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Batı Avrupa’da Sol Tandanslı Terörizmin Yükselişinin ve Düşüşünün Arkasındaki Faktörler: Kızıl Ordu Fraksiyonu ve Kızıl Tugaylar Örnekleri

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 31, 469 - 496, 08.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.630849

Öz

Bu makale öne çıkan iki aşırı sol terörist grubu,
Kızıl Ordu Fraksiyonu (Red Armee Fraktion-RAF) ve Kızıl Tugaylar (Brigate
Rosse-BR) yapılanmalarını ele almaktadır. Aşırı sol terörizme dair kısa bir
tartışmayı takip edecek bölümler bu grupların her birini daha detaylı biçimde
ele alacaktır. İki grubun da bu biçimde detaylı olarak ele alınmasından sonra,
bu grupların yükseliş ve düşüşlerine dair ortak özellikler ve farklar
tartışılacaktır. Böylelikle yalnızca sol terörist gruplara değil, dünya
üzerinde hangi fikri zeminde hareket ederse etsin farklı terörist gruplara dair
de bir nedenselliğin ortaya çıkarılması umulmaktadır. Bu nedensellikten
hareketle bu çalışmanın gelecek çalışmalara kapı açması ve daha etkili terörle
mücadele stratejilerinin tasarlanmasına yardımcı olması arzu edilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • AUST, Stefan, Baader-Meinhof: The Inside Story of the RAF, Trans. Anthea Bell, New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
  • LÉVI-STRAUSS, Claude, The Savage Mind, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1966.
  • BIELBY, Clare, “Remembering the Red Army Faction”, Memory Studies, 3(2), 2010, pp. 137-150.
  • CRENSHAW, Martha, “Theories of Terrorism: Instrumental and Organizational Approaches” in David C Rapoport ed., From Inside Terrorist Organizations, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988, pp. 13-31.
  • DRAKE, Richard, “Italy in the 1960s: A Legacy of Terrorism and Liberation”, South Central Review, Vol. 16/17, 1999, Vol. 16, no. 4 - Vol. 17, no. 1, Rethinking 1968: The United States & Western Europe (Winter, 1999 - Spring, 2000), pp. 62-76.
  • HANSHEW, Karrin, “Daring More Democracy? Internal Security and the Social Democratic Fight against West German Terrorism”, Central European History, Vol. 43, No. 1 (March 2010), pp. 117-147.
  • MCCLOSKY, Herbert and Dennis Chong, “Similarities and Differences between Left-Wing and Right-Wing Radicals”, British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 15, No. 3 (Jul., 1985), pp. 329-363, p. 332-340.
  • MURO, Diego, “Counter-Terrorist Strategies in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis of Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK”, EU Working Papers, MWP 2010/06.
  • RONCHEY, Alberto, “Guns and Gray Matter: Terrorism in Italy”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Spring, 1979), pp. 921-940.
  • SCHELLING, Thomas C., “What Purposes Can International Terrorism Serve” in Frey and Morris eds. Violence, Terrorism, and Justice, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
  • SCRIBNER, Charity, “Buildings on Fire: The Situationist International and the Red Army Faction”, Grey Room, No. 26 (Winter, 2007), pp. 30-55.
  • STEINBERG, Jeffrey, “Arrests prove Stasi-KGB control of Baader-Meinhof terrorists”, EIR 17(27), 1990, pp. 41-42.
  • SUNDQUIST, Major Victor H., “Political Terrorism: An Historical Case Study of the Italian Red Brigades”, Journal of Strategic Security, 3:3, 2010, pp. 53-68.
  • “Carlos the Jackal-Organisation of Arab Armed Struggle”, GlobalSecurity, https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ carlos-the-jackal.htm, (Date of Access: 06.03.2018).
  • “New Pictures of RAF Terror Cell Events Unearthed in Germany”, DW, 5/8/2008, https://www.dw.com/en/new-pictures-of-raf-terror-cell-events-unearthed-in-germany/a-3539419, (Date of Access:10.03.2018).
  • “Red Brigades”, Mapping Militant Organizations, Stanford University, 27/6/2012, https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/ groups/view/77, (Date of Access: 02.04.2018).
  • “Stasi files hold trove of names”, ekathimerini, 2/9/2002, http://www.ekathimerini.com/ 8194/article/ekathimerini/news/stasi-files-hold-trove-of-names, (Date of Access: 01.01.2018).
  • “The Stammheim ‘Suicides’”, German Guerilla, 4/10/2007, http://germanguerilla.com/ 2007/10/04/the-stammheim-suicides/, (Date of Access: 01.01.2018).
  • CUMMINGS, Richard, “Special Feature: The 1981 Bombing of RFE/RL”, RFE/RL, 2/9/1996, https://www.rferl.org/a/1080043.html, (Date of Access: 20.02.2018).
  • DELILLO, Don, “Baader-Meinhof”, The New Yorker, 1/4/2002, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/04/01/baader-meinhof, (Date of Access: 18.03.2018).
  • DUGDALE-POINTON, Tristan, “The Red Brigade Terrorist Group”, History of War, 19/11/2007, http://www.historyofwar.org/ articles/weapons_red_brigades.html, (Date of Access: 22.02.2018).
  • HARRIS, Judith, “Aldo Moro Anniversary: Time to Tell the Truth”, iitaly.org, 4/5/2008, http://www.iitaly.org/printpdf/34384, (Date of Access 17.02.2018).
  • HASWELL, Julius, “40 years after ‘the German Autumn’: who were the RAF terror group?”, The Local, 5/9/2017, https://www.thelocal.de/20170905/10-things-you-ought-to-know-about-the-raf-terrorist-organization-baader-meinhof, (Date of Access: 11.03.2018).
  • LOCKWOOD, Nick, “How the Soviet Union Transformed Terrorism”, The Atlantic, 23/12/2011, https://www.theatlantic.com/ international/archive/2011/12/how-the-soviet-union-transformed-terrorism/250433/, (Date of Access: 23.03.2018).
  • MOORE, Tristana, “The shot that changed Germany”, BBC, 6/6/2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8085399.stm, (Date of Access: 27.02.2018).
  • PATERSON, Tony, 2010, “Rescued from the shredder, Carlos the Jackal's missing years”, Independent, 29/10/2010, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/ europe/rescued-from-the-shredder-carlos-the-jackals-missing-years-2120492.html, (Date of Access: 09.03.2018).

Factors behind the Rise and Fall of Left-Wing Terrorism in Western Europe: The Cases of Rote Armee Fraktion and Brigate Rosse

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 31, 469 - 496, 08.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.630849

Öz

The article discusses the
rise and fall of the two famous left-wing terrorist groups, namely Rote Armee
Fraktion and Brigate Rosse. After a brief discussion about left-wing extremism,
following sections will focus on each group in more detail. After these
sections, an analysis of commonalities and differences about their rise and fall
will be presented. It is expected that a causal mechanism will be fleshed out
not only regarding left-wing terrorist groups but also terrorist groups all
around the world regardless of their particular mind-set, which can both open
up space for future research and help devising more effective counter-terrorism
strategies. 

Kaynakça

  • AUST, Stefan, Baader-Meinhof: The Inside Story of the RAF, Trans. Anthea Bell, New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
  • LÉVI-STRAUSS, Claude, The Savage Mind, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1966.
  • BIELBY, Clare, “Remembering the Red Army Faction”, Memory Studies, 3(2), 2010, pp. 137-150.
  • CRENSHAW, Martha, “Theories of Terrorism: Instrumental and Organizational Approaches” in David C Rapoport ed., From Inside Terrorist Organizations, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988, pp. 13-31.
  • DRAKE, Richard, “Italy in the 1960s: A Legacy of Terrorism and Liberation”, South Central Review, Vol. 16/17, 1999, Vol. 16, no. 4 - Vol. 17, no. 1, Rethinking 1968: The United States & Western Europe (Winter, 1999 - Spring, 2000), pp. 62-76.
  • HANSHEW, Karrin, “Daring More Democracy? Internal Security and the Social Democratic Fight against West German Terrorism”, Central European History, Vol. 43, No. 1 (March 2010), pp. 117-147.
  • MCCLOSKY, Herbert and Dennis Chong, “Similarities and Differences between Left-Wing and Right-Wing Radicals”, British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 15, No. 3 (Jul., 1985), pp. 329-363, p. 332-340.
  • MURO, Diego, “Counter-Terrorist Strategies in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis of Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK”, EU Working Papers, MWP 2010/06.
  • RONCHEY, Alberto, “Guns and Gray Matter: Terrorism in Italy”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Spring, 1979), pp. 921-940.
  • SCHELLING, Thomas C., “What Purposes Can International Terrorism Serve” in Frey and Morris eds. Violence, Terrorism, and Justice, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
  • SCRIBNER, Charity, “Buildings on Fire: The Situationist International and the Red Army Faction”, Grey Room, No. 26 (Winter, 2007), pp. 30-55.
  • STEINBERG, Jeffrey, “Arrests prove Stasi-KGB control of Baader-Meinhof terrorists”, EIR 17(27), 1990, pp. 41-42.
  • SUNDQUIST, Major Victor H., “Political Terrorism: An Historical Case Study of the Italian Red Brigades”, Journal of Strategic Security, 3:3, 2010, pp. 53-68.
  • “Carlos the Jackal-Organisation of Arab Armed Struggle”, GlobalSecurity, https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ carlos-the-jackal.htm, (Date of Access: 06.03.2018).
  • “New Pictures of RAF Terror Cell Events Unearthed in Germany”, DW, 5/8/2008, https://www.dw.com/en/new-pictures-of-raf-terror-cell-events-unearthed-in-germany/a-3539419, (Date of Access:10.03.2018).
  • “Red Brigades”, Mapping Militant Organizations, Stanford University, 27/6/2012, https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/ groups/view/77, (Date of Access: 02.04.2018).
  • “Stasi files hold trove of names”, ekathimerini, 2/9/2002, http://www.ekathimerini.com/ 8194/article/ekathimerini/news/stasi-files-hold-trove-of-names, (Date of Access: 01.01.2018).
  • “The Stammheim ‘Suicides’”, German Guerilla, 4/10/2007, http://germanguerilla.com/ 2007/10/04/the-stammheim-suicides/, (Date of Access: 01.01.2018).
  • CUMMINGS, Richard, “Special Feature: The 1981 Bombing of RFE/RL”, RFE/RL, 2/9/1996, https://www.rferl.org/a/1080043.html, (Date of Access: 20.02.2018).
  • DELILLO, Don, “Baader-Meinhof”, The New Yorker, 1/4/2002, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/04/01/baader-meinhof, (Date of Access: 18.03.2018).
  • DUGDALE-POINTON, Tristan, “The Red Brigade Terrorist Group”, History of War, 19/11/2007, http://www.historyofwar.org/ articles/weapons_red_brigades.html, (Date of Access: 22.02.2018).
  • HARRIS, Judith, “Aldo Moro Anniversary: Time to Tell the Truth”, iitaly.org, 4/5/2008, http://www.iitaly.org/printpdf/34384, (Date of Access 17.02.2018).
  • HASWELL, Julius, “40 years after ‘the German Autumn’: who were the RAF terror group?”, The Local, 5/9/2017, https://www.thelocal.de/20170905/10-things-you-ought-to-know-about-the-raf-terrorist-organization-baader-meinhof, (Date of Access: 11.03.2018).
  • LOCKWOOD, Nick, “How the Soviet Union Transformed Terrorism”, The Atlantic, 23/12/2011, https://www.theatlantic.com/ international/archive/2011/12/how-the-soviet-union-transformed-terrorism/250433/, (Date of Access: 23.03.2018).
  • MOORE, Tristana, “The shot that changed Germany”, BBC, 6/6/2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8085399.stm, (Date of Access: 27.02.2018).
  • PATERSON, Tony, 2010, “Rescued from the shredder, Carlos the Jackal's missing years”, Independent, 29/10/2010, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/ europe/rescued-from-the-shredder-carlos-the-jackals-missing-years-2120492.html, (Date of Access: 09.03.2018).
Toplam 26 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Göktuğ Sönmez 0000-0001-5067-4693

Yayımlanma Tarihi 8 Ekim 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Mayıs 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 31

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Sönmez, Göktuğ. “Factors Behind the Rise and Fall of Left-Wing Terrorism in Western Europe: The Cases of Rote Armee Fraktion and Brigate Rosse”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 15, sy. 31 (Ekim 2019): 469-96. https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.630849.