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Savunma Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Özgürlükler İlişkisi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 38, 369 - 410, 07.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.964057

Öz

Çalışmada savunma harcamaları ile ekonomik özgürlükler arasındaki ilişki Fraser Enstitüsü’nün ekonomik özgürlükler endeksinde yer alan 110 ülkenin 2000-2014 yılları arasındaki verileri kullanılarak panel veri analizi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarından elde edilen bulgular, genel ekonomik özgürlük endeksi ve endeksin ana bileşenlerini oluşturan devletin faaliyet alanının genişliği, hukuki yapı ve mülkiyet hakları, güçlü paraya erişim ve kredi, işgücü ve iş dünyası konusunda yasal düzenlemelerin savunma harcamaları üzerinde anlamlı ve negatif yönlü ilişkisinin olduğunu gösterirken, uluslararası ticaret serbestisi ana bileşeninin savunma harcamaları ile ilişkisine rastlanamamıştır.

Kaynakça

  • BEACH, William W. and DAVIS Gareth, The Index Of Economic Freedom And Economic Growth, The Heritage Foundation, Washington, 1997.
  • CAMERON, A. Colin and TRIVERDI, Pravin. K. Microeconometrics Methods and Applications, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005.
  • HSIAO, Cheng Analysis of Panel Data. Cambridge University Press, Second Edition, United Kingdom, 2003.
  • KANT, Immanuel, Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1795, Vol. 1903.
  • MILLER, Terry and HOLMES, Kim R. 2011 Index of Economic Freedom, The Heritage Foundation, The Wall Street Journal, New York, NY 10281, 2011.
  • SCHUMPETER, Joseph A., The Sociology of Imperialism, In Imperialism & Social Classes, 3-98 Cleveland, World Publishing, 1919.
  • SMITH, Adam, The Wealth of Nations, Wordsworth Edition, London, 2012.
  • STEIN, Arthur. A. The Nation at War, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1980.
  • BARBIERI, Katherine “Economic Interdependence: A Path to Peace or a Source of Interstate Conflict?”, Journal of Peace Research, 1996. 33(1), p. 29-49.
  • BARRO, Robert. J., “Democracy and Growth”, Journal of Economic Growth, 1996, 1(1), p.1-27.
  • BEŞKAYA, Ahmet ve KOÇ, Asuman, “Ekonomik Büyüme ve Kalkınmada Ekonomik Özgürlüklerin Rolü ve Önemi”, Liberal Düşünce, 2006, 43, ss.43-74.
  • BURGESS, Cara, BEAULIER, Scott et al.,” Economic Freedom and Conflict: An Empirical Note”, Journal of Economics and Economic Education Research, 2009 10(3), p. 75-83.
  • CAPRA, James. R., “The National Defense Budget and its Economic Effects”, Federal Reserve Bank of New York Q. Rev, 1981, 6, p. 21-31.
  • CARLSSON, Fredrik and LUNDSTRÖM, Susanna, “Economic Freedom and Growth: Decomposing the Effects”, Public Choice, 2002, 112(3-4), p. 335-344.
  • CEBULA, Richard. J., Clark, J. R. et al.,” The Impact of Economic Freedom on Per Capita Real GDP: A Study of OECD Nations”, Journal of Regional Analysis & Policy, 2013, 43(1), p.34-41.
  • DUNNE, J., Paul, “Economic Effects of Military Expenditure in Developing Countries”, Gleditsch, N.P., Bjerkholt, O., Cappelen, A., Smith, R. and Dunne, J.P. (Ed.) The Peace Dividend (Contributions to Economic Analysis, Vol. 235), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, 1996, pp. 439-464.
  • DZİDROV, Misko, MIRAKOPCSKI, Dejan, et al.” Relationship between Economic Freedom and Conflict in the Balkan Region” International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 2013, 4(10), p. 433-436.
  • ERDAL, Fuat and YENİPAZARLI, Aslı, “Which Economic Freedoms Contribute Income Per Capita? Are Results Sensitive to the Indicators and the Estimation Methods?”, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 2013, 49(5), p. 130-147.
  • FABRO, Gema and AIXALÁ, Jose, “Direct and Indirect Effects of Economic and Political Freedom on Economic Growth”, Journal of Economic Issues, 2012, 46(4), p. 1059-1080.
  • GARTZKE, Erik, “Economic Freedom of the World 2005”, Annual Report, The Fraser Institute, Vancouver, Canada, 2005.
  • GWARTNEY, James and LAWSON, Robert “The Concept and Measurement of Economic Freedom”, European Journal of Political Economy, 2003, 19.3, 405-430.
  • GWARTNEY, James. D., LAWSON, Robert et al. “Economic Freedom of the World 2016” Annual Report, The Fraser Institute. Canada, 2016.
  • GWARTNEY, James. D., LAWSON, Robert. A. et al., “Economic Freedom and the Environment for Economic Growth”, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE)/Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft, 1999, 155(4), p. 643-663.
  • HAMILTON, Earl. J. “The Role of War in Modern Inflation.” Journal of Economy History, 1977, 37(1), p. 13-19.
  • HSIAO, Cheng “Why Panel Data?”, The Singapore Economic Review, 2005, 50(2), 143-154, p. 146-148.
  • IM, Kyung. S., PESARAN, M. Hashem et al., “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 2003, 115(1), p. 53-74.
  • KAUFMAN, R. F., “The Pentagon Stokes Inflation”, The Nation, 1972, (May 1), p. 555-558.
  • LOONEY, Robert and MCNAB, Robert. M., “Can Economic Liberalization and Improved Governance Alter the Defense–Growth Trade-Off?”, Review of Financial Economics, 2008, 17(3), p. 172-182.
  • MELMAN, Seymour, “The Defense Economy: Conversion of Industries and Occupations to Civilian Needs”, Praeger Publishers, 1970, New York.
  • MICHAEL. W. Browne, “Asymptotically Distribution Free Methods for the Analysis of Covariance Structures”. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 1984, 37, p. 62-83.
  • NELSON, Michael. A. and SINGH, Ram. D., “Democracy, Economic Freedom, Fiscal Policy, and Growth in LDCs: A Fresh Look”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1998, 46(4), p. 677-696.
  • PANAHI, Hossein, ASSADZADEH, Ahmad. et al., “Economic Freedom and Economic Growth in MENA Countries”, Asian Economic and Financial Review, 2014, 4(1), 105-116.
  • PÉREZ-MORENO, Salvador and ANGULO-GUERRERO, Maria. J., “Does Economic Freedom Increase Income Inequality? Evidence from the EU Countries”, Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 2016, 19(4), p. 327-347.
  • PHILLIPS, Peter CB and PERRON, Pierre, “Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression.” Biometrika, 1988, 75.2, p. 335-346.
  • ROSH, Robert. M., “Third World Militarization: Security Webs and the States They Ensnare”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1988, 32(4), p. 671-698.
  • RUMMEL, Rudolph. J., “Libertarianism and International Violence”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1983, 27(1), p. 27-71.
  • SAUNORIS, James. W. and SAJNY, Aishath, “Entrepreneurship and Economic Freedom: Cross-Country Evidence from Formal and Informal Sectors”, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 2017, 29(3-4), p. 292-316.
  • TURES, John A.,” Economic Freedom and Conflict Reduction: Evidence from the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s.”, Cato Journal, 2002, 22(3), p. 533-542.
  • YILDIRIM, Julide and SEZGİN, Selami, “Democracy and Military Expenditure: A Cross-Country Evidence”, Transition Studies Review, 2005, 12(1), p. 93-100.
  • FRASER INSTITUTE, https://www.fraserinstitute.org/ (Erişim Tarihi: 18 Şubat 2017).
  • GÜNANA, Tayfun, The Relationship Between Defense Spending and Inflatıon: An Emprical Analysis for Turkey, Master of Business Administration Thesis, The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University, Ankara. 2004.
  • RIDDERSTEDT, Ivan, Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurship: Conflicting Evidence, Bachelor Thesis, Södertörn University School of Social Sciences, Stockholm, 2014.

The Relationship between Defense Expenditures and Economic Freedoms

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 38, 369 - 410, 07.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.964057

Öz

This paper aimed to examine the relationship between defense expenditures and economic freedom for 110 countries from the Fraser Institute’s Economic Freedoms Index, for the period of 2000-2014 by using panel data analysis. The results of the empirical analysis indicate that there is a significant and negative relationship between defense expenditures and an overall index of economic freedom, size of government, legal systems and property rights, sound money and regulation of credit, labor, and business; but there is no significant relationship for freedom to trade internationally main-component of the index.

Kaynakça

  • BEACH, William W. and DAVIS Gareth, The Index Of Economic Freedom And Economic Growth, The Heritage Foundation, Washington, 1997.
  • CAMERON, A. Colin and TRIVERDI, Pravin. K. Microeconometrics Methods and Applications, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005.
  • HSIAO, Cheng Analysis of Panel Data. Cambridge University Press, Second Edition, United Kingdom, 2003.
  • KANT, Immanuel, Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1795, Vol. 1903.
  • MILLER, Terry and HOLMES, Kim R. 2011 Index of Economic Freedom, The Heritage Foundation, The Wall Street Journal, New York, NY 10281, 2011.
  • SCHUMPETER, Joseph A., The Sociology of Imperialism, In Imperialism & Social Classes, 3-98 Cleveland, World Publishing, 1919.
  • SMITH, Adam, The Wealth of Nations, Wordsworth Edition, London, 2012.
  • STEIN, Arthur. A. The Nation at War, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1980.
  • BARBIERI, Katherine “Economic Interdependence: A Path to Peace or a Source of Interstate Conflict?”, Journal of Peace Research, 1996. 33(1), p. 29-49.
  • BARRO, Robert. J., “Democracy and Growth”, Journal of Economic Growth, 1996, 1(1), p.1-27.
  • BEŞKAYA, Ahmet ve KOÇ, Asuman, “Ekonomik Büyüme ve Kalkınmada Ekonomik Özgürlüklerin Rolü ve Önemi”, Liberal Düşünce, 2006, 43, ss.43-74.
  • BURGESS, Cara, BEAULIER, Scott et al.,” Economic Freedom and Conflict: An Empirical Note”, Journal of Economics and Economic Education Research, 2009 10(3), p. 75-83.
  • CAPRA, James. R., “The National Defense Budget and its Economic Effects”, Federal Reserve Bank of New York Q. Rev, 1981, 6, p. 21-31.
  • CARLSSON, Fredrik and LUNDSTRÖM, Susanna, “Economic Freedom and Growth: Decomposing the Effects”, Public Choice, 2002, 112(3-4), p. 335-344.
  • CEBULA, Richard. J., Clark, J. R. et al.,” The Impact of Economic Freedom on Per Capita Real GDP: A Study of OECD Nations”, Journal of Regional Analysis & Policy, 2013, 43(1), p.34-41.
  • DUNNE, J., Paul, “Economic Effects of Military Expenditure in Developing Countries”, Gleditsch, N.P., Bjerkholt, O., Cappelen, A., Smith, R. and Dunne, J.P. (Ed.) The Peace Dividend (Contributions to Economic Analysis, Vol. 235), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, 1996, pp. 439-464.
  • DZİDROV, Misko, MIRAKOPCSKI, Dejan, et al.” Relationship between Economic Freedom and Conflict in the Balkan Region” International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 2013, 4(10), p. 433-436.
  • ERDAL, Fuat and YENİPAZARLI, Aslı, “Which Economic Freedoms Contribute Income Per Capita? Are Results Sensitive to the Indicators and the Estimation Methods?”, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 2013, 49(5), p. 130-147.
  • FABRO, Gema and AIXALÁ, Jose, “Direct and Indirect Effects of Economic and Political Freedom on Economic Growth”, Journal of Economic Issues, 2012, 46(4), p. 1059-1080.
  • GARTZKE, Erik, “Economic Freedom of the World 2005”, Annual Report, The Fraser Institute, Vancouver, Canada, 2005.
  • GWARTNEY, James and LAWSON, Robert “The Concept and Measurement of Economic Freedom”, European Journal of Political Economy, 2003, 19.3, 405-430.
  • GWARTNEY, James. D., LAWSON, Robert et al. “Economic Freedom of the World 2016” Annual Report, The Fraser Institute. Canada, 2016.
  • GWARTNEY, James. D., LAWSON, Robert. A. et al., “Economic Freedom and the Environment for Economic Growth”, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE)/Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft, 1999, 155(4), p. 643-663.
  • HAMILTON, Earl. J. “The Role of War in Modern Inflation.” Journal of Economy History, 1977, 37(1), p. 13-19.
  • HSIAO, Cheng “Why Panel Data?”, The Singapore Economic Review, 2005, 50(2), 143-154, p. 146-148.
  • IM, Kyung. S., PESARAN, M. Hashem et al., “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 2003, 115(1), p. 53-74.
  • KAUFMAN, R. F., “The Pentagon Stokes Inflation”, The Nation, 1972, (May 1), p. 555-558.
  • LOONEY, Robert and MCNAB, Robert. M., “Can Economic Liberalization and Improved Governance Alter the Defense–Growth Trade-Off?”, Review of Financial Economics, 2008, 17(3), p. 172-182.
  • MELMAN, Seymour, “The Defense Economy: Conversion of Industries and Occupations to Civilian Needs”, Praeger Publishers, 1970, New York.
  • MICHAEL. W. Browne, “Asymptotically Distribution Free Methods for the Analysis of Covariance Structures”. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 1984, 37, p. 62-83.
  • NELSON, Michael. A. and SINGH, Ram. D., “Democracy, Economic Freedom, Fiscal Policy, and Growth in LDCs: A Fresh Look”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1998, 46(4), p. 677-696.
  • PANAHI, Hossein, ASSADZADEH, Ahmad. et al., “Economic Freedom and Economic Growth in MENA Countries”, Asian Economic and Financial Review, 2014, 4(1), 105-116.
  • PÉREZ-MORENO, Salvador and ANGULO-GUERRERO, Maria. J., “Does Economic Freedom Increase Income Inequality? Evidence from the EU Countries”, Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 2016, 19(4), p. 327-347.
  • PHILLIPS, Peter CB and PERRON, Pierre, “Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression.” Biometrika, 1988, 75.2, p. 335-346.
  • ROSH, Robert. M., “Third World Militarization: Security Webs and the States They Ensnare”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1988, 32(4), p. 671-698.
  • RUMMEL, Rudolph. J., “Libertarianism and International Violence”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1983, 27(1), p. 27-71.
  • SAUNORIS, James. W. and SAJNY, Aishath, “Entrepreneurship and Economic Freedom: Cross-Country Evidence from Formal and Informal Sectors”, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 2017, 29(3-4), p. 292-316.
  • TURES, John A.,” Economic Freedom and Conflict Reduction: Evidence from the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s.”, Cato Journal, 2002, 22(3), p. 533-542.
  • YILDIRIM, Julide and SEZGİN, Selami, “Democracy and Military Expenditure: A Cross-Country Evidence”, Transition Studies Review, 2005, 12(1), p. 93-100.
  • FRASER INSTITUTE, https://www.fraserinstitute.org/ (Erişim Tarihi: 18 Şubat 2017).
  • GÜNANA, Tayfun, The Relationship Between Defense Spending and Inflatıon: An Emprical Analysis for Turkey, Master of Business Administration Thesis, The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University, Ankara. 2004.
  • RIDDERSTEDT, Ivan, Economic Freedom and Entrepreneurship: Conflicting Evidence, Bachelor Thesis, Södertörn University School of Social Sciences, Stockholm, 2014.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mehmet Samet Erdem Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-7344-2166

Selami Sezgin Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-4604-0601

Yayımlanma Tarihi 7 Temmuz 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Ekim 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 38

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Erdem, Mehmet Samet, ve Selami Sezgin. “Savunma Harcamaları Ve Ekonomik Özgürlükler İlişkisi”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 17, sy. 38 (Temmuz 2021): 369-410. https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.964057.