The Effects of High Intensive Interval Training (HIIT) on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Cardiovascular Health: A Review

Serdar Bayrakdaroğlu; Nuri Topsakal; Özgür Eken

doi:10.37989/gumussagbil.1052230

Derleme

The Effects of High Intensive Interval Training (HIIT) on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Cardiovascular Health: A Review

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 346 - 354, 19.03.2022

Serdar Bayrakdaroğlu , Nuri Topsakal , Özgür Eken

https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1052230

Cited By: 2

Öz

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) programs have lately gained popularity because they produce beneficial adaptations for both inactive and athletes, as well as positive health and performance benefits and time efficiency. Therefore, it was purposed to review scientific research results about the effects of HIIT programs on BDNF and cardiovascular health. Although there are research findings suggesting that HIIT may be an effective strategy for promoting elevation of BDNF concentrations, current research seems to be rather limited and inconclusive. It can be thought that exercise intensity is a factor affecting BDNF activation. In healthy people, there seems to be a positive linear relationship between exercise intensity and BDNF levels of acute exercise. However, further experimental studies are needed to elucidate the effect of HIIT on BDNF in humans with metabolic or cardiovascular diseases. However, it can be suggested that high intensity can be an significant achievement factor to design an effective exercise programs and the HIIT methodology has a critical importance for improving cardiovascular function, particularly in healthy individuals. In conclusion, while existing studies show that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) programs can improve cardiovascular health in some populations, further scientific research is needed to determine the efficiency of this strategy in producing physiological adaptation to exercise.

Anahtar Kelimeler

High intensity interval training (HIIT), BDNF, Cardiovascular health

Kaynakça

1. Garber, C. E, Blissmer, B, Deschenes, M. R, Franklin, B. A, Lamonte, M. J, Lee, I. M. and Swain, D.P. (2011). “Quantity and Quality of Exercise for Developing and Maintaining Cardiorespiratory, Musculoskeletal, and Neuromotor Fitness in Apparently Healthy Adults”. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43 (7), 1334–1359.
2. Jiménez-Maldonado, A, Rentería, I, García-Suárez, P.C, Moncada-Jiménez, J. and Freire-Royes, L.F. (2018). “The Impact of High-Intensity Interval Training on Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Brain: A Mini-Review”. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 12.
3. Gibala, M. J, Little, J. P, MacDonald, M. J. and Hawley, J. A. (2012). “Physiological adaptations to low-volume, high-intensity interval training in health and disease”. The Journal of Physiology, 590(5), 1077-1084.
4. Issurin, V.B. (2010). “New Horizons for the Methodology and Physiology of Training Periodization”. Sports Medicine, 40(3), 189-206.
5. Frazão, D. T, de Farias Junior, L. F, Dantas, T. C. B, Krinski, K, Elsangedy, H.M, Prestes, J. and Costa, E.C. (2016). “Correction: Feeling of Pleasure to High-Intensity Interval Exercise is Dependent of the Number of Work Bouts and Physical Activity Status”. PLOS ONE, 11(4), e0153986.
6. Los Arcos, A, Vázquez, J. S, Martín, J, Lerga, J, Sánchez, F, Villagra, F. and Zulueta, J. J. (2015). “Effects of Small-Sided Games vs. Interval Training in Aerobic Fitness and Physical Enjoyment in Young Elite Soccer Players”. PLOS ONE, 10(9), e0137224.
7. Selmi, O, Haddad, M, Majed, L, Ben Khalifa, W, Hamza, M. and Chamari, K. (2018). “Soccer Training: High-İntensity İnterval Training is Mood Disturbing While Small Sided Games Ensure Mood Balance”. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 58 (7), 8.
8. Berger, B. G, Motl, R. W, Butki, B. D, Martin, D. T, Wilkinson, J. G. and Owen, D. R. (1999). “Mood and Cycling Performance in Response to Three Weeks of High-Intensity, Short-Duration Overtraining, and a Two-Week Taper”. The Sport Psychologist, 13(4), 444-457.
9. Cassilhas, R. C, Antunes, H. K. M, Tufik, S. and de Mello, M. T. (2010). “Mood, Anxiety, and Serum IGF-1 in Elderly Men Given 24 Weeks of High Resistance Exercise”. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 110 (1), 265-276.
10. Di Blasio, A, Izzicupo, P, Tacconi, L, Di Santo, S, Leogrande, M, Bucci, I. and Napolitano, G. (2016). “Acute and Delayed Effects of High İntensity Interval Resistance Training Organization on Cortisol and Testosterone Production”. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 56 (3), 192-199.
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17. Knaepen, K, Goekint, M, Heyman, E.M. and Meeusen, R. (2010). ‘‘Neuroplasticity-Exercise-Induced Response of Peripheral Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor’’. Sports Medicine, 40 (9), 765-801.
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Yüksek Şiddetli İnterval Antrenmanların (HIIT) Beyin Kaynaklı Nörotrofik Faktör (BDNF) ve Kardiyovasküler Sağlık Üzerine Etkileri: Derleme

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 346 - 354, 19.03.2022

Serdar Bayrakdaroğlu , Nuri Topsakal , Özgür Eken

https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1052230

Cited By: 2

Öz

Yüksek şiddetli interval antrenman (HIIT) programları son zamanlarda hem sedanterler hem de sporcular açısından pozitif adaptasyonlar sağlaması, sağlık ve performans açısından olumlu katkılar sunması, zamansal açıdan verim sağlamasından dolayı popülaritesi giderek artmıştır. Bu noktadan hareketle araştırmada HIIT metadolojisinin BDNF ve kardiyovasküler sağlık üzerindeki etkileri hakkında bilimsel araştırma sonuçlarının derlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. HIIT'in BDNF seviyesini arttırmak için etkili bir stratejisi olabileceğini gösteren araştırma sonuçları olmasına rağmen, mevcut araştırmaların oldukça sınırlı ve yetersiz olduğu görülmektedir. Egzersiz yoğunluğunun BDNF aktivasyonunu etkileyen bir unsur olduğu düşünülebilir. Sağlıklı insanlarda, egzersiz şiddeti ile BDNF seviyeleri arasında doğrusal bir ilişki olduğu görülmektedir. Bununla birlikte, metabolik veya kardiyovasküler hastalarda HIIT'in BDNF üzerindeki etkisini açıklamak için daha fazla deneysel çalışmaya ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Yüksek egzersiz şiddetlerinin, etkili egzersiz programları oluşturmak için önemli bir faktör olabileceği ve HIIT programlarının özellikle sağlıklı bireylerde kardiovasküler fonksiyonun iyileştirilmesi için kritik bir öneme sahip olduğu söylenebilir. Sonuç olarak, güncel araştırmalar, özel popülasyonlarda uygulanan HIIT programlarının kardiyovasküler sağlık üzerinde olumlu etkilerini rapor etmesine rağmen, bu yöntemin egzersize fizyolojik adaptasyonu sağlamadaki etkinliğini belirlemek için daha fazla bilimsel araştırma sonuçlarına ihtiyaç duyulduğu ifade edilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yüksek şiddetli interval antrenmanı (HIIT), BDNF, Kardiyovasküler sağlık

Kaynakça

1. Garber, C. E, Blissmer, B, Deschenes, M. R, Franklin, B. A, Lamonte, M. J, Lee, I. M. and Swain, D.P. (2011). “Quantity and Quality of Exercise for Developing and Maintaining Cardiorespiratory, Musculoskeletal, and Neuromotor Fitness in Apparently Healthy Adults”. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43 (7), 1334–1359.
2. Jiménez-Maldonado, A, Rentería, I, García-Suárez, P.C, Moncada-Jiménez, J. and Freire-Royes, L.F. (2018). “The Impact of High-Intensity Interval Training on Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Brain: A Mini-Review”. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 12.
3. Gibala, M. J, Little, J. P, MacDonald, M. J. and Hawley, J. A. (2012). “Physiological adaptations to low-volume, high-intensity interval training in health and disease”. The Journal of Physiology, 590(5), 1077-1084.
4. Issurin, V.B. (2010). “New Horizons for the Methodology and Physiology of Training Periodization”. Sports Medicine, 40(3), 189-206.
5. Frazão, D. T, de Farias Junior, L. F, Dantas, T. C. B, Krinski, K, Elsangedy, H.M, Prestes, J. and Costa, E.C. (2016). “Correction: Feeling of Pleasure to High-Intensity Interval Exercise is Dependent of the Number of Work Bouts and Physical Activity Status”. PLOS ONE, 11(4), e0153986.
6. Los Arcos, A, Vázquez, J. S, Martín, J, Lerga, J, Sánchez, F, Villagra, F. and Zulueta, J. J. (2015). “Effects of Small-Sided Games vs. Interval Training in Aerobic Fitness and Physical Enjoyment in Young Elite Soccer Players”. PLOS ONE, 10(9), e0137224.
7. Selmi, O, Haddad, M, Majed, L, Ben Khalifa, W, Hamza, M. and Chamari, K. (2018). “Soccer Training: High-İntensity İnterval Training is Mood Disturbing While Small Sided Games Ensure Mood Balance”. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 58 (7), 8.
8. Berger, B. G, Motl, R. W, Butki, B. D, Martin, D. T, Wilkinson, J. G. and Owen, D. R. (1999). “Mood and Cycling Performance in Response to Three Weeks of High-Intensity, Short-Duration Overtraining, and a Two-Week Taper”. The Sport Psychologist, 13(4), 444-457.
9. Cassilhas, R. C, Antunes, H. K. M, Tufik, S. and de Mello, M. T. (2010). “Mood, Anxiety, and Serum IGF-1 in Elderly Men Given 24 Weeks of High Resistance Exercise”. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 110 (1), 265-276.
10. Di Blasio, A, Izzicupo, P, Tacconi, L, Di Santo, S, Leogrande, M, Bucci, I. and Napolitano, G. (2016). “Acute and Delayed Effects of High İntensity Interval Resistance Training Organization on Cortisol and Testosterone Production”. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 56 (3), 192-199.
11. Meeusen, R, Duclos, M, Foster, C, Fry, A, Gleeson, M, Nieman, D. and Urhausen, A. (2013). “Prevention, Diagnosis And Treatment of The Overtraining Syndrome: Joint Consensus Statement of the European College of Sport Science (ECSS) and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)”. European Journal of Sport Science, 13(1), 1–24.
12. Bishop, D. J, Botella, J, Genders, A. J, Lee, M. J. C, Saner, N. J, Kuang, J. and Granata, C. (2019). ‘‘High-Intensity Exercise and Mitochondrial Biogenesis: Current Controversies and Future Research Directions’’. Physiology, 34 (1), 56–70.
13. Metcalfe, R. S, Koumanov, F, Ruffino, J. S, Stokes, K. A, Holman, G. D, Thompson, D. and Vollaard, N. B. J. (2015). ‘‘Physiological and Molecular Responses to an Acute Bout of Reduced-Exertion High-İntensity İnterval Training (REHIT)’’. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 115 (11), 2321-2334.
14. Torma, F, Gombos, Z, Jokai, M, Takeda, M, Mimura, T. and Radak, Z. (2019). ‘‘High İntensity İnterval Training and Molecular Adaptive Response of Skeletal Muscle’’. Sports Medicine and Health Science, 1 (1), 24-32.
15. Little, J.P, Safdar, A, Wilkin, G.P, Tarnopolsky, M.A. and Gibala, M.J. (2010). ‘‘A Practical Model of Low-Volume High-İntensity İnterval Training İnduces Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Human Skeletal Muscle: Potential Mechanisms’’. The Journal of Physiology, 588 (6), 1011-1022.
16. Huang, T, Larsen, K.T, Ried-Larsen, M, Møller, N.C. and Andersen, L.B. (2014). ‘‘The Effects of Physical Activity and Exercise on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Healthy Humans: A Review’’. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 24 (1), 1-10.
17. Knaepen, K, Goekint, M, Heyman, E.M. and Meeusen, R. (2010). ‘‘Neuroplasticity-Exercise-Induced Response of Peripheral Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor’’. Sports Medicine, 40 (9), 765-801.
18. Lucas, S. J, Cotter, J. D, Brassard, P. and Bailey, D. M. (2015).‘‘High-Intensity Interval Exercise and Cerebrovascular Health: Curiosity, Cause, and Consequence’’. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 35 (6), 902-911.
19. Angevaren, M, Vanhees, L, Wendel-Vos, W, Verhaar, H. J.J, Aufdemkampe, G, Aleman, A. and Verschuren, W.M.M. (2007). ‘‘Intensity, But Not Duration, of Physical Activities is Related to Cognitive Function.’’ European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation, 14 (6), 825-830.
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21. Mang, C. S, Snow, N. J, Campbell, K. L, Ross, C. J. D. and Boyd, L. A. (2014). ‘‘A Single Bout of High-İntensity Aerobic Exercise Facilitates Response to Paired Associative Stimulation and Promotes Sequence-Specific İmplicit Motor Learning’’. Journal of Applied Physiology, 117 (11), 1325-1336.
22. Gibala, M. (2007). ‘‘High-Intensity Interval Training: New Insights’’. Sports Science Exchange, 27 (3), 371-377.
23. Buchheit, M. and Laursen, P. B. (2013). ‘‘High-Intensity Interval Training, Solutions to the Programming Puzzle’’. Sports Medicine, 43 (5), 313-338.
24. Boutcher, S. H. (2011). ‘‘High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise and Fat Loss’’. Journal of Obesity, 1-10.
25. Schoenfeld, B. and Dawes, J. (2009). ‘‘High-Intensity Interval Training: Applications for General Fitness Training’’. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 31 (6), 44-46.
26. Akbulut, T, Cınar, V. ve Erdogan, R. (2019). ‘‘The Effect of High Intensity Interval Training Applied with Vitamin E Reinforcement on Thyroid Hormone Metabolism’’. Revista Romaneasca Pentru Educatie Multidimensionala, 11 (4), 1-7.
27. Burgomaster, K. A, Howarth, K. R, Phillips, S. M, Rakobowchuk, M, MacDonald, M. J, McGee, S. L. and Gibala, M. J. (2008). ‘‘Similar Metabolic Adaptations During Exercise After Low Volume Sprint Interval and Traditional Endurance Training in Humans’’. The Journal of Physiology, 586 (1), 151-160.
28. Barde, Y.A, Edgar, D. and Thoenen, H. (1982). ‘‘Purification of a New Neurotrophic Factor From Mammalian Brain’’. The EMBO Journal, 1 (5), 549-553.
29. Leibrock, J, Lottspeich, F, Hohn, A, Hofer, M, Hengerer, B, Masiakowski, P. and Barde, Y.A. (1989). ‘‘Molecular Cloning and Expression of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor’’. Nature, 341 (6238), 149-152.
30. Binder, D.K. and Scharfman, H.E. (2004). ‘‘Mini Review’’. Growth Factors, 22 (3), 123-131.
31. Kowiański, P, Lietzau, G, Czuba, E, Waśkow, M, Steliga, A. and Moryś, J. (2018). ‘‘BDNF: A Key Factor with Multipotent Impact on Brain Signaling and Synaptic Plasticity’’. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 38 (3), 579-593.
32. Huang, E.J. and Reichardt, L.F. (2001). ‘‘Neurotrophins: Roles in Neuronal Development and Function’’. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24 (1), 677-736.
33. Shu, X.Q, Llinas, A. and Mendell, L.M. (1999). ‘‘Effects of Trkb And Trkc Neurotrophin Receptor Agonists on Thermal Nociception: A Behavioral and Electrophysiological Study’’. Pain, 80 (3), 463-470.
34. Delezie, J. and Handschin, C. (2018). ‘‘Endocrine Crosstalk Between Skeletal Muscle and the Brain’’. Frontiers in Neurology, 9.
35. Ogborn, D.I. and Gardiner, P.F. (2010). ‘‘Effects of Exercise and Muscle Type on BDNF, NT-4/5, and Trkb Expression in Skeletal Muscle’’. Muscle & Nerve, 41 (3), 385-391. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.21503
36. Abbasian, S. and Asghar Ravasi, A. (2020). ‘‘The Effect of Antecedent-Conditioning High-İntensity İnterval Training on BDNF Regulation Through PGC-1α Pathway Following Cerebral İschemia’’. Brain Research, 1729, 146618.
37. Wisse, B.E. and Schwartz, M.W. (2003). ‘‘The Skinny on Neurotrophins’’. Nature Neuroscience, 6 (7), 655-656. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn0703-655
38. Griffin, É.W, Mullally, S, Foley, C, Warmington, S.A, O’Mara, S.M. and Kelly, Á.M. (2011). ‘‘Aerobic Exercise İmproves Hippocampal Function and İncreases BDNF in The Serum of Young Adult Males’’. Physiology & Behavior, 104 (5), 934-941.
39. Winter, B, Breitenstein, C, Mooren, F.C, Voelker, K, Fobker, M, Lechtermann, A, Knecht, S. et al. (2007). ‘‘High İmpact Running İmproves Learning’’. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 87 (4), 597-609.
40. Saucedo Marquez, C.M, Vanaudenaerde, B, Troosters, T, and Wenderoth, N. (2015). ‘‘High-İntensity İnterval Training Evokes Larger Serum BDNF Levels Compared with İntense Continuous Exercise’’. Journal of Applied Physiology, 119 (12), 1363-1373.
41. Afzalpour, M.E, Chadorneshin, H.T, Foadoddini, M, and Eivari, H.A. (2015). ‘‘Comparing İnterval and Continuous Exercise Training Regimens on Neurotrophic Factors in Rat Brain’’. Physiology & Behavior, 147, 78-83.
42. De Almeida, A. A, Da Silva S. G, Fernandes, J, Peixinho-Pena, L. F, Scorza, F. A, Cavalheiro, E. A. and Arida, R. M. (2013). ‘‘Differential Effects of Exercise İntensities in Hippocampal BDNF, İnflammatory Cytokines and Cell Proliferation in Rats During The Postnatal Brain Development’’. Neuroscience Letters, 553, 1-6.
43. Freitas, D. A, Rocha-Vieira, E, Soares, B. A, Nonato, L. F, Fonseca, S. R, Martins, J. B, Leite, H. R. (2018). ‘‘High İntensity İnterval Training Modulates Hippocampal Oxidative Stress, BDNF and İnflammatory Mediators in Rats’’. Physiology & Behavior, 184, 6-11.
44. Slusher, A. L, Patterson, V. T, Schwartz, C. S. and Acevedo, E. O. (2018). ‘‘Impact of High İntensity İnterval Exercise on Executive Function and Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Healthy College Aged Males’’. Physiology & Behavior, 191, 116-122.
45. Rentería, I, García-Suárez, P.C, Martínez-Corona, D.O, Moncada-Jiménez, J, Plaisance, E.P. and JiméNez-Maldonado, A. (2020). ‘‘Short-Term High-Intensity İnterval Training İncreases Systemic Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in Healthy Women’’. European Journal of Sport Science, 20 (4), 516-524.
46. Cabral-Santos, C, Castrillón, C.I.M, Miranda, R.A.T, Monteiro, P.A, Inoue, D.S, Campos, E.Z. and Lira, F.S. (2016). ‘‘Inflammatory Cytokines and BDNF Response to High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise: Effect the Exercise Volume’’. Frontiers in Physiology, 7.
47. Murawska-Cialowicz, E, Wojna, J. and Zuwala-Jagiello, J. (2015). ‘‘Crossfit Training Changes Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Irisin Levels at Rest, After Wingate and Progressive Tests, and İmproves Aerobic Capacity and Body Composition of Young Physically Active Men and Women’’. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology : An Official Journal of the Polish Physiological Society, 66 (6), 811-821.
48. Tonoli, C, Heyman, E, Roelands, B, Buyse, L, Piacentini, F, Berthoin, S. and Meeusen, R. (2015). ‘‘BDNF, IGF-I, Glucose and Insulin During Continuous and Interval Exercise in Type 1 Diabetes’’. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 36 (12), 955-959.
49. Domínguez-Sanchéz, M.A, Bustos-Cruz, R.H, Velasco-Orjuela, G.P, Quintero, A.P, Tordecilla-Sanders, A, Correa-Bautista, J.E. and Ramírez-Vélez, R. (2018). ‘‘Acute Effects of High Intensity, Resistance, or Combined Protocol on the Increase of Level of Neurotrophic Factors in Physically Inactive Overweight Adults: The Brain Fit Study’’. Frontiers in Physiology, 9.
50. Giacomet, C, Pochmann, D, Peccin, P.K, Boeira, M.C, Dani, C, Peres, A. and Elsner, V.R. (2019). ‘‘Does a HIIT Modulate BDNF Levels, and Epigenetic and Muscle Damage Markers in Postmenopausal Obese Women? Comparative Exercise Physiology, 15 (4), 243-251.
51. Kenney, W.L, Wilmore, J.H. and Costill, D.L. (2015). ‘‘Physiology of Sport and Exercise’’. United States of America: Human Kinetics.
52. ACSM. (2013). ‘‘ACSM’s Resources for the Health Fitness Specialist’’. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
53. Astorino, T.A. Allen, R.P. Roberson, D.W. and Jurancich, M. (2012). ‘‘Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training on Cardiovascular Function, V̇o2max, and Muscular Force’’. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26 (1), 138-145.
54. Gormley, S.E. Swain, D.P. High, R, Spina, R.J, Dowling, E.A, Kotipalli, U.S, and Gandrakota, R. (2008). ‘‘Effect of Intensity of Aerobic Training on V˙O2max’’. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40 (7), 1336–1343.
55. Guiraud, T, Nigam, A, Gremeaux, V, Meyer, P, Juneau, M. and Bosquet, L. (2012). ‘‘High-Intensity Interval Training in Cardiac Rehabilitation’’. Sports Medicine, 42 (7), 587-605.
56. Normandin, E, Nigam, A, Meyer, P, Juneau, M, Guiraud, T, Bosquet, L. and Gayda, M. (2013). ‘‘Acute Responses to Intermittent and Continuous Exercise in Heart Failure Patients’’. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 29 (4), 466-471.
57. Boyne, P, Dunning, K, Carl, D, Gerson, M, Khoury, J, Rockwell, B. and Kissela, B. (2016). ‘‘High-Intensity Interval Training and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training in Ambulatory Chronic Stroke: Feasibility Study’’. Physical Therapy, 96 (10), 1533-1544.
58. Batacan, R. B, Duncan, M. J, Dalbo, V. J, Tucker, P. S. and Fenning, A. S. (2017). ‘‘Effects of High-İntensity İnterval Training on Cardiometabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Intervention Studies’’. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51 (6), 494-503.
59. Gibala, M.J. (2018). ‘‘Interval Training for Cardiometabolic Health: Why Such a HIIT?’’. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 17 (5), 148-150.
60. Fisher, G, Brown, A.W, Bohan Brown, M.M, Alcorn, A, Noles, C, Winwood, L. and Allison, D.B. (2015). ‘‘High Intensity Interval- vs Moderate Intensity- Training for Improving Cardiometabolic Health in Overweight or Obese Males: A Randomized Controlled Trial’’. Plos One, 10 (10), E0138853.
61. Rognmo, Ø, Moholdt, T, Bakken, H, Hole, T, Mølstad, P, Myhr, N. E. and Wisløff, U. (2012). ‘‘Cardiovascular Risk of High- Versus Moderate-Intensity Aerobic Exercise in Coronary Heart Disease Patients’’. Circulation, 126 (12), 1436-1440.
62. Thompson, P. D, Franklin, B. A, Balady, G. J, Blair, S. N, Corrado, D, Estes, N.A.M. and Costa, F. (2007). ‘‘Exercise and Acute Cardiovascular Events’’. Circulation, 115 (17), 2358-2368.
63. American College of Sports Medicine. (2018). ‘‘ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription (10th ed.)’’. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams Wilkins Heal.
64. Abbott, A. A. (2009). ‘‘Fitness Professionals: Certified, Qualified and Justified’’. The Exercise Standards and Malpractice Reporter, 23 (2), 20-22.

Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm	Derlemeler
Yazarlar	Serdar Bayrakdaroğlu 0000-0002-2166-6675 Nuri Topsakal 0000-0003-1583-107X Özgür Eken 0000-0002-5488-3158
Yayımlanma Tarihi	19 Mart 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2022 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA	Bayrakdaroğlu, S., Topsakal, N., & Eken, Ö. (2022). The Effects of High Intensive Interval Training (HIIT) on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Cardiovascular Health: A Review. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(1), 346-354. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1052230
AMA	Bayrakdaroğlu S, Topsakal N, Eken Ö. The Effects of High Intensive Interval Training (HIIT) on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Cardiovascular Health: A Review. Gümüşhane Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. Mart 2022;11(1):346-354. doi:10.37989/gumussagbil.1052230
Chicago	Bayrakdaroğlu, Serdar, Nuri Topsakal, ve Özgür Eken. “The Effects of High Intensive Interval Training (HIIT) on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Cardiovascular Health: A Review”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 11, sy. 1 (Mart 2022): 346-54. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1052230.
EndNote	Bayrakdaroğlu S, Topsakal N, Eken Ö (01 Mart 2022) The Effects of High Intensive Interval Training (HIIT) on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Cardiovascular Health: A Review. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 11 1 346–354.
IEEE	S. Bayrakdaroğlu, N. Topsakal, ve Ö. Eken, “The Effects of High Intensive Interval Training (HIIT) on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Cardiovascular Health: A Review”, Gümüşhane Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 11, sy. 1, ss. 346–354, 2022, doi: 10.37989/gumussagbil.1052230.
ISNAD	Bayrakdaroğlu, Serdar vd. “The Effects of High Intensive Interval Training (HIIT) on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Cardiovascular Health: A Review”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 11/1 (Mart 2022), 346-354. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1052230.
JAMA	Bayrakdaroğlu S, Topsakal N, Eken Ö. The Effects of High Intensive Interval Training (HIIT) on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Cardiovascular Health: A Review. Gümüşhane Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022;11:346–354.
MLA	Bayrakdaroğlu, Serdar vd. “The Effects of High Intensive Interval Training (HIIT) on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Cardiovascular Health: A Review”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 11, sy. 1, 2022, ss. 346-54, doi:10.37989/gumussagbil.1052230.
Vancouver	Bayrakdaroğlu S, Topsakal N, Eken Ö. The Effects of High Intensive Interval Training (HIIT) on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Cardiovascular Health: A Review. Gümüşhane Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022;11(1):346-54.

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