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Envisioning Systemic Transition Period Wars through the Thirty Years’ War and the First and Second World Wars

Yıl 2024, Sayı: War and International System, 5 - 22, 30.12.2024

Öz

This article focuses on “systemic transition period wars” emerging during specific historical periods and bringing about transformative changes in the international power configuration, leading to a new systemic structure. It aims to elucidate the distinct characteristics and outcomes of systemic transition period wars by exploring two historical examples –the Thirty Years’ War and the First and Second World Wars. The article’s focus is to reveal under which circumstances these systemic transition period wars occur and how these systemic wars not only alter the distribution of power among international actors but also fundamentally reshape the global systemic structure.

Kaynakça

  • ASCH Ronald G. (1997). The Thirty Years War: The Holy Roman Empire and Europe, 1618-48, Macmillan, New York.
  • BARTELSON Jens (2021). “War and the Turn to History in International Relations”, Benjamin de Carvalho, Julia Costa Lopez and Halvard Leira (ed.), Routledge Handbook of Historical International Relations, Routledge, New York, 127-137.
  • BARKAWI Tarak (2017). “States, Armies, and Wars in Global Context”, Julian Go & George Lawson (eds.), Global Historical Sociology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 58-75.
  • BERGESEN Albert J. and LIZARDO Omar (2004). “International Terrorism and the World-System”, Sociological Theory, 22:1, 38-52.
  • BOSWELL Terry and SWEAT Mike (1991). “Hegemony, Long Waves, and Major Wars: A Time Series Analysis of Systemic Dynamics, 1496-1967”, International Studies Quarterly, 35:2, 123-149.
  • BUNKER Robert J. and BUNKER Pamela Ligouri (2016). “The modern state in epochal transition: The significance of irregular warfare, state deconstruction, and the rise of new warfighting entities beyond neo-medievalism”, Small Wars & Insurgencies, 27:2, 325-344.
  • BUZAN Barry and LAWSON George (2015). Global Transformation: History Modernity and the Making of International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • BUZAN Barry and LAWSON George (2014). “Rethinking benchmark dates in International Relations”, European Journal of International Relations, 20:2, 437-462.
  • CHAN Steve and TESSMAN Brock F. (2009). “Relative Decline: Why Does It Induce War or Sustain Peace?”, William R. Thompson (ed.), Systemic Transitions: Past, Present, and Future, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 9-30.
  • CLARK Cristopher (2012). The Sleepwalkers: How Europe went to the war, Penguin Group, London.
  • DORAN Charles F. (1980). “Modes, Mechanisms, and Turning Points: Perspectives on the Transformation of the International System”, International Political Science Review, 1:1, 35-61.
  • DORAN Charles F. (1983). “War and Power Dynamics: Economic Underpinnings”, International Studies Quarterly, 27, 419-441.
  • DORAN Charles F. (1996). “Power Cycle Theory of Systems Structure and Stability: Commonalities and Complementarities”, Manus I. Midlarsky (ed.), Handbook of War Studies II, Michigan University Press, Ann Arbor, 83-110.
  • DORAN Charles F. (2003). “Economics, Philosophy of History, and the ‘Single Dynamic’ of Power Cycle Theory: Expectations, Competition, and Statecraft”, International Political Science Review, 24:1, 13-49.
  • EVERA Van Stephen (1999). Causes of War: Power and the Roots of Conflict, Cornell University Press, New York.
  • EVERA Van Stephen (1984). “The Cult of the Offensive and the Origins of the First World War”, International Security, 9:1, 58-107.
  • GELLMAN Peter (1989). “The Elusive Explanation: Balance of Power ‘Theory’ and the Origins of World War I”, Review of International Studies, 15:2, 155-182.
  • GIDDENS Anthony (1985). The Nation-State and Violence, Polity Press Cambridge.
  • GILPIN Robert (1981). War and Change in International Politics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • GUTMANN Myron P. (1988). “The Origins of the Thirty Years’ War”, The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 18:4, 749-770.
  • HOBSBAWM Eric (1995). The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century 1914-1991, Abacus Book, London.
  • HOLSTI Kalevi J. (1998). Peace And War: Armed Conflicts and International Order 1648-1989, Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • IKENBERRY G. John (2001). After Victory: Institutions, strategic restraint, and the rebuilding of order after major wars, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • KENNEDY Paul M. (1988). The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, Unwin Hyman, London.
  • KOHOUT Franz (2003). “Cyclical, Hegemonic, and Pluralistic Theories of International Relations: Some Comparative Reflections on War Causation”, International Political Science Review, 24:1, 51-66.
  • KRASNER Stephen D. (1995-1996). “Compromising Westphalia”, International Security, 20:3, 115-151.
  • LEE Dong Sun (2008). Power Shifts, Strategy, and War: Declining states and international conflict, Routledge, New York.
  • LEE Stephen J. (1984). Aspects of European History (1494-1789), Routledge, London.
  • LEVY Jack S. (1982). “The Contagion of Great Power War Behavior, 1495-1975”, American Journal of Political Science, 26:3, 562-584.
  • LEVY Jack S. (1983). War in the Modern Great Power System, 1495-1975, The University Press of Kentucky, Kentucky.
  • LEVY Jack S. and Vasquez John A. (2014). The Outbreak of the First World War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • LIEBER Keir A. (2007). “The New History of World War I and What It Means for International Relations Theory”, International Security, 32:2, 155-191.
  • MALCOLM Noel (2007). Reason of State, Propaganda, and the Thirty Years’ War, Oxford University Press, New York.
  • MELKO Matthew (2001). “The Importance of General Wars in World History”, Peace Research, 33:1, 83-100.
  • MIDLARSKY Manus I. (1984). “Preventing Systemic War: Crisis Decision-Making amidst a Structure of Conflict Relationships”, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 28:4, 563-584.
  • MIDLARSKY Manus I. (1986). “A Hierarchical Equilibrium Theory of Systemic War”, International Studies Quarterly, 30, 77-105.
  • MIDLARSKY Manus I. (1988). The Onset of World War, Routledge, New York.
  • MODELSKI George and THOMPSON William R. (1989). “Long Cycles and Global War”, Manus I. Midlarsky (ed.), Handbook of War Studies, Unwin Hyman, Boston, 23-54.
  • MORROW James D. (1993). “Arms Versus Allies: Trade-Offs in the Search for Security”, International Organization, 47:2, 207-233. N
  • EXON Daniel (2005). “Zeitgeist? The New Idealism in the Study of International Change”, Review of International Political Economy, 12:4, 700-719.
  • ORGANSKI A. F. K. and KUGLER Jacek (1980). The War Ledger, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. PARKER Geoffrey (1997). The Thirty Years’ War, Routledge, London.
  • POLIŠENSKÝ J. V. (1954). “The Thirty Years’ War”, Past & Present, 6, 31-43.
  • RASLER Karen and THOMPSON William R. (1991). “Technological Innovation, Capability Positional Shifts, and Systemic War”, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 35:3, 412-442.
  • RINGMAR Erik (1996). Identity, interest and action: A cultural explanation of Sweden’s intervention in the Thirty Years War, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • SAGAN Scott D. (1986). “1914 Revisited: Allies, Offense, and Instability”, International Security, 11: 2, pp. 151-175.
  • SCHROEDER, Paul W. (1989). “The nineteenth century system: balance of power or political equilibrium?”, Review of International Studies, 15, 135-153.
  • STEINBERG S. H. (1947). “The Thirty Years’ War: A New Interpretation”, History, New Series, 32:116, 89-102.
  • STEVENSON David (2011). With Our Backs to the Wall: Victory and Defeat in 1918, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, Massachusetts.
  • STEVENSON David (2002). Armaments and the Coming War, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • SUTHERLAND N. M. (1992). “The Origins of the Thirty Years War and the Structure of European Politics”, The English Historical Review, 107:424, 587-625.
  • TAYLOR A. J. P. (2005). The Origins of the Second World War, Simon & Schulter, New York. THOMPSON William R. (1988). On Global War, University of South Carolina Press, Columbia.
  • THOMPSON William R. (2006). “Systemic Leadership, Evolutionary Processes, and International Relations Theory: The Unipolarity Question”, International Studies Review, 8:1, 1-22.
  • THOMPSON William R. (2009). “Structural Preludes to Systemic Transition since 1494”, William R. Thompson (ed.), Systemic Transitions: Past, Present, and Future, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 55-73.
  • TREASURE Geoffrey (2003). The Making of Modern Europe, 1648– 1780, Routledge, New York.
  • VALERIANO Brandon and VASQUEZ John A. (2010). “Identifying and Classifying Complex Interstate Wars”, International Studies Quarterly, 54, 561-582.
  • VAYRYNEN Raimo (1983). “Economic Cycles, Power Transitions, Political Management and Wars between Major Powers”, International Studies Quarterly, 27:4, 389-418.
  • WALLERSTEIN Immanuel (1999). The End of the World as we Know It: Social Sciences for the Twenty First Century, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
  • WILLIAMSON Samuel R. Jr. (1998). “The Origins of World War I”, Robert I. Rotberg &Theodore K. Rabb (eds.), The Origin and Prevention of Major Wars, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 225-247.
  • WILSON Peter H. (2008). “Dynasty, Constitution, and Confession: The Role of Religion in the Thirty Years War”, The International History Review, 30:3, 473-514.
  • WILSON Peter H. (2008). “The Causes of the Thirty Years War 1618-48”, The English Historical Review, 123:502, 554-586.

Otuz Yıl Savaşları ve Birinci ve İkinci Dünya Savaşları Üzerinden Sistemik Geçiş Dönemi Savaşlarını Tasavvur Etmek

Yıl 2024, Sayı: War and International System, 5 - 22, 30.12.2024

Öz

Bu makale, belirli tarihsel dönemlerde ortaya çıkan ve uluslararası güç konfigürasyonunda dönüştürücü değişimlere yol açarak yeni bir sistemik yapının ortaya çıkmasına yol açan “sistemik geçiş dönemi savaşları”na odaklanmaktadır. Makale, Otuz Yıl Savaşları ve Birinci ve İkinci Dünya Savaşları olmak üzere iki tarihsel örneği inceleyerek sistemik geçiş dönemi savaşlarının farklı özelliklerini ve sonuçlarını aydınlatmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu makalenin odak noktası, bu sistemik geçiş dönemi savaşlarının hangi koşullar altında ortaya çıktığını ve bu sistemik savaşların sadece uluslararası aktörler arasındaki güç dağılımını değiştirmekle kalmayıp aynı zamanda küresel sistemik yapıyı temelden nasıl yeniden şekillendirdiğini ortaya koymaktır.

Etik Beyan

Yazarlar arasında çıkar çatışması bulunmamaktadır. Yazarlar eşit oranda makaleye katkı sunmuşlardır

Kaynakça

  • ASCH Ronald G. (1997). The Thirty Years War: The Holy Roman Empire and Europe, 1618-48, Macmillan, New York.
  • BARTELSON Jens (2021). “War and the Turn to History in International Relations”, Benjamin de Carvalho, Julia Costa Lopez and Halvard Leira (ed.), Routledge Handbook of Historical International Relations, Routledge, New York, 127-137.
  • BARKAWI Tarak (2017). “States, Armies, and Wars in Global Context”, Julian Go & George Lawson (eds.), Global Historical Sociology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 58-75.
  • BERGESEN Albert J. and LIZARDO Omar (2004). “International Terrorism and the World-System”, Sociological Theory, 22:1, 38-52.
  • BOSWELL Terry and SWEAT Mike (1991). “Hegemony, Long Waves, and Major Wars: A Time Series Analysis of Systemic Dynamics, 1496-1967”, International Studies Quarterly, 35:2, 123-149.
  • BUNKER Robert J. and BUNKER Pamela Ligouri (2016). “The modern state in epochal transition: The significance of irregular warfare, state deconstruction, and the rise of new warfighting entities beyond neo-medievalism”, Small Wars & Insurgencies, 27:2, 325-344.
  • BUZAN Barry and LAWSON George (2015). Global Transformation: History Modernity and the Making of International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • BUZAN Barry and LAWSON George (2014). “Rethinking benchmark dates in International Relations”, European Journal of International Relations, 20:2, 437-462.
  • CHAN Steve and TESSMAN Brock F. (2009). “Relative Decline: Why Does It Induce War or Sustain Peace?”, William R. Thompson (ed.), Systemic Transitions: Past, Present, and Future, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 9-30.
  • CLARK Cristopher (2012). The Sleepwalkers: How Europe went to the war, Penguin Group, London.
  • DORAN Charles F. (1980). “Modes, Mechanisms, and Turning Points: Perspectives on the Transformation of the International System”, International Political Science Review, 1:1, 35-61.
  • DORAN Charles F. (1983). “War and Power Dynamics: Economic Underpinnings”, International Studies Quarterly, 27, 419-441.
  • DORAN Charles F. (1996). “Power Cycle Theory of Systems Structure and Stability: Commonalities and Complementarities”, Manus I. Midlarsky (ed.), Handbook of War Studies II, Michigan University Press, Ann Arbor, 83-110.
  • DORAN Charles F. (2003). “Economics, Philosophy of History, and the ‘Single Dynamic’ of Power Cycle Theory: Expectations, Competition, and Statecraft”, International Political Science Review, 24:1, 13-49.
  • EVERA Van Stephen (1999). Causes of War: Power and the Roots of Conflict, Cornell University Press, New York.
  • EVERA Van Stephen (1984). “The Cult of the Offensive and the Origins of the First World War”, International Security, 9:1, 58-107.
  • GELLMAN Peter (1989). “The Elusive Explanation: Balance of Power ‘Theory’ and the Origins of World War I”, Review of International Studies, 15:2, 155-182.
  • GIDDENS Anthony (1985). The Nation-State and Violence, Polity Press Cambridge.
  • GILPIN Robert (1981). War and Change in International Politics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • GUTMANN Myron P. (1988). “The Origins of the Thirty Years’ War”, The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 18:4, 749-770.
  • HOBSBAWM Eric (1995). The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century 1914-1991, Abacus Book, London.
  • HOLSTI Kalevi J. (1998). Peace And War: Armed Conflicts and International Order 1648-1989, Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • IKENBERRY G. John (2001). After Victory: Institutions, strategic restraint, and the rebuilding of order after major wars, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • KENNEDY Paul M. (1988). The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, Unwin Hyman, London.
  • KOHOUT Franz (2003). “Cyclical, Hegemonic, and Pluralistic Theories of International Relations: Some Comparative Reflections on War Causation”, International Political Science Review, 24:1, 51-66.
  • KRASNER Stephen D. (1995-1996). “Compromising Westphalia”, International Security, 20:3, 115-151.
  • LEE Dong Sun (2008). Power Shifts, Strategy, and War: Declining states and international conflict, Routledge, New York.
  • LEE Stephen J. (1984). Aspects of European History (1494-1789), Routledge, London.
  • LEVY Jack S. (1982). “The Contagion of Great Power War Behavior, 1495-1975”, American Journal of Political Science, 26:3, 562-584.
  • LEVY Jack S. (1983). War in the Modern Great Power System, 1495-1975, The University Press of Kentucky, Kentucky.
  • LEVY Jack S. and Vasquez John A. (2014). The Outbreak of the First World War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • LIEBER Keir A. (2007). “The New History of World War I and What It Means for International Relations Theory”, International Security, 32:2, 155-191.
  • MALCOLM Noel (2007). Reason of State, Propaganda, and the Thirty Years’ War, Oxford University Press, New York.
  • MELKO Matthew (2001). “The Importance of General Wars in World History”, Peace Research, 33:1, 83-100.
  • MIDLARSKY Manus I. (1984). “Preventing Systemic War: Crisis Decision-Making amidst a Structure of Conflict Relationships”, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 28:4, 563-584.
  • MIDLARSKY Manus I. (1986). “A Hierarchical Equilibrium Theory of Systemic War”, International Studies Quarterly, 30, 77-105.
  • MIDLARSKY Manus I. (1988). The Onset of World War, Routledge, New York.
  • MODELSKI George and THOMPSON William R. (1989). “Long Cycles and Global War”, Manus I. Midlarsky (ed.), Handbook of War Studies, Unwin Hyman, Boston, 23-54.
  • MORROW James D. (1993). “Arms Versus Allies: Trade-Offs in the Search for Security”, International Organization, 47:2, 207-233. N
  • EXON Daniel (2005). “Zeitgeist? The New Idealism in the Study of International Change”, Review of International Political Economy, 12:4, 700-719.
  • ORGANSKI A. F. K. and KUGLER Jacek (1980). The War Ledger, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. PARKER Geoffrey (1997). The Thirty Years’ War, Routledge, London.
  • POLIŠENSKÝ J. V. (1954). “The Thirty Years’ War”, Past & Present, 6, 31-43.
  • RASLER Karen and THOMPSON William R. (1991). “Technological Innovation, Capability Positional Shifts, and Systemic War”, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 35:3, 412-442.
  • RINGMAR Erik (1996). Identity, interest and action: A cultural explanation of Sweden’s intervention in the Thirty Years War, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • SAGAN Scott D. (1986). “1914 Revisited: Allies, Offense, and Instability”, International Security, 11: 2, pp. 151-175.
  • SCHROEDER, Paul W. (1989). “The nineteenth century system: balance of power or political equilibrium?”, Review of International Studies, 15, 135-153.
  • STEINBERG S. H. (1947). “The Thirty Years’ War: A New Interpretation”, History, New Series, 32:116, 89-102.
  • STEVENSON David (2011). With Our Backs to the Wall: Victory and Defeat in 1918, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, Massachusetts.
  • STEVENSON David (2002). Armaments and the Coming War, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • SUTHERLAND N. M. (1992). “The Origins of the Thirty Years War and the Structure of European Politics”, The English Historical Review, 107:424, 587-625.
  • TAYLOR A. J. P. (2005). The Origins of the Second World War, Simon & Schulter, New York. THOMPSON William R. (1988). On Global War, University of South Carolina Press, Columbia.
  • THOMPSON William R. (2006). “Systemic Leadership, Evolutionary Processes, and International Relations Theory: The Unipolarity Question”, International Studies Review, 8:1, 1-22.
  • THOMPSON William R. (2009). “Structural Preludes to Systemic Transition since 1494”, William R. Thompson (ed.), Systemic Transitions: Past, Present, and Future, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 55-73.
  • TREASURE Geoffrey (2003). The Making of Modern Europe, 1648– 1780, Routledge, New York.
  • VALERIANO Brandon and VASQUEZ John A. (2010). “Identifying and Classifying Complex Interstate Wars”, International Studies Quarterly, 54, 561-582.
  • VAYRYNEN Raimo (1983). “Economic Cycles, Power Transitions, Political Management and Wars between Major Powers”, International Studies Quarterly, 27:4, 389-418.
  • WALLERSTEIN Immanuel (1999). The End of the World as we Know It: Social Sciences for the Twenty First Century, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
  • WILLIAMSON Samuel R. Jr. (1998). “The Origins of World War I”, Robert I. Rotberg &Theodore K. Rabb (eds.), The Origin and Prevention of Major Wars, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 225-247.
  • WILSON Peter H. (2008). “Dynasty, Constitution, and Confession: The Role of Religion in the Thirty Years War”, The International History Review, 30:3, 473-514.
  • WILSON Peter H. (2008). “The Causes of the Thirty Years War 1618-48”, The English Historical Review, 123:502, 554-586.
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Savaş Çalışmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Bilgehan Emeklier 0000-0003-3402-1013

Nihal Emeklier 0000-0002-6480-2059

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024
Kabul Tarihi 29 Kasım 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: War and International System

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Emeklier, Bilgehan, ve Nihal Emeklier. “Envisioning Systemic Transition Period Wars through the Thirty Years’ War and the First and Second World Wars”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, sy. War and International System (Aralık 2024): 5-22. https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1506202.