Avrupa’da Radikalleşme ve DAEŞ: DAEŞ’in Evrilmesi ve Avrupa Güvenliğine Yönelik Tehditler

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 29, 115 - 150, 15.04.2019

Zeynep Ece Ünsal Kemal Olçar

https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.554051

Cited By: 1

Öz

Başlangıcı 2011 yılına dayanan Suriye topraklarındaki iç savaş, 2014 yılında DAEŞ terör örgütünün hilafeti ilan etmesiyle bambaşka bir boyut kazanmıştır. Büyük küçük birçok aktörün sahada olduğu Suriye ve Irak savaşları terörle mücadele adı altında tüm hızıyla sürüp giderken, hem bölge ülkeleri nezdinde, hem de Avrupa Birliği özelinde yeni tehdit alanları yaratmıştır. DAEŞ terör örgütünün elde ettiği toprakları kaybetmesini müteakip yeniden teşkilatlanıp farklı metotlarla ideolojisini sürdürmek ve hilafeti yaymak şeklindeki hedeflerini gerçekleştirme çabalarına devam edeceği öngörülmektedir. Bu durum içerisinde Avrupa ülkeleri ise mevcut radikal grupların ve geri dönen yabancı terörist savaşçıların ortaya çıkardığı tehdit ile karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. Çalışma DAEŞ terör örgütünün evrilip yeni koşullara nasıl uyum sağladığı, yabancı terörist savaşçıların AB ülkelerindeki potansiyel risk/tehdit durumları ve AB’nin konuyla ilgili aldığı kurumsal tedbirleri içermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Avrupa Birliği Terörizmle Mücadele Stratejisi, DAEŞ, Güvenlik, Radikalleşme, Yabancı Terörist Savaşçılar

Radicalisation in Europe and ISIS: Evolution of ISIS and Threats to European Security

Öz

The civil war in Syria, which started in 2011, took a completely different dimension in 2014, when the DAEŞ terrorist organization declared the Caliphate. The wars of Syria and Iraq, where many big and small actors were on the scene, have created new threats both in the region and in the European Union as they continue to sweep under the name of the struggle against terrorism. It is foreseen that the DAEŞ will continue its efforts to realize its goals of reorganizing and disseminating the ideology and spreading the caliphate by different methods after it has lost its territory. In this situation, European countries are also facing the threat posed by current radical groups and returning foreign terrorist fighters. The study includes the ways used by the terrorist organization to evolve and adapt to new conditions, the potential risks/ threats of foreign terrorist fighters in the EU countries and the institutional measures taken by the EU.

Anahtar Kelimeler

European Union Counter-Terrorism Strategy, ISIS, Security, Radicalisation, Foreign Terrorist Fighters

Kaynakça

• BAŞEREN, Sertaç H., “Uluslararası hukuk Açısından Terörizm” Ali Tarhan (ed.), Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de Terör, Merkez Bankası Yayınları, Ankara, 2002, 183-206.
• DAĞ, Ahmet E., Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Diplomasi Sözlüğü, Anka Yayınları, İstanbul, 2004.
• FALK, Richard A, “A Dual Reality: Terrorism Against The State and Terrorism By The State”, Jr. Charles W. Kegley (ed.), The New Global Terrorism, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2003, 53-60.
• GÜLLER, Mehmet A., IŞİD Kara Terör, Kaynak Yayınları, İstanbul 2014.
• TAŞDEMIR, Fatma, Uluslararası Teörizme Karşı Devletlerin Kuvvete Başvurma Yetkisi, USAK, Ankara, 2006.
• RAPOPORT, David. C “The Four Waves of Rebel Terror and September 11”, Jr. Charles W. Kegley (ed.), The New Global Terrorism, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2003, 36-52.
• SCHIMID, A. P. and Jongman, A. J., Political Terrorism, Transaction Publishers, 1988.
• TAVAS, Taner, “Terörizm: Psikolojisi ve Hedefleri”, Ü.Özdağ ve O.M. Öztürk (Der.), Terörizm İncelemeleri, Ankara, ASAM Yayınları, 2000, 15- 28.
• ZAFER, Hamide. Sosyolojik Boyutuyla Terörizm, İstanbul, Beta Basım Yayım, 1999.
• BURES, Oldrich, “EU’s Response to Foreign Fighters: New Threat, Old Challenges?”, Terrorism And Political Violence, 2018, DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2017.1404456.
• CRAGIN, R. Kim, “The Challenge of Foreign Fighter Returnees”, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 2017, Cilt 33 Sayı: 3, 292-312.
• JAWAID, Arsla, “From Foreign Fighters to Returnees: The Challenges of Rehabilitation and Reintegration Policies”, Journal of Peacebuilding & Development, 2017, Cilt 12, Sayı: :2, 102-107.
• ÖZERKMEN, Necmettin, “Terör, Terörizm ve Radikal İslamcı Terör”, Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 44, Sayı 2, 2004, 247-265.
• POKALOVA, Elena, “Driving Factors behind Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 2018, DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2018.1427842
• YILMAZ, Mustafa S. “İslami Düşünce Tarihinde Bir Anlama Biçimi olarak Selefilik Üzerine Bir Deneme”, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt 3 Sayı 3, 2014, 532-553.
• WEINBERG,L., Pedahzur, A., and Hoefler, S. Hirsch. “The Challenges of Conceptualizing Terrorism”, Terrorism and Political Violence, vol. 16, no. 4, 2004, 777-794.
• ÜNSAL İĞDELER, Zeynep Ece, , Avrupa Birliği’nin Terörle Mücadele Politikalarının İncelenmesi, Kara Harp Okulu Savunma Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, 2015.
• A Secure Europe in a Better World: European Security Strategy, December 2003, https://europa.eu/globalstrategy/en/european-security-strategy-secure-europe-better-world. (Erişim Tarihi: 10/01/2019).
• Avrupa Birliği Hukuku Resmi İnternet Sayfası (Eur-Lex), “Council Framework Decision 0f 13 June 2002 on Combatting Terrorism, (2002/475/JHA)”, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri =CELEX:32002F0475&from=EN, (Erişim Tarihi: 01/05/2018).
• Avrupa Birliği Hukuku Resmi İnternet Sayfası (Eur-Lex), “Communication From the Commission to the European Parliement and the Council concerning Terrorist Recruitment: addressing the factors contributing to violent radicalisation, COM(2005) 313 Final”, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/ LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2005:0313:FIN:EN:PDF, (Erişim tarihi:21/09/2005) .
• BARRETT, Richard, “Beyond the Caliphate: Foreign Fighters and the Threat of Returnees”, The Soufan Center, October, 2017, http://thesoufancenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Beyond-the-Caliphate-Foreign-Fighters-and-the-Threat-of-Returnees-TSC-Report-October-2017-v3.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 4/05/2018).
• BENRAAD, Myriam “How Saddam Hussein’s old ideology may have contributed to the modern Islamic State”, The Coversation, September 2017, https://theconversation.com/how-saddam-husseins-old-ideology-may-have-contributed-to-the-modern-islamic-state-84937, (Erişim Tarihi: 15/05/2018).
• BOUTIN, Bérénice, vd., “The Foreign Fighters Phenomenon in the European Union, Profiles, Threats & Policies”, Bibi van Ginkel ve Eva Entenmann (ed.), ICCT Research Paper, April 2016, p. 12, https://icct.nl/wp-content/up loads/2016/03/ICCT-Report_Foreign-Fighters-Phenomenon-in-the-EU_1-April-2016_including-AnnexesLinks.pdf .(Erişim Tarihi: 15/04/2018).
• European Union, “Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Combating Terrorism and Replacing Council Framework Decision 2002/475/JHA and Amending Council Decision 2005/671/JHA,” Pub. L. No. 2015/0281 (2017), http://statewatch.org/ news/2017/feb/eu-terrorism-directive-final-text-agreed-23-2-17.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 15/01/2019).
• Global Coalition, Foreign Terrorist Fighters- Trends and Dynamics, October 2016 http://theglobalcoalition.org/en/foreign-terrorist-fighters-trends-and-dynamics/, (Erişim Tarihi:05/05/2018).
• Global Coalition, Counter DAESH Insight Bulletin, 23-29 April 2018, http://theglobalcoalition.org/en/daesh-insight-bulletin-23-29-april/ (Erişim tarihi: 01/05/2018).
• Global Coalition, Global Coalition to Meet in Kuwait, http://theglobal coalition.org/en/global-coalisyon-meet-kuwait/ (Erişim tarihi: 01/05/2018).
• HAIN, Peter, “Islamic State and Terror: War Without End”, Wits Business School Public Lecture, 1 Ağustos 2017, https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=kbTzsNnysRg , (Erişim Tarihi: 20/05/2018).
• LEDERER, Gyorgy, Countering Islamist Radicals In Eastern Europe, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/537b/398a4fc72a6a807b92d8d74639dfc27f8acf.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 15/04/2018).
• List of Islamic Terror Attacks, https://www.thereligionofpeace.com/ attacks/europe-attacks.aspx. (Erişim Tarihi: 10/05/2018).
• MUSTAFA, Balsam, “Mosul is ‘liberated’, but the fight against Islamic State and its Ideology Continues”, The Conversation, 10 Temmuz 2017, https://theconversation.com/mosul-is-liberated-but-the-fight-against-islamic-state-and-its-ideology-continues-80758. (Erişim Tarihi: 15/05/2018).
• NURUZZAMAN, Mohammed, “The Islamic State is on its knees, but its legacy will long haunt the Middle East”, The Conversation, July 2017, https://theconversation.com/the-islamic-state-is-on-its-knees-but-its-legacy-will-long-haunt-the-middle-east-80939 (Erişim Tarihi: 15/05/2018).
• ORAV, Anita, “Religious Fundamentalism and Radicalisation”, European Parliementary Reseach Service, Mart 2015, http://www.europarl. europa.eu/ EPRS/EPRS-briefing-551342-Religious-fundamentalism-and-radicalisation-FINAL.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 01/05/2018).
• REED, Alastair, vd., “The Four Dimensions of the Foreign Fighter Threat: Making Sense of an Evolving Phenomenon”, ICCT Policy Brief, June 2017, p. 4, https://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/ICCT-Reed-Pohl-The-Four-Dimensions-of-the-Foreign-Fighters-Threat-June-2017.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 15/05/2018).
• SCHMID, Alex P., “Radicalisation, De-Radicalisation, Counter-Radicalisation: A Conceptual Discussion and Literature Review”, 03/2013, https://www.icct.nl/download/file/ICCT-Schmid-Radicalisation-De-Radicalisation-Counter-Radicalisation-March-2013.pdf, (Erişim 15/03/2017).
• Shared Vision, Common Action: Astronger Europe. A Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy, June, 2016, http://www.eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/top_stories/pdf/eugs_review_ web.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 10/01/2019).
• Telegrafi, “Lushtaku mohon përfshirjen e bashkëpunëtorëve të tij në rrahje sot në Skenderaj” , 06.05.2018, https://telegrafi.com/lushtaku-mohon-perfshirjen-e-bashkepunetoreve-te-tij-ne-rrahje-sot-ne-skenderaj/. (Erişim Tarihi: 25/05/2018).
• The Council of the European Union, “Outline of the Counter-Terrorism Strategy for Syria and Iraq, with Particular Focus on Foreign Fighters,” 2015, http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-5369-2015-INIT/en/pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 15/01/2019)
• The Council of the European Union, European Union Counter Terrorism Strategy, 14469/4/05 (30 november 2005), https://register.consilium. europa.eu/doc/srv?l=EN&f=ST%2014469%202005%20REV%204. (Erişim Tarihi: 20/04/2018).