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2013’ten Sonra Mısır’daki Sivil-Askerî Ilişkiler

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 32, 655 - 689, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.668194

Öz

Asker, Nasır döneminden beri Mısır siyasetinde güçlü ve etkin bir aktör olmuştur. 2011 yılında halk ayaklanmasıyla sona eren Mübarek rejiminden sonra Mısır’da demokratikleşme ihtimaline dair umutlar yeşerse de Mursi yönetimine karşı yapılan askeri darbeyle asker-sivil ilişkisindeki denge bir kez daha askerler lehine kaymış ve Mısır siyaseti ve ekonomisinde askerlerin başat aktör olmalarını hızlandıran bir süreç yaşanmıştır. Bu makale Temmuz 2013 yılından sonraki süreçte Mısır siyasetindeki asker-sivil ilişkisini analiz etmekte ve askerlerin hem Mısır siyasetinde hem de ekonomisinde elde ettikleri ayrıcalıklı haklarla ne kadar güçlendiklerini anlamaya çalışmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, anayasanın askerlere tanıdığı haklar, yasama-yürütme-yargı katmanlarında askerlerin edindikleri ayrıcalıklar, askerlerin ekonomik güçleri ve faaliyetleri, ve medya ve sivil toplum üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Makale, 2013 yılından itibaren Mısır siyaseti ve ekonomisinde askerlerin ayrıcalıklı konumlarının güçlendiğini savunmakla birlikte, bu sürecin Mısır ordusunun kurumsal ve askeri verimliliğini de azalttığını öne sürmektedir.

Kaynakça

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Civil-Military Relations in Egypt since 2013

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 32, 655 - 689, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.668194

Öz

The military has been a powerful and active actor in Egyptian politics since Naser period. By the collapse of the Mobarak regime as a result of the popular demonstrations in 2011, hopes for democratization increased; however, the military coup against Morsi administration once again changed the balance in civil- military relations in favor of the military and led the military to become dominant actor in both Egyptian politics and economics. This article analyzes civil-military relations in Egypt since July 2013 and attempts to understand to what extent the military was empowered by the privileged rights in both politics and economics. Within that framework, given rights and power by the constitution to the military, gained privileged rights at the executive, legislative and judiciary levels, economic power and activities of the military, and its influence over media and civil society were examined. This article argues that on the one hand military has been certainly consolidating its dominancy in Egyptian politics and economics since 2013, on the other hand the military involvement in politics and economics has been deteriorating institutionalism and efficiency of the Army itself.

Kaynakça

  • BİSHARA, Azmy, al-Jaysh wa-al-siyāsah. Bayrūt. al-Markaz al-ʻArabī lil-Abḥāth wa-Dirāsat al-Siyāsāt, Beirut, 2017.
  • BROOKS, Risa “Civil-Military Relations in The Middle East”. The Future Security Environment in the Middle East, (2004) RAND Corporation. S. 141-148.
  • FINER, Samuel, The Man on Horseback, Pall Mall Press Limited Cromwell Place, London, 1962.
  • HUNTINGTON, Samuel, The Soldier and The State, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, London, 1957.
  • The Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy, Five Years of Egypt’s War on Terror, https://timep.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/TIMEP-ESW-5yrReport-7.27.18.pdf [Erişim tarihi 11 Alarık 2018].
  • The Officers’ Republic, The Egyptian Military and Abuse of Power. Transparency International UK, (2018).
  • ARI, Leman Basak. ‘‘Civil-Military Relations in Turkey’’. Texas State University, Texas, 2007.
  • BROOKS, Risa, ‘‘Understanding Shifts in Egyptian Civil-Military Relations Lessons from the Past and Present’’. (2015), DCAF a centre for security, development and the rule of law, Geneva.
  • VOLKEL, Jan Claudius, “Sidelined By Design: Egypt’s Parliament in Transition”. The Journal of North African Studies, 22(4), 2017.
  • YAMAGUCHI, Noboru and David A. Welch, ‘‘Soldiers, Civilians, and Scholars: Making Sense of The Relationship Between Civil-Military Relations and Foreign Policy’’. Asian Perspective, 29(1), 2005.
  • ABDULLAH, Amr., Ansary, Gehad., Diab, Abdelghany., 2014. ‘‘Anan is refrain from being candidate for presidency’’, http://www.masralarabia.com/%D8%A7%D9 %84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8 A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9/232277-%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D 9%86-%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A8-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8% B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A7% D8%B3%D8%A9 [Erişim tarihi 11 Aralık 2018].
  • Alexandria Port Authority, internet sayfası, 2018, Representatives, http://apa.gov.eg/index.php/en/board-of-director [Erişim tarihi 6 Ekim 2018]
  • Aljazeera, 2014, “The Army Accepts El Sisi Candidacy For Presidency,” http://www.aljazeera.net/news/arabic/2014/1/27/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%82-%D8%B9%D9%84% D9%89-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8 %B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B 3%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1 [Erişim tarihi: 11 Aralık 2018]
  • AZIZ, Sahar. “The Expanding Jurisdiction of Egypt’s Military Courts,” 2016, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/64840 [Erişim tarihi 6 Ekim 2018]
  • BOUKHARI, Jamal, 2017 “Egypt's Conscripts Serving The Army's Economic Empire,”, Al Araby, https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/comment/2017/9/5/egypts-conscripts-serving-the-armys-economic-empire [Erişim tarihi 11 Kasım 2018].
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  • “Did Al Wahat Accident Overthrow Hegazy?” (Arapça), Al Araby, 2017, https://www.alaraby.co.uk/politics/2017/11/1/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D9%87 %D9%84-%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA-%D8%AC%D8%B1% D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8% A7%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%AD %D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A-1 [Erişim tarihi 16 Aralık 2018].
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  • EL BAHRAWI, Mohamed. 2015 ‘‘Mohamed El Assar ''the diplomat'' the engineer of Egypt-US relations. online] Almasryalyoum.com. Available at: https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/813625 [Accessed 11 Dec. 2018].
  • “El Sisi Dominates SCAF October Generation,'' (Arapça), Al Araby, 2016 https://www.alaraby.co.uk/politics/2016/12/18/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B9% D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8% A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%AC%D9%8A %D9%84-%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D 8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87 [Erişim tarihi: 11 Aralık 2018]
  • “El Sisi Period: Ninth Increase in Military Personnel Wages After Diplomats and Ministers”. (Arapça) Alaraby, 2018, [online] Available at: https://www.alaraby.co.uk/economy/2018/4/19/%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8% A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7% D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8 %B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3 %D9%83%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D 8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A 8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86 [Erişim tarihi 6 ekim 2018 2018].
  • HAUSLOHNER, Abigail. 2014, “Egypt's 'Military Inc' Expands Its Control of The Economy”. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/18/egypt-military-economy-power-elections [Erişim tarihi 4 Nisan 2018].
  • HELMY, Deena. 2017 “In The Era of Sisi Life Cycle of Army Leaders is not Complete” (Arapça), , ida2at https://www.ida2at.com/in-the-era-of-sisi-life-cycle-of-army-leaders-is-not-complete/ [Erişim 11 Aralık 2018].
  • HUSSEIN, Mahmoud , 2015, “Learn the Professions of the Parliament Members”. Youm7 (Arapça), https://www.youm7.com/story/2015/12/27/%D8%AA%D8%B9 %D8%B1%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86-%D8 %A3%D8%B9%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1 %D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8 %A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7 %D9%84%D9%81%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D9%8059-%D9%86% D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D8%A7/2510807 [Erişim tarihi 11 Kasım 2018].
  • MAMDOUH, Rana, 2018 “Keeping Courts in a State of Emergency,”, https://madamasr.com/en/2018/07/10/feature/politics/keeping-courts-in-a-state-of-emergency/ [Erişim tarihi 6 Ekim 2018].
  • MEHANA, Mustafa, 2017, “Blocking Media in Egypt” (Arapça), , https://ar.qantara.de/content/%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8 %A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B9 %D9%87-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%84-%D 9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AD-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8% A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7 %D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9 %83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A 7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%9F [Erişim tarihi 6 Ekim 2018].
  • Mekameleen TV (2017). [video] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MKUNsmkDLy0 [Accessed 11 Mar. 2019].
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  • NABIL, Attiya, 2015,“Egypt: Decrease in Number of Military Personnel in New Governors Movement,” BBC News Arabic. (Arapça), http://www.bbc.com/ arabic/multimedia/2015/02/150207_egypt_gov [Erişim tarihi: 6 Ekim 2018]
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  • Reuters, 2018 “Egypt passes law that could shield top military brass from prosecution’’, (Arapça), https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-parliament-military/ egypt-passes-law-that-could-shield-top-military-brass-from-prosecution-idUSKBN1K 61L7 [Erişim tarihi 6 Ekim 2018].
  • Reuters, 2018 “Special Report: From War Room to Boardroom. Military Firms Flourish in Sisi’s Egypt,”, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-military-economy-specialreport/special-report-from-war-room-to-boardroom-military-firms-flourish-in-sisis-egypt-idUSKCN1IH185 [Erişim tarihi 6 Ekim 2018].
  • SALEH, Heba, 2016 “When the Egyptian army means business," Financial Times, 15 December 2016, https://www.ft.com/content/49b5d19a-bff6-11e6-9bca-2b93a6856354 [Erişim tarihi 11 Kasım 2018].
  • “The generals control the new governors’ movement and take the oath '', (Arapça) , Al Araby , 2015, https://www.alaraby.co.uk/politics/2015/12/26/%D8%A7%D9% 84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%8A%D8%B3% D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8% AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7 %D9%81%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D 8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1 [Erişim tarihi: 6 Ekim 2018]
  • Wenig, Gilad. 2014 Egypt's New Military Brass. [online] Washingtoninstitute.org. Available at: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/egypts-new-military-brass [Accessed 11 Dec. 2018].
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Özüm Sezin Uzun 0000-0002-8673-2151

Ahmet Elerıan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Nisan 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 32

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Uzun, Özüm Sezin, ve Ahmet Elerıan. “Civil-Military Relations in Egypt since 2013”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 15, sy. 32 (Aralık 2019): 655-89. https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.668194.