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Chechnya: Political and Military Vicious Circle

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 28, 275 - 317, 12.12.2018

Mesut Uyar

https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.495962
Cited By: 1

Öz

Chechens have fought against Russian occupation and administration since 1750 by themselves or with other Caucasian nations. This struggle has reached its peak once in 1850s and then again in 1990s. The main thesis of this article is that both Chechens and Russians had applied the same pointless strategy and methods and that they had not learned anything from history. If this vicious circle is examined thoroughly, a peaceful conflict resolution will be available.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Chechnya Russia Unconventional Warfare Separatist Nationalism Sheik Shamil

Kaynakça

  • BERKOK, İsmail, Tarihte Kafkasya, İstanbul Matbaası, İstanbul, 1953.
  • BLANCH, Lesley, The Sabres of Paradise, John Murray, 1960, London.
  • BUTBAY, Mustafa, Kafkasya Hatıraları, çev. A.C. Canbulat, TTK Basımevi, Ankara, 1996.
  • GALL, Carlotta ve Thomas de Waal, Checnya: A Small Victorious War, Pan Boks, 1997, London.
  • GAMMER, Moshe, Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnia and Dagestan, Frank Cass, 1994, London.
  • GRIGORIANTZ, Alexander, Kafkasya Halkları: Tarihi ve Etnografik Bir Sentez, (çev.) D. Yurdakul, 1. baskı, Sabah Kitapları, 1999, İstanbul.
  • HENZE, Paul B., Kafkaslarda Ateş ve Kılıç: 19ncu Yüzyılda Kuzey Kafkasya Dağ Köylülerinin Direnişi, (çev.) A. Kösetorunu, ODTÜ Mimarlık Fak. Yay., Ankara, 1985.
  • HUNTER, Virginia, Past and Process in Herodotus and Thucydides, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1982.
  • KARÂHİ, M. Tahir el, Kafkasya Mücahidi Şeyh Şamil’in Hatıraları, (haz.) H. Ahmet Özdemir, Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara, 2000.
  • KRUGER, Rayne, Good-bye Dolly Gray: The Story of the Boer War, 2. baskı, Pan Books, London, 1977.
  • LUCE, T.J., The Greek Historians, Routledge, 1997, London.
  • MILYOTIN [General Dimitri Milyutin], 1839 Senesinde Şimali Dağıstan’da Yapılan Harp Harekâtı, (çev.) A. Şevket, Askerî Matbaa, İstanbul, 1931.
  • SMITH, Sebastian, Allah’s Mountains: The Battle for Chechnya, Tauris Parke, London, 2006.
  • YÜCEER, Nasır, Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Osmanlı Ordusu’nun Azerbaycan ve Dağıstan Harekâtı, Gnkur. Basımevi, Ankara, 1996.
  • AKHMADOV, Ilyas, “The Russian-Chechen Tragedy: The Way to Peace and Democracy”, Central Asian Survey, Cilt XXII/4, Aralık 2003.
  • Anonim, “What Life is Like in Chechnya under the Russian Occupation- the Realities of Today’s Chechnya”, Central Asian Survey, Cilt XXII/4, Aralık 2003.
  • ASHOUR, Omar, “Security, Oil and Internal Politics: The Causes of the Russo-Chechen Conflicts”, Studies in Conflict&Terrorism, Cilt XXVII, 2003.
  • BLANDY, Charles W., “Military Aspects of the Two Russo-Chechen Conflicts in Recent Times”, Central Asian Survey, Cilt XXII/4, Aralık 2003.
  • BLANK, Stephen, “Russia’s Real Drive to the South”, ORBIS, Cilt XXIX/3, Yaz 1995.
  • BLANK, Stephen, “Yeltsin’s Folly: The Russian Invasion of Chechnya”, Mediterranean Quarterly, Cilt VI/3, Yaz 1995.
  • BLANK, Stephen, Younkyoo Kim, “The North Caucasus: Russia’s Other War”, Journal of Slavic Military Studies, Cilt XXIX/2, 2016.
  • COLARUSSO, John, “Chechnya: The War Without Winners”, Current History, Cilt XCIV/594, Ekim 1995.
  • COPPIETERS, Bruno, “Secession and War: A Moral Analysis of the Russian-Chechen Conflict”, Central Asian Survey, Cilt XXIII/4, Aralık 2003.
  • CORNELL, Svante E., “International Reactions to Massive Human Rights Violations: The Case of Chechnya”, Europe-Asia Studies, Cilt LI/1, Ocak 1999.
  • DERLYGUIAN, Georgi M., “Che Guevaras in Turbans”, New Left Review, no. 237, Eylül-Ekim 1999.
  • DUNLOP, John B., “How Many Soldiers and Civilians Died during the Russo-Chechen War of 1994-1996?”, Central Asian Survey, Cilt XIX/3-4, 2000.
  • GAMMER, Moshe, “A Switzer in the Caucasus: Faesy’s Campaigns in Chechnia and Daghestan”, Middle Eastern Studies, Cilt XXX/3, Temmuz 1994.
  • GÖKAY, Bülent, “Chechnia: A Long History of Conflict, Ressistance and Oppression”, Alternatives, Cilt III/2-3, Yaz-Sonbahar 2004.
  • GÜNEY, Niyazi, “Kuzey Kafkasya ve Çeçenistan”, Yeni Türkiye, Cilt I/3, Mart-Nisan 1995.
  • GÜNE-YADCY, Zübeyde, “A Chechen National Hero of the Caucasus in the 18th Century: Sheikh Mansur”, Central Asian Survey, Cilt XXII/1, Mart 2003.
  • HERD, Graeme P., “The Russo-Chechen Information Warfare and 9/11: Al-Qaeda throught the South Caucasus Looking Glass?”, (ed.) Rick Fawn, Realignments in Russian Foreign Policy, Frank Cass, London, 2002.
  • KISRIEV, Enver, Robert Bruce Ware, “Conflict and Catharsis: A Report on Developments in Dagestan Following the Incursions of August and September 1999”, Nationalities Papers, Cilt XXVIII/3, 2000.
  • KÖK, Havva, “Chechen Crisis and Russia’s Future”, Foreign Policy, Cilt XIX/1-2, 1995.
  • LAMBETH, Benjamin S., “Russia’s Wounded Military,” Foreign Affairs, Cilt LXXIV/2, Mart-Nisan, 1995.
  • LIEVEN, Anatol, Chechnya: Tombstone of Russian Power, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1998.
  • MOSKALEV, Boris, “The Anatomy of the Chechen Conflict”, Mediterranean Quarterly, Cilt VII/1, Kış 1996.
  • OLSON, Robert, “The Kurdish Question and Chechnya: Turkish and Russian Foreign Policies since the Gulf War”, Middle East Policy, Cilt IV/3, Mart 1996.
  • PORCH, Douglas, “Bugeaud, Galliéni, Lyautey: The Development of French Colonial Warfare”, (ed.) Peter Paret, John Shy, Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age, 2. baskı, Princeton Uni. Press, Princeton, 1986.
  • POSTEL, Thérese, “The Young and the Normless: Al Qaida’s ideological Recruitment of Western Extremists”, Connections, Cilt XII/4.
  • RATELLE, Jean-François, Emil Aslan Souleimanov, “A Perfect Counterinsurgency? Making Sense of Moscow’s Policy of Chechenisation”, Europe-Asia Studies, Cilt LXVIII/8, Ekim 2016.
  • RUSSELL, John, “Chechen Elites: Control, Cooption or Substitution?”, Europe-Asia Studies, Cilt LXIII/6, Ağustos 2011.
  • RUSSELL, John, “Exploitation of the ‘Islamic Factor’ in the Russo-Chechen Conflict Before and After 11 September 2001” in (ed.) Rick Fawn, Realignments in Russian Foreign Policy, Frank Cass, London, 2002.
  • SAYDAM, Abdullah, “Freedom Movements in Northern Caucasia”, Eurasian Studies, Cilt. II/1, İlkbahar 1995.
  • TAVKUL, Ufuk, “Sovyet Döneminde Kuzey Kafkasya’da Kentleşme”, Tarih ve Toplum, Cilt XVI/94, Ekim 1991.
  • THOMAS, Timothy L., “The Battle of Grozny: Deadly Classroom for Urban Combat”, Parameters, Cilt XXIX/2, Yaz 1999.
  • TURBIVILLE, Graham H., “The Chechen Ethno-Religious Conflict, Terrorism and Crime”, Military Review, Cilt LXXIV/3, Mart 1994.
  • WILLIAMS, Brian Glyn, “From ‘Secessionist Rebels’ to ‘Al-Qaeda Shock Brigades’: Assessing Russia’s Efforts to Extend the Post-September 11th War on Terror to Chechnya”, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Cilt XXIV/1, 2004.
  • YI, Joseph, “Atomised Terror and Democratic Citizenship”, The Political Quarterly, Cilt XXIV/3, Temmuz-Eylül 2013.
  • ALPARGU, Mehmet, “İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Sovyetler’in Kafkasya’daki Tehcir (Sürgün) Uygulamaları”, Altıncı Askeri Tarih Semineri Bildirileri, Cilt I, Gnkur Basımevi, Ankara, 1998.
  • “Chechen Hostage Crisis”, Keesing’s Record of Word Events, Cilt XLIV/6, 24 Haziran 1995.
  • “Chechen Rebels Release Hostages After Raid on Russian Town”, Facts on File, c. 55, no. 5847, 22 Haziran 1995.
  • “Chechnya bomb: Security criticized”, CNN World News, 13 Mayıs 2003, http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/05/13/chechnya. blast/index.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Eylül 2004).
  • “Chechnya Bombardment Renewed”, Facts on File, Cilt LV/2828, 9 Şubat 1995.
  • “Chechnya Truce Reached, Broken”, Facts on File, Cilt LV/2830, 23 Şubat 1995.
  • “Çeçen-PKK Pazarlığı”, Hürriyet, 23 Temmuz 1995.
  • “Explosions ‘led to Russia crashes’”, CNN World News, 30 Ağustos 2004, http://edition.cnn.com/2004/ WORLD/europe/08/30/russia. planecrash/index.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Eylül 2004).
  • “Gas killed 115 Moscow hostages”, CNN World News, 27 Ekim 2002, http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/10/27/moscow.deaths/ index.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Eylül 2004).
  • “Moscow metro blast kills 39”, CNN World News, 6 Şubat bomber kills 9”, CNN World News, 1 Eylül 2004, http://edition.cnn.com/2004/ WORLD/ europe/08/31/russia.carblast/index.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Eylül 2004).
  • “Russia Capture Chechen – Held Village: Many Hostages Freed After Massive Bombardment” Facts on File, Cilt LVI/2876, 18 Ocak, 1996.
  • “Russia, Chechnya Reach Truce in Secession Conflict”, Facts on File, Cilt LV/2853, 3 Ağustos 1995.
  • “Russian suicide blast: Dozens dead”, CNN World News, 4 Ağustos 2003, http://edition.cnn.com/ 2003/WORLD/europe/08/01/russia.blast /index.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Eylül 2004).
  • “Samashki Raid Targeted Civilians”, Facts on File, Cilt LV/2841, 11 Mayıs 1995.
  • “Timeline: Russia terror attacks”, CNN World News, 2 Eylül 2004, http://edition.cnn.com/2004/ WORLD /europe/09/01/russia.timeline/ index.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Eylül 2004).
  • “Toll rises from Russia attack”, CNN World News, 23 Haziran 2004 http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/ europe/06/23/russia.toll/index.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Eylül 2004).
  • BLOTSKY, Oleg “Lessons not Learned”, Time, 20 Şubat 1995.
  • CHURCH, George J., “Death Trap”, Time, 16 Ocak 1995.
  • JACKSON, James O., “Pale, Rested and Ready”, Time, 22 Ocak 1996.
  • KOHAN, John, “Halfway to Peace”, Time, 14 Ağustos 1995.
  • MEIER, Andrew, Paul Quinn-Judge, “War Clouds Over Chechnya”, Time, 17 Ocak 2000.
  • NELAN, Bruce W., “Why it all Went so very Wrong”, Time, 16 Ocak 1995.
  • QUINN-JUDGE, Paul, “Back into The Inferno”, Time, 11 Ekim 1999.
  • QUINN-JUDGE, Paul, “Chechen Hell”, Time, 6 Aralık 1999.
  • QUINN-JUDGE, Paul, “Fear and Loathing”, Time, 6 Mart 2000.
  • QUINN-JUDGE, Paul, “Hard Lessons”, Time, 27 Aralık 1999.
  • QUINN-JUDGE, Paul, “Man with a Mission”, Time, 27 Mart 2000.
  • QUINN-JUDGE, Paul, “Russia Rolls in for War 2K”, Time, 29 Kasım, 1999.
  • QUINN-JUDGE, Paul, “The Fatal Frontier”, Time, 1 Kasım 1999.
  • QUINN-JUDGE, Paul, “War Clouds Over Chechnya”, Time, 25 Ekim, 1999.
  • SERRILL, Michael S., “Blown Away”, Time, 29 Ocak 1996.
  • SERRILL, Michael S., “Morning After the Teror”, Time, 5 Şubat 1996.
  • USHER, Rod, “Russia’s Brass from the Past”, Time, 22 Kasım 1999.
  • ZARAKHOVICH, Yuri, “A Nightmare War in a Remote Land”, Time, 23 Ağustos 1999.
  • ZARAKHOVICH, Yuri, “The Empire Strikes Back”, Time, 1 Kasım, 1999.
  • “Path to Political Settlement in Chechnya”, Nisan 1997, http://www.amina.com, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2000).
  • “Rise of the Wahabi Movement”, http://www.amina.com/ article/politics.shtml, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2000)
  • BODANSKY, Yossef, “Chechnya: The Mujahedin Factor”, January 1998, http://www.amina.com/, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2000);
  • BYSHCHOVETS, Maxim, “A Serene Sky Over Ichkeria”, http://www.amina.com/ article/ politics.shtml, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2000).
  • DAMREL, David, “The Religious Roots of Conflict: Russia and Chechnya”, http: //www.amina.com/ article/politics.shtml, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2000).
  • DIGAEV, Albert, “Speaking About Kidnapping”, http://www.amina.com/ article/politics.shtml, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2000).
  • EBEL, Robert E., “The History and Politics of Chechen Oil”, http://www.amina.com/ article/politics.shtml, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2000).
  • EIDMONT, Maria, “Djohar Dudaev: Dead or Alive? Was He Killed Intentionally?”, 3 Mayıs 1996, http://www.amina.com/article/ politics.shtml, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2000).
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  • FINCH, Raymond C., “Why the Russian Military Failed in Chechnya”, Foreign Military Studies Office, http://call.army.mil/call/fmso/ fmsopubs/issues/ yrusfail/yrusfail.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Temmuz 2000).
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  • TORIN, Vladimir, “The Workings of the Caucasian Mechanism”, http://www.amina.com, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2000);
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Çeçenistan: Siyasi ve Askerî Kısırdöngü

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 28, 275 - 317, 12.12.2018

Mesut Uyar

https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.495962
Cited By: 1

Öz

Çeçenler tek başlarına veya diğer Kafkas milletleriyle beraber 1750’den beri Rus işgali ve yönetimine karşı direnmektedir. Bu direniş 1850’ler ve 1990’larda tepe noktasına çıkmıştır. Bu makalenin iddiası, bu iki tepe noktasında Çeçenlerin ve Rusların çözüm getirmeyen aynı stratejileri ve yöntemleri uyguladıkları ve geçmişten hiçbir ders almadıklarıdır. Bu kısırdöngü iyi analiz edilirse, gelecekte soruna barışçı çözüm bulmak mümkün olacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çeçenistan Rusya Gayri Nizami Harp Ayrılıkçı Milliyetçilik Şeyh Şamil

Kaynakça

  • BERKOK, İsmail, Tarihte Kafkasya, İstanbul Matbaası, İstanbul, 1953.
  • BLANCH, Lesley, The Sabres of Paradise, John Murray, 1960, London.
  • BUTBAY, Mustafa, Kafkasya Hatıraları, çev. A.C. Canbulat, TTK Basımevi, Ankara, 1996.
  • GALL, Carlotta ve Thomas de Waal, Checnya: A Small Victorious War, Pan Boks, 1997, London.
  • GAMMER, Moshe, Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnia and Dagestan, Frank Cass, 1994, London.
  • GRIGORIANTZ, Alexander, Kafkasya Halkları: Tarihi ve Etnografik Bir Sentez, (çev.) D. Yurdakul, 1. baskı, Sabah Kitapları, 1999, İstanbul.
  • HENZE, Paul B., Kafkaslarda Ateş ve Kılıç: 19ncu Yüzyılda Kuzey Kafkasya Dağ Köylülerinin Direnişi, (çev.) A. Kösetorunu, ODTÜ Mimarlık Fak. Yay., Ankara, 1985.
  • HUNTER, Virginia, Past and Process in Herodotus and Thucydides, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1982.
  • KARÂHİ, M. Tahir el, Kafkasya Mücahidi Şeyh Şamil’in Hatıraları, (haz.) H. Ahmet Özdemir, Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara, 2000.
  • KRUGER, Rayne, Good-bye Dolly Gray: The Story of the Boer War, 2. baskı, Pan Books, London, 1977.
  • LUCE, T.J., The Greek Historians, Routledge, 1997, London.
  • MILYOTIN [General Dimitri Milyutin], 1839 Senesinde Şimali Dağıstan’da Yapılan Harp Harekâtı, (çev.) A. Şevket, Askerî Matbaa, İstanbul, 1931.
  • SMITH, Sebastian, Allah’s Mountains: The Battle for Chechnya, Tauris Parke, London, 2006.
  • YÜCEER, Nasır, Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Osmanlı Ordusu’nun Azerbaycan ve Dağıstan Harekâtı, Gnkur. Basımevi, Ankara, 1996.
  • AKHMADOV, Ilyas, “The Russian-Chechen Tragedy: The Way to Peace and Democracy”, Central Asian Survey, Cilt XXII/4, Aralık 2003.
  • Anonim, “What Life is Like in Chechnya under the Russian Occupation- the Realities of Today’s Chechnya”, Central Asian Survey, Cilt XXII/4, Aralık 2003.
  • ASHOUR, Omar, “Security, Oil and Internal Politics: The Causes of the Russo-Chechen Conflicts”, Studies in Conflict&Terrorism, Cilt XXVII, 2003.
  • BLANDY, Charles W., “Military Aspects of the Two Russo-Chechen Conflicts in Recent Times”, Central Asian Survey, Cilt XXII/4, Aralık 2003.
  • BLANK, Stephen, “Russia’s Real Drive to the South”, ORBIS, Cilt XXIX/3, Yaz 1995.
  • BLANK, Stephen, “Yeltsin’s Folly: The Russian Invasion of Chechnya”, Mediterranean Quarterly, Cilt VI/3, Yaz 1995.
  • BLANK, Stephen, Younkyoo Kim, “The North Caucasus: Russia’s Other War”, Journal of Slavic Military Studies, Cilt XXIX/2, 2016.
  • COLARUSSO, John, “Chechnya: The War Without Winners”, Current History, Cilt XCIV/594, Ekim 1995.
  • COPPIETERS, Bruno, “Secession and War: A Moral Analysis of the Russian-Chechen Conflict”, Central Asian Survey, Cilt XXIII/4, Aralık 2003.
  • CORNELL, Svante E., “International Reactions to Massive Human Rights Violations: The Case of Chechnya”, Europe-Asia Studies, Cilt LI/1, Ocak 1999.
  • DERLYGUIAN, Georgi M., “Che Guevaras in Turbans”, New Left Review, no. 237, Eylül-Ekim 1999.
  • DUNLOP, John B., “How Many Soldiers and Civilians Died during the Russo-Chechen War of 1994-1996?”, Central Asian Survey, Cilt XIX/3-4, 2000.
  • GAMMER, Moshe, “A Switzer in the Caucasus: Faesy’s Campaigns in Chechnia and Daghestan”, Middle Eastern Studies, Cilt XXX/3, Temmuz 1994.
  • GÖKAY, Bülent, “Chechnia: A Long History of Conflict, Ressistance and Oppression”, Alternatives, Cilt III/2-3, Yaz-Sonbahar 2004.
  • GÜNEY, Niyazi, “Kuzey Kafkasya ve Çeçenistan”, Yeni Türkiye, Cilt I/3, Mart-Nisan 1995.
  • GÜNE-YADCY, Zübeyde, “A Chechen National Hero of the Caucasus in the 18th Century: Sheikh Mansur”, Central Asian Survey, Cilt XXII/1, Mart 2003.
  • HERD, Graeme P., “The Russo-Chechen Information Warfare and 9/11: Al-Qaeda throught the South Caucasus Looking Glass?”, (ed.) Rick Fawn, Realignments in Russian Foreign Policy, Frank Cass, London, 2002.
  • KISRIEV, Enver, Robert Bruce Ware, “Conflict and Catharsis: A Report on Developments in Dagestan Following the Incursions of August and September 1999”, Nationalities Papers, Cilt XXVIII/3, 2000.
  • KÖK, Havva, “Chechen Crisis and Russia’s Future”, Foreign Policy, Cilt XIX/1-2, 1995.
  • LAMBETH, Benjamin S., “Russia’s Wounded Military,” Foreign Affairs, Cilt LXXIV/2, Mart-Nisan, 1995.
  • LIEVEN, Anatol, Chechnya: Tombstone of Russian Power, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1998.
  • MOSKALEV, Boris, “The Anatomy of the Chechen Conflict”, Mediterranean Quarterly, Cilt VII/1, Kış 1996.
  • OLSON, Robert, “The Kurdish Question and Chechnya: Turkish and Russian Foreign Policies since the Gulf War”, Middle East Policy, Cilt IV/3, Mart 1996.
  • PORCH, Douglas, “Bugeaud, Galliéni, Lyautey: The Development of French Colonial Warfare”, (ed.) Peter Paret, John Shy, Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age, 2. baskı, Princeton Uni. Press, Princeton, 1986.
  • POSTEL, Thérese, “The Young and the Normless: Al Qaida’s ideological Recruitment of Western Extremists”, Connections, Cilt XII/4.
  • RATELLE, Jean-François, Emil Aslan Souleimanov, “A Perfect Counterinsurgency? Making Sense of Moscow’s Policy of Chechenisation”, Europe-Asia Studies, Cilt LXVIII/8, Ekim 2016.
  • RUSSELL, John, “Chechen Elites: Control, Cooption or Substitution?”, Europe-Asia Studies, Cilt LXIII/6, Ağustos 2011.
  • RUSSELL, John, “Exploitation of the ‘Islamic Factor’ in the Russo-Chechen Conflict Before and After 11 September 2001” in (ed.) Rick Fawn, Realignments in Russian Foreign Policy, Frank Cass, London, 2002.
  • SAYDAM, Abdullah, “Freedom Movements in Northern Caucasia”, Eurasian Studies, Cilt. II/1, İlkbahar 1995.
  • TAVKUL, Ufuk, “Sovyet Döneminde Kuzey Kafkasya’da Kentleşme”, Tarih ve Toplum, Cilt XVI/94, Ekim 1991.
  • THOMAS, Timothy L., “The Battle of Grozny: Deadly Classroom for Urban Combat”, Parameters, Cilt XXIX/2, Yaz 1999.
  • TURBIVILLE, Graham H., “The Chechen Ethno-Religious Conflict, Terrorism and Crime”, Military Review, Cilt LXXIV/3, Mart 1994.
  • WILLIAMS, Brian Glyn, “From ‘Secessionist Rebels’ to ‘Al-Qaeda Shock Brigades’: Assessing Russia’s Efforts to Extend the Post-September 11th War on Terror to Chechnya”, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Cilt XXIV/1, 2004.
  • YI, Joseph, “Atomised Terror and Democratic Citizenship”, The Political Quarterly, Cilt XXIV/3, Temmuz-Eylül 2013.
  • ALPARGU, Mehmet, “İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Sovyetler’in Kafkasya’daki Tehcir (Sürgün) Uygulamaları”, Altıncı Askeri Tarih Semineri Bildirileri, Cilt I, Gnkur Basımevi, Ankara, 1998.
  • “Chechen Hostage Crisis”, Keesing’s Record of Word Events, Cilt XLIV/6, 24 Haziran 1995.
  • “Chechen Rebels Release Hostages After Raid on Russian Town”, Facts on File, c. 55, no. 5847, 22 Haziran 1995.
  • “Chechnya bomb: Security criticized”, CNN World News, 13 Mayıs 2003, http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/05/13/chechnya. blast/index.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Eylül 2004).
  • “Chechnya Bombardment Renewed”, Facts on File, Cilt LV/2828, 9 Şubat 1995.
  • “Chechnya Truce Reached, Broken”, Facts on File, Cilt LV/2830, 23 Şubat 1995.
  • “Çeçen-PKK Pazarlığı”, Hürriyet, 23 Temmuz 1995.
  • “Explosions ‘led to Russia crashes’”, CNN World News, 30 Ağustos 2004, http://edition.cnn.com/2004/ WORLD/europe/08/30/russia. planecrash/index.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Eylül 2004).
  • “Gas killed 115 Moscow hostages”, CNN World News, 27 Ekim 2002, http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/10/27/moscow.deaths/ index.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Eylül 2004).
  • “Moscow metro blast kills 39”, CNN World News, 6 Şubat bomber kills 9”, CNN World News, 1 Eylül 2004, http://edition.cnn.com/2004/ WORLD/ europe/08/31/russia.carblast/index.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Eylül 2004).
  • “Russia Capture Chechen – Held Village: Many Hostages Freed After Massive Bombardment” Facts on File, Cilt LVI/2876, 18 Ocak, 1996.
  • “Russia, Chechnya Reach Truce in Secession Conflict”, Facts on File, Cilt LV/2853, 3 Ağustos 1995.
  • “Russian suicide blast: Dozens dead”, CNN World News, 4 Ağustos 2003, http://edition.cnn.com/ 2003/WORLD/europe/08/01/russia.blast /index.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Eylül 2004).
  • “Samashki Raid Targeted Civilians”, Facts on File, Cilt LV/2841, 11 Mayıs 1995.
  • “Timeline: Russia terror attacks”, CNN World News, 2 Eylül 2004, http://edition.cnn.com/2004/ WORLD /europe/09/01/russia.timeline/ index.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Eylül 2004).
  • “Toll rises from Russia attack”, CNN World News, 23 Haziran 2004 http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/ europe/06/23/russia.toll/index.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Eylül 2004).
  • BLOTSKY, Oleg “Lessons not Learned”, Time, 20 Şubat 1995.
  • CHURCH, George J., “Death Trap”, Time, 16 Ocak 1995.
  • JACKSON, James O., “Pale, Rested and Ready”, Time, 22 Ocak 1996.
  • KOHAN, John, “Halfway to Peace”, Time, 14 Ağustos 1995.
  • MEIER, Andrew, Paul Quinn-Judge, “War Clouds Over Chechnya”, Time, 17 Ocak 2000.
  • NELAN, Bruce W., “Why it all Went so very Wrong”, Time, 16 Ocak 1995.
  • QUINN-JUDGE, Paul, “Back into The Inferno”, Time, 11 Ekim 1999.
  • QUINN-JUDGE, Paul, “Chechen Hell”, Time, 6 Aralık 1999.
  • QUINN-JUDGE, Paul, “Fear and Loathing”, Time, 6 Mart 2000.
  • QUINN-JUDGE, Paul, “Hard Lessons”, Time, 27 Aralık 1999.
  • QUINN-JUDGE, Paul, “Man with a Mission”, Time, 27 Mart 2000.
  • QUINN-JUDGE, Paul, “Russia Rolls in for War 2K”, Time, 29 Kasım, 1999.
  • QUINN-JUDGE, Paul, “The Fatal Frontier”, Time, 1 Kasım 1999.
  • QUINN-JUDGE, Paul, “War Clouds Over Chechnya”, Time, 25 Ekim, 1999.
  • SERRILL, Michael S., “Blown Away”, Time, 29 Ocak 1996.
  • SERRILL, Michael S., “Morning After the Teror”, Time, 5 Şubat 1996.
  • USHER, Rod, “Russia’s Brass from the Past”, Time, 22 Kasım 1999.
  • ZARAKHOVICH, Yuri, “A Nightmare War in a Remote Land”, Time, 23 Ağustos 1999.
  • ZARAKHOVICH, Yuri, “The Empire Strikes Back”, Time, 1 Kasım, 1999.
  • “Path to Political Settlement in Chechnya”, Nisan 1997, http://www.amina.com, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2000).
  • “Rise of the Wahabi Movement”, http://www.amina.com/ article/politics.shtml, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2000)
  • BODANSKY, Yossef, “Chechnya: The Mujahedin Factor”, January 1998, http://www.amina.com/, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2000);
  • BYSHCHOVETS, Maxim, “A Serene Sky Over Ichkeria”, http://www.amina.com/ article/ politics.shtml, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2000).
  • DAMREL, David, “The Religious Roots of Conflict: Russia and Chechnya”, http: //www.amina.com/ article/politics.shtml, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2000).
  • DIGAEV, Albert, “Speaking About Kidnapping”, http://www.amina.com/ article/politics.shtml, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2000).
  • EBEL, Robert E., “The History and Politics of Chechen Oil”, http://www.amina.com/ article/politics.shtml, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2000).
  • EIDMONT, Maria, “Djohar Dudaev: Dead or Alive? Was He Killed Intentionally?”, 3 Mayıs 1996, http://www.amina.com/article/ politics.shtml, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2000).
  • FELYENHAUER, Pavel, “The Chechen Campaign”, http://www.amina.com/article/politics.shtml, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2000).
  • FINCH, Raymond C., “Why the Russian Military Failed in Chechnya”, Foreign Military Studies Office, http://call.army.mil/call/fmso/ fmsopubs/issues/ yrusfail/yrusfail.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Temmuz 2000).
  • KANFAS, Roger, “Remembering the 1944 Chechen Deportation”, http://www.amina.com article/politics. shtml, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2000).
  • KRAMER, David. J., “Time to Act on Chechnya”, http://www. amina.com/article/politics.shtml, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2000).
  • LIEVEN, Anatol, “Freedom and Anarchy, Russia Stumbles Toward the Twenty-First Century”, http://www.amina.com/ article/politics.shtml, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2000).
  • MARGOLIS, Eric, “Crime without Punishment-Russia in the Caucasus”, http://www.amina.com/ article/ politics.shtml, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2000).
  • TORIN, Vladimir, “The Workings of the Caucasian Mechanism”, http://www.amina.com, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2000);
  • YEVTUSHENKO, Aleksandr, “Interview with Ruslan Khasbulatov”, February 25, 1998, http://www.amina.com/ article/politics.shtml, (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2000).
Toplam 99 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mesut Uyar

Yayımlanma Tarihi 12 Aralık 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Ağustos 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 28

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Uyar, Mesut. “Çeçenistan: Siyasi Ve Askerî Kısırdöngü”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 14, sy. 28 (Aralık 2018): 275-317. https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.495962.

Cited By

KÜRESEL VE BÖLGESEL KRİZLER BAĞLAMINDA RUSYA VE ABD’NİN SİLAH SATIŞ REKABETİNİN EKONOMİ POLİTİK ANALİZİ
Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi
Ahmet Hüsrev ÇELİK
https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.771168
 Kapak Resmi İndir