • Badr, S.A. (2015). Quality and Antioxidant Properties of Pan Bread Enriched With Watermelon Rind Powder. Current Science International, (4), 117-126.
  • Bastos, S. C., Tavares, T., de Sousa Gomes Pimenta, M. E., Leal, R., Fabrício, L. F., Pimenta, C. J., Nunes, C. A., & Pinheiro, A. C. (2014). Fish filleting residues for enrichment of wheat bread: chemical and sensory characteristics. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 51(9), 2240–2245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-014-1258-1
  • Bolaji, O. T., Adeyeye, S. A. O., & Ogunmuyiwa, D. (2022). Quality evalution of bread produced from whole wheat flour blended with watermelon seed flour. Journal of Culinary Science & Technology, 22(4), 607-630. https://doi.org/10.1080/15428052.2022.2068466
  • Burnaz, N. A., Ertop, M. H., & Karataş, Ş. M. (2018). Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkilerin Kullanımı ile ekmeğin fenolik madde içeriğinin zenginleştirilmesi. Gıda, 43(2), 240-249. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/429258
  • Burton-Freeman, B., Freeman, M., Zhang, X., Sandhu, A., & Edirisinghe, I. (2021). Watermelon and L-citrulline in cardio-metabolic health: Review of the evidence 2000–2020. Current atherosclerosis reports, 23(12), 81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-021-00978-5
  • Conte, P., Del Caro, A., Balestra, F., Piga, A., & Fadda, C. (2018). Bee pollen as a functional ingredient in gluten-free bread: A physical-chemical, technological and sensory approach. Lwt, 90, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2017.12.002
  • Çelik, C. (2021). Karpuz kabuğu tozunun glutensiz kekte kullanım potansiyeli [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü].
  • El-Badry, N., El-Waseif, M. A., Badr, S.A. and Ali, H. E. (2014). Effect of Addition Watermelon Rind Powder on The Rheological, Physiochemical and Sensory Quality Attributes of Pan Bread, Middle East Journal of Applied Sciences, 4(4): 1051-1046.
  • Elgün, A.,  Ertugay, Z. (2002). Tahıl İşleme Teknolojisi. Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları No: 297.
  • Erhirhie, E. O., & Ekene, N. E. (2013). Medicinal values on Citrullus lanatus (watermelon): pharmacological review. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 4(4), 1305-1312.
  • Feizy, J., Jahani, M., & Ahmadi, S. (2020). Antioxidant activity and mineral content of watermelon peel. Journal of Food and Bioprocess Engineering, 3(1), 35-40. https://doi.org/10.22059/jfabe.2020.75811
  • Figueroa, A., Sanchez-Gonzalez, M. A., Perkins-Veazie, P. M., & Arjmandi, B. H. (2011). Effects of watermelon supplementation on aortic blood pressure and wave reflection in individuals with prehypertension: a pilot study. American journal of hypertension, 24(1), 40-44. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajh.2010.142
  • Gu, C., Howell, K., Dunshea, F.R., & Suleria, H.A.R. (2019). LC-ESI-QTOF/MS characterisation of phenolic acids and flavonoids in polyphenol-rich fruits and vegetables and their potential antioxidant activities. Antioxidants (Basel), 8(9), 405. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8090405
  • Habibi Najafi, M. B., Pourfarzad, A., Zahedi, H., Ahmadian-Kouchaksaraie, Z., & Haddad Khodaparast, M. H. (2016). Development of sourdough fermented date seed for improving the quality and shelf life of flat bread: study with univariate and multivariate analyses. Journal of food science and technology, 53, 209-220. doi: 10.1007/s13197-015-1956-3
  • Hoque, M. & Iqbal, A. (2015). Drying of Watermelon Rind and Development of Cakes from Rind Powder. International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences, 14-21.
  • Ismael, R. N., Mustafa, Y. F., & Al-Qazaz, H. K. (2022). Citrullus lanatus, a potential source of medicinal products: a review. Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences, 5(4), 607-618. doi: 10.26655/JMCHEMSCI.2022.4.16.
  • Karaağaoğlu, N., Karabudak, E., Yavuz, S., Yüksek, O., Dinçer, D., Tosunbayraktar, G., & Eren F. H. (2008). Çeşitli ekmeklerin protein, yağ, nem, kül, karbonhidrat ve enerji değerleri. Gıda, 33(1), 19-25. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/gida/issue/6820/91605
  • Naknaen, P., Itthisoponkul, T., Sondee, A., Angsombat, N. (2016). Utilization of Watermelon Rind Waste as a Potential Source of Dietary Fiber to Improve Health Promoting Properties and Reduce Glycemic Index for Cookie Making, Food Science, 25(2): 415-424. doi: 10.1007/s10068-016-0057-z
  • Neglo, D., Tettey, C. O., Essuman, E. K., Kortei, N. K., Boakye, A. A., Hunkpe, G., ... & Devi, W. S. (2021). Comparative antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the peels, rind, pulp and seeds of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) fruit. Scientific African, 11, e00582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00582
  • Özdemir, G., Altıner, D. D., & Şahan, Y. (2021). Bazı tıbbi bitkilerle zenginleştirilmiş ekmeklerin duyusal özellikleri ve satın alma niyetine etkisi. Gıda, 46(4), 767-784. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1601972
  • Paşa, R. E. (2010). Tam buğday ekmeği üretimi üzerine bir araştırma. [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü].
  • Rico, X., Gullón, B., Alonso, J. L., & Yáñez, R. (2020). Recovery of high value-added compounds from pineapple, melon, watermelon and pumpkin processing by-products: An overview. Food Research International, 132, 109086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109086
  • Tlili, I., Hdider, C., Lenucci, M. S., Riadh, I., Jebari, H., & Dalessandro, G. (2011). Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities of different watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mansfeld) cultivars as affected by fruit sampling area. Journal of food composition and analysis, 24(3), 307-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2010.06.005
  • Yaman, K. (2012). Bitkisel Atıkların Değerlendirilmesi ve Ekonomik Önemi. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 12(2), 339-348. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/kastorman/issue/17233/180035
  • Zia, S., Khan, M. R., Aadil, R. M., & Shahid, M. (2022). Development and storage stability of value‐added watermelon fruit butter by incorporating watermelon rind byproduct. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 46(11), e17031. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.17031
  • Zlatanović, S., Kalušević, A., Micić, D., Laličić-Petronijević, J., Tomić, N., Ostojić, S., & Gorjanović, S. (2019). Functionality and storability of cookies fortified at the industrial scale with up to 75% of apple pomace flour produced by dehydration. Foods, 8(11), 561. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8110561

Production of bread enriched with watermelon waste and juice and evaluation of its sensory properties

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 234 - 244, 15.03.2025

Öz

Bread is a widely consumed food that has an important place in terms of nutrition in Turkiye. Consequently, studies on enhancing the nutritional value of bread by enrichment are important for people to have a healthy and balanced diet. Watermelon is a fruit that produces 30-41% of the skin and 2% of the seed by-product during processing in the food industry. In this study, it was aimed to produce bread with improved bioactive properties by using watermelon waste and watermelon juice to enrich bread. The bread produced was compared to control whole wheat bread. According to the sensory analysis results, it was found that the bread enriched with watermelon waste (KAZE) was not different in terms of color, odor, pore structure, texture, chewability, flavor and general liking when compared to the control bread (KE) (t test, p>0.05). In terms of total phenolic substance content, 0.860.02 mg GAE and 0.430.01 mg GAE values per gram of dry sample were found in KAZE and KE samples, respectively. In the DPPH method per gram of KAZE and KE dry samples, respectively; 0.400.04 mg AAE and 0.300.04 mg AAE, in the ABTS method; 1.130.05 mg AAE and 0.620.02 mg AAE were determined. The results show that the KAZE sample is richer than the control bread in terms of total phenolic substance and antioxidant activity values (p<0.05).

Kaynakça

  • Al-Sayed, H. M. A.,  Ahmed, A. R. (2013). Utilization of watermelon rinds and sharlyn melon peels as a natural source of dietary fiber and antioxidants in cake, Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 58(1), 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2013.01.012.
  • Altuğ Onoğur, T.  Elmacı, T. (2011). Gıdalarda duyusal değerlendirme. Sidas Medya Ltd. Şti, İzmir, Türkiye.
  • AOAC (2015). Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 18th Edition, AOAC, Arlington, 806-814.
  • Ashoka, S., Shamshad Begum, S., & Vijayalaxmi, K. G. (2021). Byproduct utilization of watermelon to develop watermelon rind flour based cookies. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 10(2), 196-199. https://doi.org/10.22271/tpi.2021.v10.i2c.5658
  • Badr, S.A. (2015). Quality and Antioxidant Properties of Pan Bread Enriched With Watermelon Rind Powder. Current Science International, (4), 117-126.
  • Bastos, S. C., Tavares, T., de Sousa Gomes Pimenta, M. E., Leal, R., Fabrício, L. F., Pimenta, C. J., Nunes, C. A., & Pinheiro, A. C. (2014). Fish filleting residues for enrichment of wheat bread: chemical and sensory characteristics. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 51(9), 2240–2245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-014-1258-1
  • Bolaji, O. T., Adeyeye, S. A. O., & Ogunmuyiwa, D. (2022). Quality evalution of bread produced from whole wheat flour blended with watermelon seed flour. Journal of Culinary Science & Technology, 22(4), 607-630. https://doi.org/10.1080/15428052.2022.2068466
  • Burnaz, N. A., Ertop, M. H., & Karataş, Ş. M. (2018). Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkilerin Kullanımı ile ekmeğin fenolik madde içeriğinin zenginleştirilmesi. Gıda, 43(2), 240-249. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/429258
  • Burton-Freeman, B., Freeman, M., Zhang, X., Sandhu, A., & Edirisinghe, I. (2021). Watermelon and L-citrulline in cardio-metabolic health: Review of the evidence 2000–2020. Current atherosclerosis reports, 23(12), 81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-021-00978-5
  • Conte, P., Del Caro, A., Balestra, F., Piga, A., & Fadda, C. (2018). Bee pollen as a functional ingredient in gluten-free bread: A physical-chemical, technological and sensory approach. Lwt, 90, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2017.12.002
  • Çelik, C. (2021). Karpuz kabuğu tozunun glutensiz kekte kullanım potansiyeli [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü].
  • El-Badry, N., El-Waseif, M. A., Badr, S.A. and Ali, H. E. (2014). Effect of Addition Watermelon Rind Powder on The Rheological, Physiochemical and Sensory Quality Attributes of Pan Bread, Middle East Journal of Applied Sciences, 4(4): 1051-1046.
  • Elgün, A.,  Ertugay, Z. (2002). Tahıl İşleme Teknolojisi. Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları No: 297.
  • Erhirhie, E. O., & Ekene, N. E. (2013). Medicinal values on Citrullus lanatus (watermelon): pharmacological review. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 4(4), 1305-1312.
  • Feizy, J., Jahani, M., & Ahmadi, S. (2020). Antioxidant activity and mineral content of watermelon peel. Journal of Food and Bioprocess Engineering, 3(1), 35-40. https://doi.org/10.22059/jfabe.2020.75811
  • Figueroa, A., Sanchez-Gonzalez, M. A., Perkins-Veazie, P. M., & Arjmandi, B. H. (2011). Effects of watermelon supplementation on aortic blood pressure and wave reflection in individuals with prehypertension: a pilot study. American journal of hypertension, 24(1), 40-44. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajh.2010.142
  • Gu, C., Howell, K., Dunshea, F.R., & Suleria, H.A.R. (2019). LC-ESI-QTOF/MS characterisation of phenolic acids and flavonoids in polyphenol-rich fruits and vegetables and their potential antioxidant activities. Antioxidants (Basel), 8(9), 405. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8090405
  • Habibi Najafi, M. B., Pourfarzad, A., Zahedi, H., Ahmadian-Kouchaksaraie, Z., & Haddad Khodaparast, M. H. (2016). Development of sourdough fermented date seed for improving the quality and shelf life of flat bread: study with univariate and multivariate analyses. Journal of food science and technology, 53, 209-220. doi: 10.1007/s13197-015-1956-3
  • Hoque, M. & Iqbal, A. (2015). Drying of Watermelon Rind and Development of Cakes from Rind Powder. International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences, 14-21.
  • Ismael, R. N., Mustafa, Y. F., & Al-Qazaz, H. K. (2022). Citrullus lanatus, a potential source of medicinal products: a review. Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences, 5(4), 607-618. doi: 10.26655/JMCHEMSCI.2022.4.16.
  • Karaağaoğlu, N., Karabudak, E., Yavuz, S., Yüksek, O., Dinçer, D., Tosunbayraktar, G., & Eren F. H. (2008). Çeşitli ekmeklerin protein, yağ, nem, kül, karbonhidrat ve enerji değerleri. Gıda, 33(1), 19-25. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/gida/issue/6820/91605
  • Naknaen, P., Itthisoponkul, T., Sondee, A., Angsombat, N. (2016). Utilization of Watermelon Rind Waste as a Potential Source of Dietary Fiber to Improve Health Promoting Properties and Reduce Glycemic Index for Cookie Making, Food Science, 25(2): 415-424. doi: 10.1007/s10068-016-0057-z
  • Neglo, D., Tettey, C. O., Essuman, E. K., Kortei, N. K., Boakye, A. A., Hunkpe, G., ... & Devi, W. S. (2021). Comparative antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the peels, rind, pulp and seeds of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) fruit. Scientific African, 11, e00582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00582
  • Özdemir, G., Altıner, D. D., & Şahan, Y. (2021). Bazı tıbbi bitkilerle zenginleştirilmiş ekmeklerin duyusal özellikleri ve satın alma niyetine etkisi. Gıda, 46(4), 767-784. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1601972
  • Paşa, R. E. (2010). Tam buğday ekmeği üretimi üzerine bir araştırma. [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü].
  • Rico, X., Gullón, B., Alonso, J. L., & Yáñez, R. (2020). Recovery of high value-added compounds from pineapple, melon, watermelon and pumpkin processing by-products: An overview. Food Research International, 132, 109086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109086
  • Tlili, I., Hdider, C., Lenucci, M. S., Riadh, I., Jebari, H., & Dalessandro, G. (2011). Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities of different watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mansfeld) cultivars as affected by fruit sampling area. Journal of food composition and analysis, 24(3), 307-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2010.06.005
  • Yaman, K. (2012). Bitkisel Atıkların Değerlendirilmesi ve Ekonomik Önemi. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 12(2), 339-348. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/kastorman/issue/17233/180035
  • Zia, S., Khan, M. R., Aadil, R. M., & Shahid, M. (2022). Development and storage stability of value‐added watermelon fruit butter by incorporating watermelon rind byproduct. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 46(11), e17031. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.17031
  • Zlatanović, S., Kalušević, A., Micić, D., Laličić-Petronijević, J., Tomić, N., Ostojić, S., & Gorjanović, S. (2019). Functionality and storability of cookies fortified at the industrial scale with up to 75% of apple pomace flour produced by dehydration. Foods, 8(11), 561. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8110561
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Gıda Mühendisliği
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Fatma Cebeci 0000-0003-4715-6689

Samet Vergili 0009-0006-0418-9930

Mustafa Karaman 0009-0001-1982-913X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Mart 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Mayıs 2024
Kabul Tarihi 3 Mart 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Cebeci, F., Vergili, S., & Karaman, M. (2025). Karpuz atıkları ve karpuz suyu ile zenginleştirilmiş tam buğday ekmeği üretimi ve duyusal özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(1), 234-244. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1484707