Programlı Hücre Ölümü; Apoptoz

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 120 - 135, 26.12.2021

Tuğba Dağdeviren

Öz

Organizmada yaşam, belirli aşamalardan oluşmaktadır. Bunlar; doğum, canlılığın devamı olan üreme, yaşlanma ve nihayetinde ölümdür. Yaşamın bu şekilde devam edebilmesi için canlıyı oluşturan temel fonksiyonlar arasında bir denge vardır. Organizmada yeni hücreler oluşurken, var olan hücrelerin bir kısmı da hücre ölümü ile ortadan kaldırılmaktadır ve böylece ölüm ile yaşam arasındaki denge korunmaktadır. Fizyolojik ve patolojik durumlarda hücreyi ölüme götüren ve işleyişleri farklı olan iki mekanizma vardır, nekroz ve apoptoz. Apoptoz, programlı hücre ölümü olarak bilinen enerjiye bağımlı fizyolojik bir süreçtir. Apoptoz, embriyolojik gelişim ve erişkin dokuların devamlılığında kritik rol oynar. Programlı hücre ölümü organizmanın ihtiyaç duymadığı, biyolojik görevini tamamlamış ya da hasarlı hücreleri genetik düzeyde de kontrol ederek yok eden bir mekanizmadır. Apoptoz hızının bozulduğu, yavaşladığı veya arttığı durumlarda çeşitli hastalıklar ortaya çıkmaktadır. Apoptozu düzenleyen mekanizma, çeşitli proteinleri ve molekülleri içerir. Bu moleküllerin karşılıklı aktivasyonu apoptozun gerçekleşmesi için önemlidir. Bu derlemede, programlı hücre ölümünün nasıl gerçekleştiği, apoptotik yolaklara ait moleküler mekanizmaların neler olduğu ve apoptozun belirlenmesinde kullanılan çeşitli yöntemler genel hatlarıyla ifade edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Apoptoz, Bcl-2, Kaspaz

Programmed Cell Death; Apoptosis

Öz

Life in an organism consists of specific stages. These are birth, fertility that is the continuation of life, aging, and eventually death. In order for life to continue in this way, there is a balance between the basic functions that forming the life. While new cells are formed in the organism, some of the existing cells are eliminated by cell death, thus maintaining the balance between death and life. In physiological and pathological conditions, there are two mechanisms that lead to cell death and differ in their functioning, necrosis and apoptosis. Apoptosis is an energy-dependent physiological process known as programmed cell death. Apoptosis plays a critical role in embryological development and continuity of adult tissues. Programmed cell death is a mechanism that destroys cells that the organism does not need, that have completed their biological task or that control and destroy damaged cells at the genetic level. Various diseases occur when the rate of apoptosis is impaired, slowed down or increased. The mechanism that regulates apoptosis involves various proteins and molecules. Mutual activation of these molecules is important for apoptosis to occur. In this review, how programmed cell death occurs, what are the molecular mechanisms of the pathways and various methods used in the determination of apoptosis are expressed in general terms.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Apoptosis, Bcl-2, Caspase

Kaynakça

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