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Nagorno-Karabakh Dispute: Why Intractable Conflict for Armenia?

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 22, 1 - 31, 20.10.2015

Öz

The conflict between Armenian and Azerbaijan around Nagorno-Karabakh was violent between 1988 and 1994. Nevertheless, Nagorno-Karabakh dispute is regarded as one of the frozen conflicts, which has been witnessed for many years. In order to stop and contain the conflict, other states and international organizations advocated peaceful settlement. However, the problem went through a number of phases and has not reached a final solution despite of many years of negotiation under the auspices of the OSCE Minsk Group. In this context, the objective of this paper is to understand the main impeding factors that prevent peaceful resolution and establishment of a      long-lasting peace for Armenia. As a framework to analyze the case of Armenia-Azerbaijan dispute over Nagorno-Karabakh, this paper uses the “constructivist theory”, which explains national histories and identities as fluid, evolving, and formed over time, and which claims that it is mainly social relationships between agents, structures, and institutions that can lead to ethnic conflicts. Contrary to the primordialist approach, which treats ethnic groups as concrete and independent entities that exist inherently, the explanation of intractability within a constructivist framework constitutes the main difference. In view of this, government policies are also constructed according to interstate perceptions, expectations and the concepts developed towards themselves and others. As a result, rather than only including one-dimensional “ancient hatred” paradigm; “the problem of security”, “image of enemy”, “other countries” involvement with having interests in the region”, and most importantly “internal politics” can be regarded as the contributors to intractability for Armenia.

Kaynakça

  • AYUNS, Artak. “Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: Escalation or Resolution?”. (2005): 1-8 http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_ apa_research_citation/1/2/4/2/4/pages124245/p124245-3.php, (accessed 5 April 2014).
  • BERCOVITCH, Jacob. “Mediation in the Most Resistant Cases.” in Grasping the Nettle: Analyzing Cases of Intractable Conflict, edited by Pamela R. Aall, Chester A.Crocker, and Fen Osler Hampson, 99- 101. Washington, D.C: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2007.
  • BERCOVITCH, Jacob. “Characteristics Of Intractable Conflicts” (October 2003) http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/charac teristics-ic (accessed 3 February 2015).
  • COLEMAN, Peter T. “Intractable Conflict” in The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice, ed. Morton Deutsch, Peter T. Coleman, Eric C. Marcus,. San Fransisco: Wiley, 2006.
  • EICHENSEHR, Kristen and W. Michael Reisman, Stopping Wars and Making Peace: Studies in International Intervention. NLD: Martinus Nijhoff, 2009.
  • GAHRAMANOVA, Aytan. “Identity Conflicts and Its Implications for Conflict Management.” UNISCI Discussion Papers No. 11 (May 2006): 153-186.
  • GAMAGHELYAN, Philip. “Intractability Of The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: A Myth Or A Reality?” Peace & Conflict Monitor, Special Report, (July 2005): 1-15.
  • GREEN, Donald P. and SEHER, Rachel L. “What Role Does Prejudice Play in Ethnic Conflict?” Annual Review of Political Science, No:6 (2003): 509-531.
  • HUFFMAN, Celia Cook-. “The role of identity in conflict”, in Handbook of Conflict Analysis and Resolution, ed. Dennis J. D. Sandole and others. NY: Routlegde, 2009.
  • Jackson, Richard. “Constructivism and Conflict Resolution” in the SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution ed. Jacob Bercovitch & Victor Kremenyuk & I William Zartman, Sage Publications, 2009.
  • Joint statement on the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict, by the Presidents of the OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chair Countries”, 18 June 2013, http://www.osce.org/mg/102856 (accessed 4 February, 2015).
  • KAUFMAN, Stuart J. “Ethnic Fears and Ethnic War In Karabagh”, Working Paper Series, No. 8, (October 1998): http://csis.org/files/ media/csis/pubs/ruseur_wp_008.pdf (accessed 5 February 2015).
  • KIRDAR, Seda. “Conflict Resolution in Georgia: An Analysis Applying the Intractable Conflict Theory and the Governmental Politics Model.” Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, Volume XIII Number: 4, (Winter 2008): 49-69.
  • KOEHLER, Jan and Christoph Zürcher. “The Art Of Losing The State: Weak Empire To Weak Nationstate Around Nagorno-Karabakh.” in New Approaches of Conflict Analysis: Potentials of Disorder, edited by Jan Koehler and Christoph Zürcher, 145-170. UK: Manchester University Press, 2003.
  • KUBURAS, Melita. “ Ethnic Conflict In Nagorno-Karabakh”, Review of European and Russian Affairs, 6, (2011): 44-54. LEONARD, Mark. Public Diplomacy. London: Foreign Policy Center, 2002.
  • MANOFF, Robert Karl. “The Media’s Role in Preventing and Moderating Conflict”. This paper was prepared for the Virtual Diplomacy conference hosted by United States Institute of Peacein Washington, D.C. on April 1 and 2, 1997. http://www.colorado.edu/ conflict/peace/example/mano7476.htm (accessed 4 February 2015).
  • MEHTİYEV, Elkhan. “Armenia-Azerbaijan Prague Process: Road Map to Peace or Stalemate for Uncertainty?” Conflict Studies Research Centre, (May 2005): 1-14.
  • MIGDALOVITZ, Carol. “Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict.” (August 2003), http://pards.org/crs_country/CRSReportArmeniaAzerbaijan Conflict(August8,2000)Updated.pdf, (accessed 1 May 2014).
  • OGANESYAN, Milena. “Constructing and Deconstructing Histories: The Ethnicity Factor.” (2009), http://caucasusedition.net/analysis/ constructing-and-deconstructing-histories-the-ethnicity-factor/, (accessed 23 April 2014).
  • “OSCE Minsk Group in Crisis: A New Look at Nagorno-Karabakh Impasse”, 6 May, 2011 http://www.turkishweekly.net/op-ed/2820/ osce-minsk-group-in-crisis-a-new-look-at-nagorno-karabakh- impasse.html (accessed 4 February, 2015).
  • ÖZKAN, Behlül. “Who Gains from the “No War No Peace” Situation? A Critical Analysis of the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict”, Geopolitics, 13:3, (2008): 572-599.
  • PANOSSIAN, Razmik. The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006.
  • POKALOVA, Elena. “Conflict Resolution in Frozen Conflicts: Timing in Nagorno-Karabakh”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 17:1 (2015): 68-85.
  • SARI, Yaşar. “Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict and Role of Big Power in 1990s.” Turkish Review of Eurasian Studies, (2002):118-143.
  • STEIN, Sabina A. “Competing Political Science Perspectives on the Role of Religion in Conflict”, Politorbis, 2/2011, http://www.css.ethz. ch/publications/pdfs/Politorbis-52.pdf.
  • SVENSSON, Isak. “The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: Lessons from the Mediation Efforts.” Initiative for Peacebuilding, (2009): 1-32 The Official Web Site of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia
Yıl 2015, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 22, 1 - 31, 20.10.2015

Öz

Kaynakça

  • AYUNS, Artak. “Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: Escalation or Resolution?”. (2005): 1-8 http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_ apa_research_citation/1/2/4/2/4/pages124245/p124245-3.php, (accessed 5 April 2014).
  • BERCOVITCH, Jacob. “Mediation in the Most Resistant Cases.” in Grasping the Nettle: Analyzing Cases of Intractable Conflict, edited by Pamela R. Aall, Chester A.Crocker, and Fen Osler Hampson, 99- 101. Washington, D.C: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2007.
  • BERCOVITCH, Jacob. “Characteristics Of Intractable Conflicts” (October 2003) http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/charac teristics-ic (accessed 3 February 2015).
  • COLEMAN, Peter T. “Intractable Conflict” in The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice, ed. Morton Deutsch, Peter T. Coleman, Eric C. Marcus,. San Fransisco: Wiley, 2006.
  • EICHENSEHR, Kristen and W. Michael Reisman, Stopping Wars and Making Peace: Studies in International Intervention. NLD: Martinus Nijhoff, 2009.
  • GAHRAMANOVA, Aytan. “Identity Conflicts and Its Implications for Conflict Management.” UNISCI Discussion Papers No. 11 (May 2006): 153-186.
  • GAMAGHELYAN, Philip. “Intractability Of The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: A Myth Or A Reality?” Peace & Conflict Monitor, Special Report, (July 2005): 1-15.
  • GREEN, Donald P. and SEHER, Rachel L. “What Role Does Prejudice Play in Ethnic Conflict?” Annual Review of Political Science, No:6 (2003): 509-531.
  • HUFFMAN, Celia Cook-. “The role of identity in conflict”, in Handbook of Conflict Analysis and Resolution, ed. Dennis J. D. Sandole and others. NY: Routlegde, 2009.
  • Jackson, Richard. “Constructivism and Conflict Resolution” in the SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution ed. Jacob Bercovitch & Victor Kremenyuk & I William Zartman, Sage Publications, 2009.
  • Joint statement on the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict, by the Presidents of the OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chair Countries”, 18 June 2013, http://www.osce.org/mg/102856 (accessed 4 February, 2015).
  • KAUFMAN, Stuart J. “Ethnic Fears and Ethnic War In Karabagh”, Working Paper Series, No. 8, (October 1998): http://csis.org/files/ media/csis/pubs/ruseur_wp_008.pdf (accessed 5 February 2015).
  • KIRDAR, Seda. “Conflict Resolution in Georgia: An Analysis Applying the Intractable Conflict Theory and the Governmental Politics Model.” Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, Volume XIII Number: 4, (Winter 2008): 49-69.
  • KOEHLER, Jan and Christoph Zürcher. “The Art Of Losing The State: Weak Empire To Weak Nationstate Around Nagorno-Karabakh.” in New Approaches of Conflict Analysis: Potentials of Disorder, edited by Jan Koehler and Christoph Zürcher, 145-170. UK: Manchester University Press, 2003.
  • KUBURAS, Melita. “ Ethnic Conflict In Nagorno-Karabakh”, Review of European and Russian Affairs, 6, (2011): 44-54. LEONARD, Mark. Public Diplomacy. London: Foreign Policy Center, 2002.
  • MANOFF, Robert Karl. “The Media’s Role in Preventing and Moderating Conflict”. This paper was prepared for the Virtual Diplomacy conference hosted by United States Institute of Peacein Washington, D.C. on April 1 and 2, 1997. http://www.colorado.edu/ conflict/peace/example/mano7476.htm (accessed 4 February 2015).
  • MEHTİYEV, Elkhan. “Armenia-Azerbaijan Prague Process: Road Map to Peace or Stalemate for Uncertainty?” Conflict Studies Research Centre, (May 2005): 1-14.
  • MIGDALOVITZ, Carol. “Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict.” (August 2003), http://pards.org/crs_country/CRSReportArmeniaAzerbaijan Conflict(August8,2000)Updated.pdf, (accessed 1 May 2014).
  • OGANESYAN, Milena. “Constructing and Deconstructing Histories: The Ethnicity Factor.” (2009), http://caucasusedition.net/analysis/ constructing-and-deconstructing-histories-the-ethnicity-factor/, (accessed 23 April 2014).
  • “OSCE Minsk Group in Crisis: A New Look at Nagorno-Karabakh Impasse”, 6 May, 2011 http://www.turkishweekly.net/op-ed/2820/ osce-minsk-group-in-crisis-a-new-look-at-nagorno-karabakh- impasse.html (accessed 4 February, 2015).
  • ÖZKAN, Behlül. “Who Gains from the “No War No Peace” Situation? A Critical Analysis of the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict”, Geopolitics, 13:3, (2008): 572-599.
  • PANOSSIAN, Razmik. The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006.
  • POKALOVA, Elena. “Conflict Resolution in Frozen Conflicts: Timing in Nagorno-Karabakh”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 17:1 (2015): 68-85.
  • SARI, Yaşar. “Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict and Role of Big Power in 1990s.” Turkish Review of Eurasian Studies, (2002):118-143.
  • STEIN, Sabina A. “Competing Political Science Perspectives on the Role of Religion in Conflict”, Politorbis, 2/2011, http://www.css.ethz. ch/publications/pdfs/Politorbis-52.pdf.
  • SVENSSON, Isak. “The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: Lessons from the Mediation Efforts.” Initiative for Peacebuilding, (2009): 1-32 The Official Web Site of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia
Toplam 26 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Cansu Güleç Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Ekim 2015
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Ekim 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 22

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Güleç, Cansu. “Nagorno-Karabakh Dispute: Why Intractable Conflict for Armenia?”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 11, sy. 22 (Ekim 2015): 1-31.