Güney Afrika Kalkınma Topluluğunda Sağlık Sektörüne Yönelik İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Mevzuatı: Botsvana ve Güney Afrika Örneği

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3, 1455 - 1463, 26.09.2023

Olebeng Mpho Mackenzıe , Emel Filiz

https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1139800

Öz

İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği (İSG) mevzuatı, düzenlemeleri ve dünya genelindeki tüm sektörlerde çalışanlara yönelik yaptırımlar hala eksiktir ve kalkınmayı teşvik etmek için radikal ve sistematik bir yaklaşım gerektirmektedir. Ancak COVID 19 pandemisinin ortaya çıkması, sağlığın ön planda olduğu her sektörde İSG mevzuatlarına olan büyük ihtiyaca ışık tutmuştur. Güney Afrika Kalkınma Topluluğu (SADC) bölgesindeki bazı ülkeler, başta sağlık hizmeti işkolu olmak üzere, İSG alanında sınırlı organizasyonel ve yasal yapılara sahiptir. Güney Afrika bölgesinde İSG konusunda bilgi kıtlığı var çünkü hala emekleme aşamasında ve büyük ölçüde az gelişmiş durumdadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Güney Afrika Kalkınma Topluluğu bölgesinde özellikle Botsvana ve Güney Afrika'nın sağlık hizmeti işkolunda İSG mevzuatlarının yapısının geleneksel bir incelemesini yapmaktır. Sonuç olarak, Botsvana'ya kıyasla oldukça gelişmiş sistemlere sahip Güney Afrika ile her iki ülke de işyeri sağlığı ve güvenliğini yöneten mevzuat çerçeveleri geliştirmede farklı seviyelere ulaşmıştır. İnsan kaynakları eksiklikleri ve uzmanlık eksikliği, her iki ülkede de işyeri sağlığı ve güvenliği programlarının uygulanmasında ve bunlara uyulmasında büyük zorluklar olarak gösterilmektedir. Her iki ülkede, Güney Afrika bölgesinde ve diğer gelişmekte olan ülkelerde özellikle sağlık hizmeti işkolunda iş sağlığının geliştirilmesine, belirli politikaları ve mevzuatlarının geliştirilmesine ve ayrıca İSG konusunda eğitim ve öğretim sağlanmasına odaklanılması yardımcı olabilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mevzuat, Sağlık Sektörü, İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği, Botsvana, Güney Afrika

Occupational Health and Safety Legislation for the Health Sector in Southern African Development Community: The Case of Botswana and South Africa

Öz

Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) legislation, regulation, and enforcement for workers in all sectors worldwide still need to be improved and require a radical and systematic approach to foster development. However, the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic has shed light on the great need for OHS legislation in every sector, with health at the forefront. Some nations in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region need more organizational and legislative structures in OHS, particularly in the health sector. Literature on OHS in the Southern African region is scarce because it is still in its infancy and greatly underdeveloped. The purpose of this study is to conduct a traditional review of the structure of OHS legislation in the SADC region, specifically in Botswana and South Africa's health sector. In conclusion, Botswana and South Africa have reached different levels in developing legislation frameworks that govern workplace health and safety, with South Africa having a highly developed system compared to Botswana. Human resource shortage and a lack of OHS expertise are significant challenges in implementing and adhering to workplace health and safety programs in both countries. The development of occupational health, specifically in the health sector in both countries, the Southern African region and other developing countries, could be aided by a focus on developing specific policies and legislations and providing training and education in OHS.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Legislation, Health Care Sector, Occupational Health and Safety, Botswana, South Africa

Kaynakça

• 1. Khan,W.A, Mustaq, T. and Tabassum, A. (2014). “Occupational Health, Safety and Risk Analysis”. International Journal of Science Environment and Technology, 3 (4), 1336-1346.
• 2. Palancı, Y, Mengenci, C, Bayraktaroğlu, S. and Emhan, A. (2020). “Analysis of Workplace Health and Safety, Job Stress, Interpersonal Conflict, and Turnover Intention: A Comparative Study in the Health Sector”. Health Psychology Report, 41 (1), 15-20.
• 3. ILO/WHO. (1950). "Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health, First Session 1950 (Revised in Meeting Report, ILO/WHO 12th Session, Geneva, 1995)". Geneve: International Labour Organization. 4. Haq, I.U. (2011). "The Impact Of Interpersonal Conflict On Job Outcomes: Mediating Role Of Perception Of Organizational Politics". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 25, 287-310. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.549.
• 5. WHO/ILO. (2021). "WHO/ILO: Almost 2 Million People Die from Work-related Causes Each Year". Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/news/item/16-09-2021-who-ilo-almost-2-million-people-die-from-work-related-causes-each-year (Erişim tarihi: 12. 03.2022).
• 6. European Commission. (2011). "Occupational Health and Safety Risks in the Healthcare Sector: Guide to Prevention and Good Practice". Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
• 7. United States Department of Labour. (2022). "What Types of Hazards Do Workers Face”? Erişim adresi: https://www.osha.gov/healthcare (Erişim tarihi:11.04.2022).
• 8. Adams, S, Morar, R, Kobe-Alexander, T. and Jeebhay, M. F. (2013). "Occupational Health Challenges Facing the Department of Health: Protecting Employees against Tuberculosis and Caring for Former Mineworkers with Occupational Health Disease". In: A. PADARATH, R. ENGLISH (Eds.) South African Health Review 2012/13 67-82. Durban: Health Systems Trust.
• 9. Kitt, M.M, Khalid, G, Rahimi, S. and McCarthy, B.J. (2006). "An Occupational Health Services Initiative at a Women’s Hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan". Public Health Reports, 121 (6), 650-657.
• 10. Mrema, E.J, Ngowi, A. V. and Mamuya, S.H.D. (2015). "Status of Occupational Health and Safety and Related Challenges in Expanding Economy of Tanzania". Annals of Global Health, 81 (4), 538-547.
• 11. Moyo, D, Zungu, M, Erick, P, Tumoyagae, T, Mwansa, C, Muteti, S, Makhothi, A. and Marie, K. (2017) . "Occupational Health and Safety in the Southern African Development Community". Occupational Medicine, 67 (8), 590-592.
• 12. WHO. (2007). "Development of Human Resources for Health in the WHO African Region: Current Situation and Way Forward". Erişim adresi: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/ 19995/AFR-RC57-9.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (Erişim tarihi: 31.03.2022).
• 13. SADC. (2022). "Southern African Development Community: About SADC". Erişim adresi: http://www.sadc.int/ABOUT-SAD (Erişim tarihi: 12.04.2022).
• 14. Statistics Botswana. (2014). "Botswana Population and Housing Census 2011 Analytical Report". Statistics Botswana: Gaborone.
• 15. Republic of Botswana and UNFPA. (2018). "Opportunities and Policy Actions to Maximize the Demographic Dividend in Botswana: Demographic Dividend Study Report". Gaborone: UNFPA.
• 16. World Bank. (2015). Erişim adresi: "The World Bank Data. Botswana".http://data.worldbank.org/country/botswana. (Erişim tarihi: 19.03.2022).
• 17. Statistics South Africa. (2014). "Statistical Release P0302: Mid Year Population Estimates". Pretoria, South Africa: Stats SA.
• 18. World Bank. (2022). "The World Bank Data. South Africa". Erişim adresi: https://data.worldbank.org/country/ZA (Erişim tarihi: 09.04.2022).
• 19. National Department of Health. (2011). "Human Resources for Health South Africa 2030: HRH Strategy for the Health Sector: 2012/13-2016/17". Pretoria: National Department of Health.
• 20. Ministry of Health and Wellness. (2016). "Botswana 2013/2014 Health Accounts Report". Gaborone: MoHW.
• 21. Ministry of Finance and Development Planning. (2013). "Mid-Term Review of NDP 10". Gaborone: Ministry of Finance and Development Planning.
• 22. Nkomazana, O, Peersman, W, Willcox, M, Mash, R. and Phaladze, N. (2014) . "Human Resources for Health in Botswana: The Results of In-Country Database and Reports Analysis”. African Journal of Primary Health Care & Amp; Family Medicine, 6 (1),1-8.
• 23. African Institute of Health and Leadership Development. (2015). "Minimum Data Sets for Human Resources for Health and the Surgical Workforce in South Africa's Health System: A Rapid Analysis of Stock and Migration". Pretoria: African Institute of Health and Leadership Development.
• 24. World Health Organization. (2018). "World Health Statistics 2018: Monitoring Health for the SDGs". Geneva: WHO.
• 25. South African National Department of Health. (2017). "Annual Report of the National Department of Health". Pretoria: NDoH.
• 26. ILO. (2022). "The Enormous Burden of Poor Working Conditions". Erişim adresi: https://www.ilo.org/moscow/areas-of-work/occupational-safety-and-health/WCMS_249278/lang--en/index.htm (Erişim tarihi: 03.04.2022).
• 27. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2008). “Fatal Occupational Injuries and Non Fatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses”. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Labor.
• 28. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2007). "Work Related Injuries". Erişim adresi: https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/ latestproducts/63ED457234C2F22DCA25732C002080A7?opendocument (Erişim tarihi: 15.04.2022).
• 29. Lekgothoane, A.M. (2012). “Occupational Injuries and Diseases Amongst Healthcare Workers of the Department of Health in Limpopo Province”. Masters Thesis. University of Limpopo Faculty of Health Sciences, South Africa.
• 30. Rikhotso, O, Morodi T.J. and Masekameni, D.M. (2022). "Occupational Health and Safety Statistics as an Indicator of Worker Physical Health in South African Industry". Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19 (3), 1-21.
• 31. van Ooteghem, P. (2006). “Work-related Injuries and Illnesses in Botswana”. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 12 (1), 42-45.
• 32. LaDou, J. (2003). “International Occupational Health”. Int J Hyg Environ Health, 206, 303-313.
• 33. Puplampu, B. and Quartey, S.H. (2012). “Key Issues on Occupational Health and Safety Practices in Ghana: A Review”. Int J Business Soc Sci, 3 (19), 119-126.
• 34. Moyo, D, Zungu, M, Kgalamono, S. and Mwila, C.D. (2015). “Review of Occupational Health and Safety Organization in Expanding Economies: The Case of Southern Africa”. Ann Glob Health, 81, 495-502.
• 35. Ncube, F. and Kanda, A. (2018). "Current Status And The Future Of Occupational Safety And Health Legislation In Low- And Middle-Income Countries". Safety And Health at Work, 9 (4), 365-371.
• 36. Ministry of Employment, Labour Productivity and Skills Development. (2021). "Department of Occupational Health and safety.” Erişim adresi: https://www.gov.bw/ministries/ministry-employment-labour-productivity-and-skills-development (Erişim tarihi: 29.03.2022).
• 37. Sunday Standard. (2020). "Botswana doesn’t have occupational health and safety law". Erişim adresi: https://www.sundaystandard.info/botswana-doesnt-have-occupational-health-and-safety-law/ (Erişim tarihi: 29.03.2022).
• 38. Public Health Act. (1981). Botswana Public Health Act. 30 January 1981, Cap. 63:01.
• 39. van Klaveren, M, Tijdens, K, Hughie-Williams, M. and Martin, N.R (2009). "An Overview of Women’s Work and Employment in Botswana-Working Paper 09-81". Amsterdam: AIAS.
• 40. Workers Compensation Act. (1998). Worker’s Compensation Act. 28 November 2001, 23 Cap. 47:03.
• 41. Government of Botswana. (2002). “National Industrial Relations Code of Good Practice”. Gaborone, Botswana: Government Printer.
• 42. Buhlebenkosi, F, Sibanda, N, Chaurura, P. and Chiwir, O. (2013). “Occupational Safety in the Urban Informal Sector of Gaborone, Botswana: A Situational Analysis”. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 2 (12), 293-297.
• 43. Mosanawe, J.O. (2013). “Construction Safety and Occupational Safety and Health in Botswana”. African Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safety, 23 (3), 66-67.
• 44. Hassim, A, Heywood, M. and Berger, J. (2007). “Health and Democracy: A Guide to Human Rights, Health Law and Policy in Post Apartheid South Africa”. Capetown: Siber Ink.
• 45. Republic of South Africa, Department of Employment and Labour. (2020). “The Profile of Occupational Health and Safety- South Africa”. Pretoria: Government Printer.
• 46. Mazars, C, Matsuyama, R, Rispoli, J. and Vearey, J.O. (2013). “The Well-being of Economic Migrants in South Africa: Health, Gender and Development: Working Paper for the World Migration Report”. Switzerland: IOM.
• 47. Republic of South Africa, Department of Employment and Labour. (2012). “Compensation Fund Annual Report”. Pretoria: Government Printer
• 48. National Public Health Institute of South Africa Act. (2020). National Public Health Institute of South Africa Act. 05 July 2020, 43604.
• 49. ILO. (1964). “Employment Injury Benefits. Convention No: 121”. Geneva: ILO.
• 50. Lucchini, R.G. and Landrigan, P.J. (2015). “Occupational Health and Safety in the Expanding Economies: Severe Challenges and the Need for Action Through Education and Training”. Ann Glob Health, 81, 463-464.
• 51. Naidoo, R.N. and Ryan, A. (2004). “Specialist Occupational Medicine Services in Sub Saharan Africa”. Afr Newslett Occup Health Saf, 14, 4-6.
• 52. Republic of South Africa, Department of Health. (2003). “Guidelines Booklet for Health-care”. Pretoria: Government Printer.
• 53. Keorekile, O. (2015). Occupational Health Hazards Encountered by Nurses at Letsholathebe II Memorial Hospital in Maun, Botswana. Masters Thesis. University of Limpopo Faculty of Health Sciences, South Africa.
• 54. Orenstein, W.A. and Hinman, A.R. (1999). “The Immunization System in the United States - The Role of School Immunization Laws". Vaccine, 17 Suppl (3), 19-24.