The Impact of Tourism and Economic Growth on Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Yıl 2023, , 427 - 444, 27.09.2023

Didem Kutlu

https://doi.org/10.32572/guntad.1235676

Cited By: 1

Öz

Tourism has grown continuously in recent years and has become an important sector for countries as it contributes to employment, growth, development, protection of environment and culture. In parallel with the increasing number of tourist arrivals, studies on the effect of the tourism sector on carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) have also emerged. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of tourism and economic growth on carbon emissions between 1992 and 2020 in the world’s top 10 destinations according to tourist arrivals using the panel data analysis method. According to the Pedroni and Westerlund cointegration test results, a long-term relationship exists between CO2, gross domestic product (GDP), and tourism revenues. According to the panel Dynamic Least Squares (DOLS) and Fully Modified Least Squares (FMOLS) results, while the number of tourists and tourism revenues have a negative effect on CO2 emissions, GDP has a positive effect. Based on the results of the study, managerial implications are discussed and suggestions for future research are given.

Anahtar Kelimeler

CO2 Emissions, Economic Growth, Tourism, Panel Data Analysis

Turizm ve Ekonomik Büyümenin Karbondioksit Emisyonu Üzerindeki Etkisi

Öz

Turizm son yıllarda sürekli olarak büyüme göstermiş olup istihdam, büyüme, kalkınma, çevre ve kültürün korunmasına katkı sağladığı için ülkeler açısından önemli bir sektör haline gelmiştir. Turizme katılan sayısının giderek artmasına paralel olarak bu sektörde karbondioksit emisyonu (CO2) üzerinde etkisi ile ilgili çalışmalar da ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı dünyada en fazla turist alan 10 ülkede 1992-2020 yılları arasında turizmin ve ekonomik büyümenin CO2 üzerindeki etkisini panel veri analizi yöntemiyle incelemektir. Pedroni ve Westerlund eşbütünleşme testi sonuçlarına göre, CO2, gayri safi yurtiçi hasıla (GSYH) ve turizm gelirleri arasında uzun dönem ilişki söz konusudur. Panel Dinamik En Küçük Kareler (DOLS) ve Tam Düzeltilmiş En Küçük Kareler (FMOLS) yöntemlerinin sonuçlarına göre turist sayılarının ve turizm gelirlerinin CO2 emisyonu üzerinde negatif etkisi varken GSYH’nın pozitif etkisi bulunmaktadır. Çalışma sonuçlarına dayalı olarak yönetsel çıkarımlar tartışılmakta ve gelecekteki araştırmalar için öneriler verilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

CO2 Emisyonu, Ekonomik Büyüme, Turizm, Panel Veri Analizi

Kaynakça

• Akbostanci, E., Turut-Asik, S., & Tunc, G. I. (2009). The relationship between income and environment in Turkey: Is there an environmental kuznets curve?. Energy Policy, 37, 861–867.
• Aye, G. C., & Edoja, P. E. (2017). Effect of economic growth on CO2 emission in developing countries: Evidence from a dynamic panel threshold model. Cogent Economics & Finance, 5(1), 1379239.
• Azam M., Alam, M., &e Hafeez, M. H. (2018). Effect of tourism on environmental pollution: Further evidence from Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. Journal of Cleaner Production, 190, 330–338.
• Ballı, E. (2021). The nexus between tourism, environmental degradation and economic growth. Ege Akademik Bakış, 21(2), 149-161.
• Canpolat Gökçe, E., & Kızılkaya, F. (2022). Türkiye için turizm kaynaklı EKC hipotezinin test edilmesi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(1), 352-362.
• Chen L, Thapa B., & Yan W (2018). The relationship between tourism, carbon dioxide emissions, and economic growth in the Yangtze river delta. China, Sustainability, 10(7), 2118.
• Coondoo, D., & Dinda, S. (2002). Causality between income and emission: A country group specific econometric analysis. Ecological Economics, 40, 351–367.
• Dogan, E., & Aslan, A. (2017). Exploring the relationship among CO2 emissions, real GDP, energy consumption and tourism in the EU and candidate countries: evidence from panel models robust to heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 239–245.
• Dünya Bankası (t.y.). CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita), https://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/themes/environment.html#carbon-dioxide-emissions adresinden 08.05.2023 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• Eyuboglu, K., & Uzar, U. (2020). The impact of tourism on CO2 emission in Turkey. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(13), 1631–1645. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1636006
• Fethi, S., & Senyucel, E. (2020). The role of tourism development on CO2 emission reduction in an extended version of the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Evidence from top 50 tourist destination countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23, 1499- 1524.
• Global Carbon Atlas (Küresel Karbon Atlası – KKA). http://www.globalcarbonatlas.org/en/CO2-emissions adresinden 25.07.2022 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 3914. https://www.doi.org/ 10.3386/w3914.
• Han, V., Polat, G., & Coşkun, S. (2022). Türkiye’de turizm gelişiminin çevresel bozulma üzerine etkisinin değerlendirilmesi. Fiscaoeconomia, 6(2), 345-361. https://www.doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1049390.
• Hsiao, C. (2003). Analysis of panel data. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Huang, T., & Tang, Z. (2021). Estimation of tourism carbon footprint and carbon capacity. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 2021, 16, 1040–1046.
• IPCC (2007). Introduction to the working group II. M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden & C.E. Hanson (Ed), Fourth Assessment Report Climate change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (S. 1-9) içinde. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
• ITF (2021). Decarbonising air transport: Acting now for the future. International Transport Forum Policy Papers, No. 94, OECD Publishing, Paris.
• Kahraman, N., & Türkay, O. (2011). Turizm ve çevre. 4. Baskı, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara.
• Katircioglu, S. T. (2014). International tourism, energy consumption, and environmental pollution: The case of Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 36, 180-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.058.
• Koçak, E., Ulucak, R., & Şentürk Ulucak, Z. (2020). The impact of tourism developments on CO2 emissions: An advanced panel data estimation. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, 100611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100611.
• Kozak, N., Kozak, M. A., & Kozak, M. (2015). Genel Turizm –İlkeler- Kavramlar. Yenilenmiş 17. Baskı, Detay yayıncılık, Ankara.
• Le, T-H., & Nguyen, C. P. (2021). The impact of tourism on carbon dioxide emissions: insights from 95 countries. Applied Economics, 53(2), 235-261. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2020.1804051
• Le Quéré, C., Jackson, R. B., Jones, M. W., et al. (2020). Temporary reduction in daily global CO2 emissions during the covid 19 forced confinement. Nature Climate Change 10, 647–653. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0797-x
• Lee, J. W., & Brahmasrene, T. (2013). Investigating the ınfluence of tourism on economic growth and carbon emissions: evidence from panel analysis of the European Union. Tourism Management, 38, 69–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.02.016
• Lenzen, M., Sun, Y-Y., Faturay, F., Ting, Y-P., Geschke, A., & Malik, A. (2018). The carbon footprint of global tourism. Nature Climate Change 8, 522–528. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0141-x
• Liu H, Wang K-T., Khudoykulov K, Tai T. D., Ngo T. Q., & Phan T. T. H. (2022). Does economic development impact CO2 emissions and energy efficiency performance? Fresh evidences from Europe. Frontiers in Energy Research, 10:860427. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.860427
• Mikayilov, J., Galeotti, M., & Hasanov, F. (2018). The impact of economic growth on CO2 emissions in Azerbaijan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 197, Part 1, 1558-1572.
• Mitić, P., Ivanović, O. M., & Zdravković, A. (2017). A cointegration analysis of real GDP and CO2 emissions in transitional countries. Sustainability, 9(4), 568. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040568
• Nasar, A., Akram, M., Safdar, M. R., & Akbar, M. S. (2021). A qualitative assessment of entrepreneurship amidst Covid 19 pandemic in Pakistan. Asia Pacific Management Review, 27, 182-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2021.08.001
• OECD (2002). Foreign direct investment for development: Maximising benefits, minimising costs organisation for economic co-operation and development. https://www.oecd.org/investment/investmentfordevelopment/1959815.pdf
• Paramati, S. R., Alam, S., & Chen, C-F. (2017). The effects of tourism on economic growth and CO2 emissions: a comparison between developed and developing economies. Journal of Travel Research, 56(6), 712–724.
• Pedroni, P. (2004). Panel cointegration: asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP Hypothesis. Econometric Theory, 20 (3), 597–625.
• Pesaran, M. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, No. 0435. Cambridge University, Cambridge.
• Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2007). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010
• Ray R. L., Singh V. P., Singh S. K., Acharya B. S., & He, Y. (2022). What is the impact of Covid 19 pandemic on global carbon emissions? Science of the Total Environment, 816, 151503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151503
• Rico, A., Martínez-Blanco, J., Montlleó, M., Rodríguez, G., Tavares, N., Arias, A., & Oliver-Solà, J. (2022). Carbon footprint of tourism in Barcelona. Tourism Management, 70, 491-504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.09.012
• Sarıtaş, T., & Akar, G. (2022). Turizmin CO2 Emisyonuna Etkisi: Panel Veri Analizi. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi, 5(1), 104-117.
• Scott, D., Amelung, B., Becken, S., Ceron, J.-P., Dubois, G., & Gossling, S. (2008). Climate change and tourism: responding to global challenges. https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284412341
• Tong, Y., Zhang, R., & He, B. (2022). The carbon emission reduction effect of tourism economy and its formation mechanism: an empirical study of China's 92 tourism-dependent cities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 5, 19(3), 1824. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031824
• Uluslararası Ticaret Yönetimi (t.y.). Travel & tourism industry. https://www.trade.gov/travel-tourism-industry a
• UNWTO (2019). Tourism statistics: Country-specific: Basic indicators (Compendium). https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/epdf/10.5555/unwtotfb0764010020172021202211
• World Tourism Organization (2021). International tourism highlights. 2020 Edition. https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/epdf/10.18111/9789284422456
• World Tourism Organization and International Transport Forum (2019). Transport-related CO2 emissions of the tourism sector – modelling results. https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/epdf/10.18111/9789284416660
• Yerdelen Tatoğlu, Ferda (2019). Panel veri analizi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Açık ve Uzaktan Eğitim Fakültesi Ders Notu.
• Yurtkuran, S. (2022). Gelen turist sayısının en fazla olduğu 10 ülkede turizm ile CO2 salımı arasındaki ilişki: panel Fourier Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik analizi. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (61), 281-303. https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.988886
• Zhang, L., & Gao, J. (2016). Exploring the effects of ınternational tourism on China's economic growth, energy consumption and environmental pollution: Evidence from a regional panel analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53, 225-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.040
• Zhang, S., & Liu, X. (2019). The roles of international tourism and renewable energy in environment: New evidence from Asian countries. Renewable Energy, 139, 385–394.
• Zhang, J., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Tourism, economic growth, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions in China. Tourism Economics, 27(5), 1060-1080. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816620918458