Soğuk Savaş: Amerikan Büyük Stratejisi, Johnson Doktrini ve Kıbrıs

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 35, 595 - 634, 07.10.2020

Kaan Kutlu Ataç Mehmet Mert Çam

https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.807007

Cited By: 2

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı özellikle Başkan Johnson yönetiminin Soğuk Savaş dönemindeki Amerikan Büyük Stratejisi’ni açıklamaktır. Bu çerçevede çalışma üç aşamadan oluşmaktadır: İlk olarak Amerikan Büyük Stratejisi’nin erken Soğuk Savaş’taki kuramsal çerçevesi çizilecektir. İkinci olarak, Büyük Strateji’nin uygulanabilirliğini sağlayan parametreler üzerinde durulacaktır. Bu doğrultuda 1948-1964 arası dönemde, Amerikan Büyük Stratejisi’nin sürdürülebilirliğini sağlayan ve mezkûr kuramı geliştiren doktrin ve kavram bazlı değişiklikler örneklerle irdelenecektir. Üçüncü aşamada Lyndon B. Johnson dönemindeki “Kıbrıs Sorunu” ve Amerika-Türkiye gerginliği, Büyük Strateji perspektifinde Merkezî Haberalma Teşkilatı’nın Reading Room’unda yer alan evrak üzerinden yorumlanacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Büyük Strateji, Kütlevi Mukabele, Esnek Karşılık, Johnson Mektubu, Kıbrıs

The Cold War: American Grand Strategy, Johnson Doctrine and Cyprus

Öz

The aim of this study is to explain and to frame the American Grand Strategy during the Cold War with special emphasis on the Johnson Administration era. Hence the structure of the study is threefold. Firstly, it addresses the theoretical framework of the American Grand Strategy during the Early Cold War. Secondly, it’s dwell on the parameters that ensure applicability of the Grand Strategy. Accordingly, in the period between 1948-1964, doctrine and concept-based changes, which evolved and provided continuance of the Grand Strategy, will be analyzed with examples. Thirdly, “Cyprus Question” and the US-Turkey tension during the Johnson Administration are to be expound on the perspective of Grand Strategy from the Central Intelligence Agency documents available on the CIA Reading Room

Anahtar Kelimeler

Grand Strategy, Massive Retaliation, Flexible Response, the Johnson Letter, Cyprus

Kaynakça

• Central Intelligence Agency Reading Room (1962-1964)
• Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), Western Europe, Volume III, 1948.
• NSC 68, Basic National Security Policy, April 14, Washington, 1950.
• NSC 162/2, Basic National Security Policy, October 30, Washington, 1953.
• CARO, A. Robert; The Path to Power, The Years of Lyndon Johnson, Volume 1, Vintage, New York, 1990.
• DREW, S. Nelson; NSC-68: Forging The Strategy Of Containment, with Analyses by Paul H. Nitze, National Defence University Press, Washington, 1996.
• FERRELL, H. Robert; Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman, Harper & Row, New York, 1980.
• GADDIS, John Lewis; George F. Kennan, An American Life, The Penguin Press, New York, 2011.
• GADDIS, John Lewis; On Grand Strategy, The Penguin Press, New York, 2018.
• GADDIS, John Lewis; Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of American National Security Policy during the Cold War, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005.
• GÜRCAN, Fethi; Ben İhtilalciyim, (Yay-Haz) Öner Gürcan, Süvari Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2005.
• HOOKER, R.D. ; The Grand Strategy of the United States, INSS Strategic Monograph, Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University, National Defence University Press, Washington, 2014.
• IKENBERRY, G. John; After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restrain, and the rebuilding of Order After Major Wars, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 2001.
• MARTEL, C. William; Grand Strategy In Theory And Practice: The Need For An Effective American Foreign Policy, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2015.
• MILLER, Roger G.; To Save A City, The Berlin Airlift 1948-1949, U.S. Goverment Publishing Office, Washington, 1998.
• RABE, G. Stephen; The Most Dangerous Area in the World: John F. Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America, The University of North Carolina Press, North Carolina,1988.
• SANVER, Ahmet; Akritas’a Karşı TMT, Yayınevi yok, Lefkoşe, 2012.
• SPYKMAN, Nicholas John; The Geography of the Peace, Harcourt, Brace and Company, San Diego, 1944.
• STROMSETH, E. Jane; The Origins of Flexible Response: Nato’s Debate over Strategy in the 1960s, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. 1988.
• TORUMTAY, Necip; Orgeneral Torumtay’ın Anıları, Milliyet Yayınları, İstanbul, 1994.
• YEŞILBURSA, Behçet Kemal; Bağdat Paktı 1950-1959, Çev. Nur Nirven, Vakıfbank Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 2019.
• ZEITZ, Joshua; Building the Great Society: Inside Lyndon Johnson’s White House, Penguin Books, New York, 2018.
• DEMIR Yeşim; “Albay Talat Aydemir’in Darbe Girişimleri”, Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, Sayı:12, Bahar 2006, 155-171.
• KARAOSMANOĞLU, Ali; “Nükleer Strateji’nin İlk On Yılı”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 51, Sayı 1, 1996, 323-346.
• KIBAROĞLU, Mustafa; “INF Krizinin Arka Planı ve Küresel Güvenliğe Etkileri”, Stratejist, Kasım 2018/16, 18-29.
• KIBAROĞLU, Mustafa; “Turkey and Shared Responsibilities” in Shared Responsibilities for Nuclear Disarmament: A Global Debate, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge, 2010, 24-27.
• LEANNE M. J. Bacon, George F. Kennan’s Strategy of Containment: An Assessment of Kennan’s Coherence and Consistency, Department of American and Canadian Studies, Birmingham Üniversitesi, Birmingham, 2010. (Yayımlanmamış Felsefe Yüksek Lisans Tezi).
• “A Decade of American Foreign Policy 1941-1949, Vandenberg Resolution, Senate Resolution 239, Eightieth Congress”, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/ decad040.asp (Erişim Tarihi: 04.01.2018).
• “FRUS, 1964-1968, Volume XXXII, Dominican Republic; Cuba; Haiti; Guyana”, https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/johnsonlb/xxxii/44733.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 17.01.2019).
• “George Kennan’s ‘Long Telegram’, 22 February 1946”, https://digitalarchive. wilsoncenter.org/document/116178.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 19.01.2019).
• “Inaugural Address, 20 January 1961”, https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/historic-speeches/inaugural-address (Erişim Tarihi: 16.01.2019).
• “Inter-American Peace Force, Public Affairs Office, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, 1966,” https://history.army.mil/html/bookshelves/resmat/dom_republic/ IAPF_Stability_Ops_Rpt.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 19.01.2019).
• “Johnson Letter”, https://tr.scribd.com/document/38718043/Johnson-Letter (Erişim Tarihi: 19.01.2019).
• “Kennedy’s Foreign Policy”, https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/jfk-foreignpolicy (Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2019).
• “LBJ: Biography”, http://www.lbjlibrary.org/lyndon-baines-johnson/lbj-biography/ (Erişim Tarihi: 20.01.2019).
• “Lyndon B. Johnson and The Vietnam War”, https://prde.upress.virginia.edu/ content/Vietnam (Erişim Tarihi: 19.01.2019).
• “Lyndon B. Johnson”, https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/ lyndon-b-johnson/ (Erişim Tarihi: 20.01.2019).
• “Lyndon B. Johnson, Published Text of Speech on the Domincan Republic Intervention, 2 May1965”, (The Johnson Doctrine Speech), https://loveman.sdsu.edu/ docs/1965JohnsonDoctrine.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 20.01.2019).
• “Memorandum of Telephone Conversation, Gorbachev-Bush, 25 December 1991, Last phone call”, https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/dc.html?doc=3247156-4-Memorandum-of-Telephone-Conversation-Gorbachev (Erişim Tarihi: 20.01.2019).
• “Miller, Roger G.; To Save A City, The Berlin Airlift 1948-1949, U.S. Goverment Publishing Office, Washington, 1998”, https://media.defense.gov/2010/Oct/01/ 2001329741/-1/-1/0/AFD-101001-053.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 18.01.2018).
• “President Kennedy’s Special Message To The Congress On Urgent National Needs,, 25 May 1961”, https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/ united-states-congress-special-message-19610525 (Erişim Tarihi: 16.01.2019).
• “President Truman’s Special message to the Congress on Greece and Turkey: The Truman Doctrine, 12 March 1947”, https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/soundrecording-records/sr64-47-president-trumans-special-message-congress-greece-and-turkey-truman (Erişim Tarihi: 19.01.2019).
• “Telephone conversation # 1644, sound recording, Lyndon B. Johnson and Robert Mcnamara, 29 January 1964, 6:32 PM”, https://www.discoverlbj.org/item/tel-01644 (Erişim Tarihi: 19.01.2019) “Telephone conversation # 2305, sound recording, Lyndon B. Johnson and Dean Rusk, 2 March 1964, 11:35 AM”, https://www.discoverlbj.org/item/tel-02305 (Erişim Tarihi: 19.01.2019).
• “The President’s Address to the Nation Announcing Steps To Limit the War in Vietnam and Reporting His Decision Not To Seek Reelection, 31 March 1968”, http://www.lbjlibrary.net/collections/selected-speeches/1968-january-1969/03-31-1968.html (Erişim Tarihi: 17.07.2019).
• “The Sources of Soviet Conduct by ‘X’ (George F. Kennan) July 1947”, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russian-federation/1947-07-01/sources-soviet-conduct (Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2019).