Derleme
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Adölesan Anne Bebeklerinin Anne Sütü İle Beslenmesi, Büyümesi ve Hemşirelik Bakımı

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4, 460 - 467, 31.12.2019

Öz

Adölesan dönemde gelişimsel
dönemin getirdiği hassasiyetin yanında yaşanan gebelik ve annelik bebek sağlığı
yönünden ciddi sorunlar ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu derleme makalesinin amacı,
adölesan anne bebeklerinin anne sütü ile beslenmesi, büyümesi ve bu süreçte
hemşirelik bakımının etkin ve etkili bir şekilde sağlanmasında bir bakış açısı
oluşturmaktır. Adölesan annelerde yaşanan en önemli sorunlardan biri
bebeklerini anne sütü ile besleme davranışlarının daha az görülmesidir. Bu
durum adölesan anne bebeğinde beslenme problemi ve büyüme geriliği riskini
arttırabilmektedir. Çocuk sağlığı hemşireleri, adölesan annelere emzirme
eğitimi ve danışmanlığı verilerek bebeklerini daha etkili ve uzun süre anne
sütü ile beslenmeleri konusunda desteklemelidir. Emzirme eğitimleri ve
danışmanlıkları sağlanırken eğitimin başarısını arttırabilecek adölesanın
öğrenme özellikleri, teknolojiye ilgisi, teknoloji kullanımı göz önünde
bulundurulmalıdır. Teknoloji entegre edilmiş emzirme programları yoluyla
adölesan annelerde emzirme oranları ve süreleri arttırılmalıdır. Bu sayede
bebeğin beslenme problemleri azaltılabilir, bebeklerin büyümesinin yaşa ve
cinsiyete uygun olabilmesi sağlanabilir. Bu amaçla hemşireler; danışmanlık, bakım,
eğitim, araştırma ve savunucu rollerini kullanarak, adölesan annelerin
gelişimsel özelliklerini düşünerek, teknoloji temelli emzirme programları
planlayabilir ve uygulayabilirler. Adölesan annelere verilen teknoloji temelli
emzirme eğitimi hem anne hem de bebeğinin sağlığı için önemli bir hemşirelik
uygulamasıdır.

Kaynakça

  • 1) Assante, L. M, Chun, S., Yun, M. & Newell, M. (2014). “Social supply of alcohol to Korean high school students: Across-sectional international alcohol control study.” BMJ Open, 4(1), 1-6.
  • 2) Haase, C. M. & Silbereisen, R. K. (2011). “Effects of positive affect on risk perceptions in adolescence and young adulthood.” Journal of Adolescence, 34(1), 29-37.
  • 3) Ganchimeg, T., Ota, E., Morisaki, N., Laopaiboon, M., Lumbiganon, P. & Zhang, J. (2014). “Pregnancy and childbirth outcomes among adolescent mothers: A World Health Organization multicountry study.” An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 121(1), 40-48.
  • 4) American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding, (2012). “Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk. Pediatrics.” 129, 827–841.
  • 5) Horodynski, M., Silk, K., Hsieh, G., Hoffman, A. & Robson, M. (2015). “Tools for teen moms to reduce infant obesity: A randomized clinical trial.” BMC Public Health, 15(1), 22.
  • 6) Jeha, D., Usta, I., Ghulmiyyah, L. & Nassar, A. (2015). “A review of the risks and consequences of adolescent pregnancy.” Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, 8, 1-8.
  • 7) Yıldırım, Y., Ünal, M. M. & Tinar, S. (2005). “Reproductive and characteristics of adolescent pregnancies in turkish women.” J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol, 18, 249-53.
  • 8) Leclair, E., Robert, N., Sprague, A. E. & Fleming, N. (2015). “Factors associated with breastfeeding initiation in adolescent pregnancies: A cohort study.” North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 28(6), 516-521.
  • 9) Victora, C., Bahl, R., Barros, A., França, G., Horton, S. & Krasevec, J. (2016). “Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect.” The Lancet, 387(10017), 475-490.
  • 10) WHO, (2019). “Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health.” URL: https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/adolescence/en/, Erişim Tarihi: 10.02.201911) UNICEF, (2017). “Sustaınable Development Knowledge Platform Progress Of Goal 3 In 2017.” URL: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg3 Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2019.12) WHO, (2018). “World Health Statistics.” URL: https://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2018/en/ Erişim Tarihi: 08.01.2019.
  • 13) Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2018). Doğum İstatistikleri, 2017. Nüfus ve Vatandaşlık İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, URL: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=27588, Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2019.
  • 14) Aydın, D. (2013). “Adölesan gebelik ve adölesan annelik.” Journal of Anatolia Nursing and Health Sciences, 16(4), 250-254.
  • 15) Chandra-Mouli, V., Camacho, A. V. & Michaud, P. A (2013). “WHO guidelines on preventing early pregnancy and poor reproductive outcomes among adolescents in developing countries.” Journal of Adolescent Health, 52, 517–522.
  • 16) Özsoy, S. (2014). “Adölesan annelerin emzirmeye yönelik düşünce ve uygulamaları.” Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 22 (2), 84-93.
  • 17) Holness, N. (2015). “A global perspective on adolescent pregnancy.” International Journal of Nursing Practice, 21(5), 677-681.
  • 18) Martínez, M. R., Numa, L. T., Bernal, D. R., de Galvis, Y. T. & Sierra, G. (2017). “Sexual abuse and neglect situations as risk factors for adolescent pregnancy.” Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría (English ed.), 46(2), 74-81.
  • 19) Klein, J. D. (2005). “Adolescent pregnancy: current trends and issues.” Pediatrics, 116(1), 281-286.
  • 20) Uzun, K. A. & Orhon, Ş. F. (2013). “Adölesan Gebeliklerin Anne ve Bebek Sağlığına Olan Etkileri.” Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 66(1), 19-24.
  • 21) Black, A. Y., Fleming, N. A. & Rome, E. S. (2012). “Pregnancy in adolescents.” Adolescent Medicine: State of the art Reviews, 23(1), 123-138.
  • 22) Sıddıquı, M. M. (2018). “Frequency and Related Health Problems of Adolescent Pregnancy among Rural Families in Pakistan.” Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 12(1), 138-141.
  • 23) Çınar, N. & Hıra, S. (2017). “Adölesan Annelik.” Journal of Human Rhythm, 3(1), 15-19.
  • 24) Mollborn, S. & Dennis, J. A. (2012). “Investigating the life situations and development of teenage mothers’ children: Evidence from the ECLS-B.” Population Research and Policy Review, 31(1), 31-66.
  • 25) WHO, (2016). “Global health estimates 2015: Deaths by cause, age, sex, by country and by region, 2000–2015.” URL: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GHE2015_Deaths_Global_2000_2015.xls?ua=1, Erişim Tarihi: 03.01.2019.
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  • 28) Andrade, P. R. D., Ohara, C. V. D. S., Borba, R. I. H. D. & Ribeiro, C. A. (2015). “Facing the difficult experience even with support: The underage adolescent experiencing motherhood.” Revista Gaucha de Enfermagem, 36, 111-118.
  • 29) Breheny, M. & Stephens, C. (2010). “Youth or disadvantage? The construction of teenage mothers in medical journals.” Culture, Health & Sexuality, 12(3), 307-322.
  • 30) Çolak, Ü. (2012). “Türkiye’deki adölesan gebelikler.” Eğitişim Dergisi, 33(1), 1-6.
  • 31) Popo, E., Kenyon, S., Dann, S. A., MacArthur, C. & Blissett, J. (2017). “Effects of lay support for pregnant women with social risk factors on infant development and maternal psychological health at 12 months postpartum.” PloS one, 12(8), 1-14.
  • 32) Brown, A., Raynor, P. & Lee, M. (2011). “Young mothers who choose to breast feed: the importance of being part of a supportive breast-feeding community.” Midwifery, 27(1), 53-59.
  • 33) Central for Disease Breastfeeding Report Card, (2011). “Breastfeeding Report Card –– United States, 2011.” https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/pdf/2011breastfeedingreportcard.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2019.
  • 34) Pillay, S., Sibanda, W., Ghuman, M. R. & Coutsoudis, A. (2018). “Infant feeding practices of teenage mothers attending a well-baby clinic in a public hospital in Umlazi, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.” South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 31(1), 14-19.
  • 35) da Silva, C. F., Nunes, L. M., Schwartz, R. & Giugliani, E. R. J. (2016). “Effect of a probreastfeeding intervention on the maintenance of breastfeeding for 2 years or more: randomized clinical trial with adolescent mothers and grandmothers.” BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 16(1), 97.
  • 36) Apostolakis-Kyrus, K., Valentine, C. & DeFranco, E. (2013). “Factors associated with breastfeeding initiation in adolescent mothers.” The Journal of Pediatrics, 163(5), 1489-1494.
  • 37) Nesbitt, S. A., Campbell, K. A., Jack, S. M., Robinson, H., Piehl, K. & Bogdan, J. C. (2012). “Canadian adolescent mothers’ perceptions of influences on breastfeeding decisions: A qualitative descriptive study.” BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 12(1), 149.
  • 38) Woods, N., Chesser, A. & Wipperman, J. (2013). “Describing adolescent breastfeeding environments through focus groups in an urban community.” Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, 4(4), 307-310.
  • 39) Smith, P. H., Coley, S. L., Labbok, M. H., Cupito, S. & Nwokah, E. (2012). “Early breastfeeding experiences of adolescent mothers: A qualitative prospective study.” International Breastfeeding Journal, 7, 1-14.
  • 40) Wambach, K. A., Aaronson, L., Breedlove, G., Domain, E. W., Rojjanasrirat, W. & Yeh, H. W. (2011). “A randomized controlled trial of breastfeeding support and education for adolescent mothers.” Western Journal of Nursing Research, 33(4), 486-505.
  • 41) Feldman-Winter, L. & Shaikh, U. (2007). “Optimizing breastfeeding promotion and support in adolescent mothers.” Journal of Human Lactation, 23(4), 362-367.
  • 42) Pentecost, R. & Grassley, J. S. (2014). “Adolescents' needs for nurses' support when initiating breastfeeding.” Journal of Human Lactation, 30(2), 224–228.
  • 43) Çelik, R., & Törüner, E.K. (2018). “Teknoloji temelli emzirme programının adölesan annelerin bebeklerinin büyümesine etkisi.” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hemşirelik Anabilim Dalı, Gazi Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü
  • 44) World Health Organization, (2017). “Guideline: protecting, promoting and supporting breastfeeding in facilities providing maternal and newborn services.” Geneva, 1-7.
  • 45) Kalanda, B. F., Verhoeff, F. H. & Brabin, B. J. (2006). “Breast and complementary feeding practices in relation to morbidity and growth in Malawian infants.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 60(3), 401-407.
  • 46) Kramer, M. S., Guo, T., Platt, R. W., Shapiro, S., Collet, J. P., Chalmers, B. & Vanilovich, I. (2002). “Breastfeeding and infant growth: biology or bias?.” Pediatrics, 110(2), 343- 347.
  • 47) Kamran, A., Shrifirad, G., Mirkarimi, S. K. & Farahani, A. (2012). “Effectiveness of breastfeeding education on the weight of child and self-efficacy of mothers– 2011.” Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 1, 11.
  • 48) Karataş, Z., Aydoğdu, S. D., Karataş, A. & Aydın, B. (2011). “Erken Bebeklik Döneminde Anne Sütü ve Formül Mama ile Beslenen Bebeklerin Ghrelin ve Leptin Düzeylerinin Büyüme Üzerine Etkisi.” Duzce Medical Journal, 13(3), 6-12.
  • 49) Taşkın, L. (2016). “Doğum ve Kadın Sağlığı Hemşireliği.” Genişletilmiş XIII. Baskı. Ankara: Akademisyen Tıp Kitabevi, 219-240.
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Yıl 2019, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4, 460 - 467, 31.12.2019

Öz

Kaynakça

  • 1) Assante, L. M, Chun, S., Yun, M. & Newell, M. (2014). “Social supply of alcohol to Korean high school students: Across-sectional international alcohol control study.” BMJ Open, 4(1), 1-6.
  • 2) Haase, C. M. & Silbereisen, R. K. (2011). “Effects of positive affect on risk perceptions in adolescence and young adulthood.” Journal of Adolescence, 34(1), 29-37.
  • 3) Ganchimeg, T., Ota, E., Morisaki, N., Laopaiboon, M., Lumbiganon, P. & Zhang, J. (2014). “Pregnancy and childbirth outcomes among adolescent mothers: A World Health Organization multicountry study.” An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 121(1), 40-48.
  • 4) American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding, (2012). “Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk. Pediatrics.” 129, 827–841.
  • 5) Horodynski, M., Silk, K., Hsieh, G., Hoffman, A. & Robson, M. (2015). “Tools for teen moms to reduce infant obesity: A randomized clinical trial.” BMC Public Health, 15(1), 22.
  • 6) Jeha, D., Usta, I., Ghulmiyyah, L. & Nassar, A. (2015). “A review of the risks and consequences of adolescent pregnancy.” Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, 8, 1-8.
  • 7) Yıldırım, Y., Ünal, M. M. & Tinar, S. (2005). “Reproductive and characteristics of adolescent pregnancies in turkish women.” J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol, 18, 249-53.
  • 8) Leclair, E., Robert, N., Sprague, A. E. & Fleming, N. (2015). “Factors associated with breastfeeding initiation in adolescent pregnancies: A cohort study.” North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 28(6), 516-521.
  • 9) Victora, C., Bahl, R., Barros, A., França, G., Horton, S. & Krasevec, J. (2016). “Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect.” The Lancet, 387(10017), 475-490.
  • 10) WHO, (2019). “Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health.” URL: https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/adolescence/en/, Erişim Tarihi: 10.02.201911) UNICEF, (2017). “Sustaınable Development Knowledge Platform Progress Of Goal 3 In 2017.” URL: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg3 Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2019.12) WHO, (2018). “World Health Statistics.” URL: https://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2018/en/ Erişim Tarihi: 08.01.2019.
  • 13) Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2018). Doğum İstatistikleri, 2017. Nüfus ve Vatandaşlık İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, URL: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=27588, Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2019.
  • 14) Aydın, D. (2013). “Adölesan gebelik ve adölesan annelik.” Journal of Anatolia Nursing and Health Sciences, 16(4), 250-254.
  • 15) Chandra-Mouli, V., Camacho, A. V. & Michaud, P. A (2013). “WHO guidelines on preventing early pregnancy and poor reproductive outcomes among adolescents in developing countries.” Journal of Adolescent Health, 52, 517–522.
  • 16) Özsoy, S. (2014). “Adölesan annelerin emzirmeye yönelik düşünce ve uygulamaları.” Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 22 (2), 84-93.
  • 17) Holness, N. (2015). “A global perspective on adolescent pregnancy.” International Journal of Nursing Practice, 21(5), 677-681.
  • 18) Martínez, M. R., Numa, L. T., Bernal, D. R., de Galvis, Y. T. & Sierra, G. (2017). “Sexual abuse and neglect situations as risk factors for adolescent pregnancy.” Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría (English ed.), 46(2), 74-81.
  • 19) Klein, J. D. (2005). “Adolescent pregnancy: current trends and issues.” Pediatrics, 116(1), 281-286.
  • 20) Uzun, K. A. & Orhon, Ş. F. (2013). “Adölesan Gebeliklerin Anne ve Bebek Sağlığına Olan Etkileri.” Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 66(1), 19-24.
  • 21) Black, A. Y., Fleming, N. A. & Rome, E. S. (2012). “Pregnancy in adolescents.” Adolescent Medicine: State of the art Reviews, 23(1), 123-138.
  • 22) Sıddıquı, M. M. (2018). “Frequency and Related Health Problems of Adolescent Pregnancy among Rural Families in Pakistan.” Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 12(1), 138-141.
  • 23) Çınar, N. & Hıra, S. (2017). “Adölesan Annelik.” Journal of Human Rhythm, 3(1), 15-19.
  • 24) Mollborn, S. & Dennis, J. A. (2012). “Investigating the life situations and development of teenage mothers’ children: Evidence from the ECLS-B.” Population Research and Policy Review, 31(1), 31-66.
  • 25) WHO, (2016). “Global health estimates 2015: Deaths by cause, age, sex, by country and by region, 2000–2015.” URL: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GHE2015_Deaths_Global_2000_2015.xls?ua=1, Erişim Tarihi: 03.01.2019.
  • 26) Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması, (2013). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, Türkiye. 70-73.
  • 27) National Center for Health Statistics, (2018). “Infant Mortality by Age at Death in the United States, 2016. NCHS Data Brief, No:326.” URL: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db326-h.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2019
  • 28) Andrade, P. R. D., Ohara, C. V. D. S., Borba, R. I. H. D. & Ribeiro, C. A. (2015). “Facing the difficult experience even with support: The underage adolescent experiencing motherhood.” Revista Gaucha de Enfermagem, 36, 111-118.
  • 29) Breheny, M. & Stephens, C. (2010). “Youth or disadvantage? The construction of teenage mothers in medical journals.” Culture, Health & Sexuality, 12(3), 307-322.
  • 30) Çolak, Ü. (2012). “Türkiye’deki adölesan gebelikler.” Eğitişim Dergisi, 33(1), 1-6.
  • 31) Popo, E., Kenyon, S., Dann, S. A., MacArthur, C. & Blissett, J. (2017). “Effects of lay support for pregnant women with social risk factors on infant development and maternal psychological health at 12 months postpartum.” PloS one, 12(8), 1-14.
  • 32) Brown, A., Raynor, P. & Lee, M. (2011). “Young mothers who choose to breast feed: the importance of being part of a supportive breast-feeding community.” Midwifery, 27(1), 53-59.
  • 33) Central for Disease Breastfeeding Report Card, (2011). “Breastfeeding Report Card –– United States, 2011.” https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/pdf/2011breastfeedingreportcard.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2019.
  • 34) Pillay, S., Sibanda, W., Ghuman, M. R. & Coutsoudis, A. (2018). “Infant feeding practices of teenage mothers attending a well-baby clinic in a public hospital in Umlazi, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.” South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 31(1), 14-19.
  • 35) da Silva, C. F., Nunes, L. M., Schwartz, R. & Giugliani, E. R. J. (2016). “Effect of a probreastfeeding intervention on the maintenance of breastfeeding for 2 years or more: randomized clinical trial with adolescent mothers and grandmothers.” BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 16(1), 97.
  • 36) Apostolakis-Kyrus, K., Valentine, C. & DeFranco, E. (2013). “Factors associated with breastfeeding initiation in adolescent mothers.” The Journal of Pediatrics, 163(5), 1489-1494.
  • 37) Nesbitt, S. A., Campbell, K. A., Jack, S. M., Robinson, H., Piehl, K. & Bogdan, J. C. (2012). “Canadian adolescent mothers’ perceptions of influences on breastfeeding decisions: A qualitative descriptive study.” BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 12(1), 149.
  • 38) Woods, N., Chesser, A. & Wipperman, J. (2013). “Describing adolescent breastfeeding environments through focus groups in an urban community.” Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, 4(4), 307-310.
  • 39) Smith, P. H., Coley, S. L., Labbok, M. H., Cupito, S. & Nwokah, E. (2012). “Early breastfeeding experiences of adolescent mothers: A qualitative prospective study.” International Breastfeeding Journal, 7, 1-14.
  • 40) Wambach, K. A., Aaronson, L., Breedlove, G., Domain, E. W., Rojjanasrirat, W. & Yeh, H. W. (2011). “A randomized controlled trial of breastfeeding support and education for adolescent mothers.” Western Journal of Nursing Research, 33(4), 486-505.
  • 41) Feldman-Winter, L. & Shaikh, U. (2007). “Optimizing breastfeeding promotion and support in adolescent mothers.” Journal of Human Lactation, 23(4), 362-367.
  • 42) Pentecost, R. & Grassley, J. S. (2014). “Adolescents' needs for nurses' support when initiating breastfeeding.” Journal of Human Lactation, 30(2), 224–228.
  • 43) Çelik, R., & Törüner, E.K. (2018). “Teknoloji temelli emzirme programının adölesan annelerin bebeklerinin büyümesine etkisi.” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hemşirelik Anabilim Dalı, Gazi Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü
  • 44) World Health Organization, (2017). “Guideline: protecting, promoting and supporting breastfeeding in facilities providing maternal and newborn services.” Geneva, 1-7.
  • 45) Kalanda, B. F., Verhoeff, F. H. & Brabin, B. J. (2006). “Breast and complementary feeding practices in relation to morbidity and growth in Malawian infants.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 60(3), 401-407.
  • 46) Kramer, M. S., Guo, T., Platt, R. W., Shapiro, S., Collet, J. P., Chalmers, B. & Vanilovich, I. (2002). “Breastfeeding and infant growth: biology or bias?.” Pediatrics, 110(2), 343- 347.
  • 47) Kamran, A., Shrifirad, G., Mirkarimi, S. K. & Farahani, A. (2012). “Effectiveness of breastfeeding education on the weight of child and self-efficacy of mothers– 2011.” Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 1, 11.
  • 48) Karataş, Z., Aydoğdu, S. D., Karataş, A. & Aydın, B. (2011). “Erken Bebeklik Döneminde Anne Sütü ve Formül Mama ile Beslenen Bebeklerin Ghrelin ve Leptin Düzeylerinin Büyüme Üzerine Etkisi.” Duzce Medical Journal, 13(3), 6-12.
  • 49) Taşkın, L. (2016). “Doğum ve Kadın Sağlığı Hemşireliği.” Genişletilmiş XIII. Baskı. Ankara: Akademisyen Tıp Kitabevi, 219-240.
  • 50) Hockenberry, M. J. & Wilson, D. (2018). “Wong's nursing care of infants and children.” Elsevier Health Sciences, 548-572.
  • 51) Moyet L. J. C. (2012). “Hemşirelik Tanıları El Kitabı.” Çev: Erdemir F. Nobel Tıp Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • 52) Philipp, B. L., McMahon, M. J. & Davies, S. (2007). “Breastfeeding information in nursing textbooks needs ımprovement.” Journal of Human Lactation, 23(4), 345-349.
  • 53) International Council of Nurses (ICN) (2009). “ICN Framework of Competencies for the Nurse Specialist.” ICN Regulatory Series. Geneva, Switzerland, 5-31.
  • 54) Törüner, K. E. & Büyükgönenç, L. (2017). “Çocuk Sağlığı: Temel Hemşirelik Yaklaşımları.” Ankara: Göktuğ Yayıncılık, 93-97.
  • 55) Lifer, G. (2012). “Maternity nursing an ıntruductory text.” Community-Based Care, The Pregnant Adolescent and Maternity Nursing in the Community, 8, 355-370.
  • 56) İnce, O. T., Kondolot, M. & Yalçın, S. S. (2011). “Büyümenin izlenmesi ve büyüme duraklaması.” Türkiye Çocuk Hastalıkları Dergisi, 5(3). 181-192.
  • 57) World Health Organization, (2009). "Infant and young child feeding: model chapter for textbooks for medical students and allied health professionals.” Geneva, 29-81.
  • 58) Pan American Health Organization/WHO (2003). “Guiding Principles for Complementary Feeding of the Breastfed Child.” Division of Health Promotion and Protection Food and Nutrition Program, Food and Nutrition, 8-14.
  • 59) Tate, A. R., Dezateux, C. & Cole, T. J. (2006). “Millenium Cohort Study Child Health Group. Is infant growth changing?.” International Journal of Obesity, 30(7), 1094- 1096.
  • 60) Grummer-Strawn, L. M., Reinold, C. M., Krebs, N. F. & Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2010). “Use of World Health Organization and CDC growth charts for children aged 0-59 months in the United States.” Recommendations and Reports, 59(9), 1-15.
  • 61) Dietitians of Canada, Canadian Paediatric Society, The College of Family Physicians of Canada, & Community Health Nurses of Canada. (2010). “Promoting optimal monitoring of child growth in Canada: Using the new WHO growth charts.” Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research, 71(1), 1-3.
  • 62) World Health Organization, (1999). “Health 21: The health for all policy framework for WHO European Region.” Cophenhagen, 28-35.
  • 63) T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, (2001). “Herkese Sağlık Türkiye’nin Hedefleri ve Stratejileri.” 62-69.
  • 64) T. C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2018). “Ana Çocuk Sağlığı ve Aile Planlaması Genel Müdürlüğü, Bebek ve Çocuk İzlem Protokolü.” 1-14.
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Rukiye Çelik 0000-0002-0609-2693

Ebru Kılıçarslan Törüner 0000-0002-3358-7616

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Çelik, R., & Kılıçarslan Törüner, E. (2019). Adölesan Anne Bebeklerinin Anne Sütü İle Beslenmesi, Büyümesi ve Hemşirelik Bakımı. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(4), 460-467.
AMA Çelik R, Kılıçarslan Törüner E. Adölesan Anne Bebeklerinin Anne Sütü İle Beslenmesi, Büyümesi ve Hemşirelik Bakımı. Gümüşhane Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. Aralık 2019;8(4):460-467.
Chicago Çelik, Rukiye, ve Ebru Kılıçarslan Törüner. “Adölesan Anne Bebeklerinin Anne Sütü İle Beslenmesi, Büyümesi Ve Hemşirelik Bakımı”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 8, sy. 4 (Aralık 2019): 460-67.
EndNote Çelik R, Kılıçarslan Törüner E (01 Aralık 2019) Adölesan Anne Bebeklerinin Anne Sütü İle Beslenmesi, Büyümesi ve Hemşirelik Bakımı. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 8 4 460–467.
IEEE R. Çelik ve E. Kılıçarslan Törüner, “Adölesan Anne Bebeklerinin Anne Sütü İle Beslenmesi, Büyümesi ve Hemşirelik Bakımı”, Gümüşhane Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 8, sy. 4, ss. 460–467, 2019.
ISNAD Çelik, Rukiye - Kılıçarslan Törüner, Ebru. “Adölesan Anne Bebeklerinin Anne Sütü İle Beslenmesi, Büyümesi Ve Hemşirelik Bakımı”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 8/4 (Aralık 2019), 460-467.
JAMA Çelik R, Kılıçarslan Törüner E. Adölesan Anne Bebeklerinin Anne Sütü İle Beslenmesi, Büyümesi ve Hemşirelik Bakımı. Gümüşhane Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2019;8:460–467.
MLA Çelik, Rukiye ve Ebru Kılıçarslan Törüner. “Adölesan Anne Bebeklerinin Anne Sütü İle Beslenmesi, Büyümesi Ve Hemşirelik Bakımı”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 8, sy. 4, 2019, ss. 460-7.
Vancouver Çelik R, Kılıçarslan Törüner E. Adölesan Anne Bebeklerinin Anne Sütü İle Beslenmesi, Büyümesi ve Hemşirelik Bakımı. Gümüşhane Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2019;8(4):460-7.