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THE SCALE FOR ASSESSING AFFECTING FACTORS ON PREVENTIVE BEHAVIORS OF COVID-19: A STUDY ON ADAPTATION TO TURKISH

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 4, 861 - 882, 27.12.2022

Öz

The Covid-19 pandemic, having high prevalence and mortality rate, has caused healthcare workers (HCWs) in Turkey to experience a physically- and mentally-challenging process, as in the rest of the world. This has affected the ability of many HCWs to cope with the pandemic individually and to protect themselves. Hence, identifying the HCWs’ cognitive processes in performing pandemic-protective behaviors has gained importance. Therefore, this study aims to adapt the “Affecting Factors on Preventive Behaviors of Covid-19” (AFPB-CO) Scale to HCWs in Turkey, and to test its validity and reliability. The AFPB-CO Scale was developed by Khazaee-Pool, et al. in 2020, based on Rogers' (1975) Protection Motivation Theory- PMT. The study also aims to reveal HCWs’ pathway to protect themselves from Covid-19, based on the PMT. The study included 360 HCWs working in Turkey's one of the largest training and research hospitals. The HCWs participating in the study were selected by Purposeful Sampling Method. For the adaptation study, first the scale's language and content validity were examined. Then, to evaluate the scale’s psychometric properties, reliability and construct validity were examined by internal consistency & item-total correlation coefficients, and the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), respectively. The scale's Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient was found to be quite reliable. According to item-total score correlations, each item was moderately related to the scale, and all items adequately represented the scale. Following the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), two items were removed from the scale and fit indexes were found to be at an average level. The Turkish version of “Affecting Factors on Preventive Behaviors of Covid-19” (AFPB-CO-TR) Scale was found to be an appropriate, valid and reliable measurement tool for determining the cognitive processes of the HCWs of the aforementioned training and research hospital in Turkey.

Kaynakça

  • Ali Morowatisharifabad, M., Abdolkarimi, M., Asadpour, M., Fathollahi, M.S., & Balaee, P. (2018). The predictive effects of protection motivation theory on intention and behaviour of physical activity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 6(4), 709-714.
  • Allahyari, E., Moodi, M., & Tahergorabi, Z. (2022). Artificial neural networks (ANNs) for modeling efficient factors in predicting pap smear screening behavior change stage. BioMedicine, 12(2), 10-18.
  • Alpar, R. (2012). Uygulamalı istatistik ve geçerlik-güvenirlik (2. Bs.). Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Baghianimoghadam, M. H., Mohammadi, S., Mazloomi Mahmoudabad, S. S., & Norbala, M. T. (2011). The effect of education based on protection motivation theory on skin cancer preventive practices among female high school students in Yazd. The Horizon of Medical Sciences, 17(1), 27-34.
  • Bashirian, S., Barati, M., Shoar, L. M., Mohammadi, Y., & Dogonchi, M. (2019). Factors affecting breast self-examination behavior among female healthcare workers in Iran: the role of Social Support Theory. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 52(4), 224-233.
  • Bish, A., Yardley, L., Nicoll, A., & Michie, S. (2011). Factors associated with uptake of vaccination against pandemic influenza: A systematic review. Vaccine, 29, 6472–6484.
  • Brooks, S. P., & Bubela, T. (2020). Application of protection motivation theory to clinical trial enrolment for pediatric chronic conditions. BMC Pediatrics, 20(1), 123. Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, Guilford Press.
  • Chen, X., Stanton, B., Gomez, P., Lunn, S., Deveaux, L., Brathwaite, N., ... & Harris, C. (2010). Effects on condom use of an HIV prevention programme 36 months postintervention: a cluster randomized controlled trial among Bahamian youth. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 21(9), 622-630.
  • Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7, 309–319.
  • Cristobal, E., Flavián, C., & Guinaliu, M. (2007). Perceived e-service quality (PeSQ) measurement validation and effects on consumer satisfaction and web site loyalty. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 17, 317-340.
  • Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coeffcient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334.
  • Davis, L. L. (1992). Instrument review: Getting the most from a panel of experts. Applied Nursing Research, 5, 194-197.
  • Eppright, D. R., Tanner, J. F., & Hunt, J. B. (1994). Knowledge and the ordered protection motivation model: Tools for preventing AIDS. Journal of Busines Research, 30, 13–24.
  • Esin, M. N. (2014). Veri toplama yöntem ve araçları & veri toplama araçlarının güvenirlik ve geçerliği. İçinde S. Erdoğan, N. Nahcivan ve M.N. Esin (Ed.), Hemşirelikte araştırma: Süreç, uygulama ve kritik (s.169–192). Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, İstanbul.
  • Ezati Rad, R., Mohseni, S., Kamalzadeh Takhti, H., Hassani Azad, M., Shahabi, N., Aghamolaei, T., & Norozian, F. (2021). Application of the protection motivation theory for predicting COVID-19 preventive behaviors in Hormozgan, Iran: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1-11.
  • Floyd, D., Prentice-Dunn, S. & Rogers, R. (2000). A meta-analysis of research on protection motivation theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(2), 407–429.
  • Flynn, M. F., Lyman, R. D., & Prentice-Dunn, S. (1995). Protection motivation theory and adherence to medical treatment regimens for muscular dystrophy. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 14, 61–75.
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50.
  • Fry, R. B., & Prentice-Dunn, S. (2006). Effects of a psychosocial intervention on breast self-examination attitudes and behaviors. Health Education Research, 21, 287–295.
  • Grant, A., Morgan, M., Mannay, D., & Gallagher, D. (2019). Understanding health behaviour in pregnancy and infant feeding intentions in low-income women from the UK through qualitative visual methods and application to the COM-B (Capability, Opportunity, Motivation-Behaviour) model. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19(1), 56.
  • Guo, X., Han, X., Zhang, X., Dang, Y., & Chen, C. (2015). Investigating m-Health Acceptance from a Protection Motivation Theory Perspective: Gender and Age Differences. Telemedicine journal and e-health : the official journal of the American Telemedicine Association, 21(8), 661–669.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.) Prentice-Hall, Inc, Upper Saddle River, NY.
  • HASUDER (19 Mart 2020). COVID-19 hastalığı ile mücadelede “Sağlık çalışanlarının sağlığı”.https://korona.hasuder.org.tr/Covid-19-hastaligi-ile-mucadelede-saglik-calisanlarinin-sagligi/ [Erişim Tarihi: 28.10.2021].
  • Hodgkins, S., & Orbell, S. (1998). Can protection motivation theory predict behavior? A longitudinal test exploring the role of previous behaviour. Psychology & Health, 13, 237–50.
  • Hoelter, J. W. (1983). The analysis of covariance structures: Goodness of-fit indices. Sociological Methods and Research, 11(3), 325-44. Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., ... & Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497-506.
  • Kamran, A., & Naeim, M. (2020). Behavioural change theories: a necessity for managing COVID-19. Public Health, S0033-3506(20), 30452-2.
  • Khazaee-Pool, M., Naghibi, S.A., Pashaei, T., Jahangiry, L., Daneshnia, M.,& Ponnet, K. (2020). Development and initial validation of a scale for assessing affecting factors on preventive behaviors of COVID-19 (AFPB-CO): using the protection motivation theory. Research Square/BMC Infectious Diseases Series.
  • Kline, P. (1986). A handbook of test construction: Introduction to psychometric design. Methuen, London.
  • Ling, M., Kothe, E. J., & Mullan, B. A. (2019). Predicting intention to receive a seasonal influenza vaccination using Protection Motivation Theory. Social Science & Medicine, 233, 87-92.
  • Macdonell, K., Chen, X., Yan, Y., Li, F., Gong, J., Sun, H., Li, X., & Stanton, B. (2013). A protection motivation theory-based scale for tobacco research among chinese youth. Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy, 4(3), 154.
  • Mehta, S., Machado, F., Kwizera, A., Papazian, L., Moss, M., & Azoulay, E. (2021). Covid-19: a heavy toll on health-care workers. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 9(3), 226-228.
  • Milne, S., Sheeran, P., & Orbell, S. (2000). Prediction and intervention in health-related behavior: A meta-analytic review of protection motivation theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(1), 106-143.
  • Moeini, B., Ezati, E., Barati, M., Rezapur-Shahkolai, F., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N., & Afshari, M. (2019) Skin cancer preventive behaviors in Iranian farmers: applying protection motivation theory. Workplace Health & Safety, 67(5), 231 –40.
  • Mortada, E., Abdel-Azeem, A., Al Showair, A., & Zalat, M. M. (2021). Preventive behaviors towards Covid-19 pandemic among healthcare providers in Saudi Arabia using the protection motivation theory. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 14, 685–694.
  • Neuberger, L., Silk, K. J., Yun, D., Bowman, N. D., & Anderson, J. (2011). Concern as motivation for protection: an investigation of mothers' concern about daughters' breast cancer risk. Journal of Health Communication, 16(10), 1055–1071.
  • Palardy, N., Greening, L., Ott, J., Holderby, A., & Atchison, J. (1998). Adolescents’ health attitudes and adherence to treatment for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 19, 31–37.
  • Park, J. E., Jung, S., Kim, A., & Park J. E. (2018). MERS transmission and risk factors: a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 18, 574.
  • Pechmann, C., Zhao, G., Goldberg, M.E., & Reibling, E.T. (2003). What to convey in antismoking advertisements for adolescents: The use of protection motivation theory to identify effective message themes. Journal of Marketing, 67, 1–18.
  • Plotnikoff, R. C., Lippke, S., Trinh, L., Courneya, K. S., Birkett, N., & Sigal, R. J. (2010). Protection motivation theory and the prediction of physical activity among adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in a large population sample. British Journal of Health Psychology, 15(3), 643-661.
  • Razi, S., Rafiemanesh, H., Ghoncheh, M., Khani, Y., & Salehiniya, H. (2015). Changing trends of types of skin cancer in Iran. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 16(12), 4955‐4958.
  • Rhudy, J. L., & Williams, A. E. (2005). Gender differences in pain: do emotions play a role?. Gender Medicine, 2(4), 208–226. Rogers, R. W. (1975). A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. The Journal of Psychology, 91(1), 93-114.
  • Rogers, R. W. (1983). Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeal and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In: J. T. Cacioppo, R. E. Petty (eds.). Social psychophysiology: A sourcebook (p. 153-177) . New York, Guilford Press.
  • Runge, C., Prentice-Dunn, S., & Scogin, F. (1993). Protection motivation theory and alcohol use attitudes among older adults. Psychological Reports, 73, 96–98.
  • Shillair, R. (2020). Protection motivation theory. International encyclopedia of media psychology. Wiley & Sons.
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COVID-19’DAN KORUNMA DAVRANIŞLARINI ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLERİ DEĞERLENDİRME ÖLÇEĞİ: TÜRKÇEYE UYARLAMA ÇALIŞMASI

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 4, 861 - 882, 27.12.2022

Öz

Covid-19 pandemisi, yüksek prevalansı ve mortalite hızı ile tüm dünyada olduğu gibi Türkiye’deki sağlık çalışanlarının hem fiziksel hem de mental kapasitelerini zorlayıcı bir süreçten geçmelerine neden olmuştur. Bu durum çoğu sağlık çalışanının pandemi ile bireysel başa çıkma ve korunma yeteneklerini etkilemiştir. Bu nedenle, sağlık çalışanlarının pandemiden korunma davranışlarını gerçekleştirmedeki bilişsel süreçlerinin belirlenmesi önemli hale gelmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, “Covid-19'dan Korunma Davranışlarını Etkileyen Faktörler” (AFPB-CO) Ölçeği'nin Türkiye'deki sağlık çalışanlarına uyarlanması, geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin test edilmesidir. AFPB-CO Ölçeği Khazaee-Pool ve diğerleri tarafından (2020), Rogers'ın (1975) Korunma Motivasyonu Teorisi (KMT) esas alınarak geliştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın bir diğer amacı, KMT’ye dayanarak, sağlık çalışanlarının Covid-19’dan korunmada nasıl bir yol izlediğini ortaya koymaktır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin en büyük eğitim ve araştırma hastanelerinden birinde görev yapan 360 sağlık çalışanı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmaya katılan sağlık çalışanları Amaçlı Örnekleme Yöntemi ile seçilmiştir. Uyarlama çalışması için öncelikle, ölçeğin dil ve kapsam geçerliği incelenmiştir. Ardından, ölçeğin psikometrik özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi amacıyla, iç tutarlılık ve madde-toplam korelasyon katsayıları ile güvenirlik; Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) ile yapı geçerliği incelenmiştir. Ölçeğin Cronbach alfa iç tutarlılık katsayısı oldukça güvenilir bulunmuştur. Madde-toplam puan korelasyonlarına göre her madde ölçekle orta düzeyde ilişkili bulunmuştur, tüm maddeler ölçeği yeterli derecede temsil etmektedir. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) sonucunda orijinal ölçekte yer alan iki madde ölçekten çıkarılmıştır. DFA sonucu uyum indekslerinin ise ortalama düzeyde olduğu görülmüştür. Covid-19’dan Korunma Davranışlarını Etkileyen Faktörler Ölçeği- Türkçe versiyonunun (AFPB-CO-TR) Türkiye’deki söz konusu eğitim ve araştırma hastanesi sağlık çalışanlarının bilişsel süreçlerinin belirlenmesi için uygun, geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Ali Morowatisharifabad, M., Abdolkarimi, M., Asadpour, M., Fathollahi, M.S., & Balaee, P. (2018). The predictive effects of protection motivation theory on intention and behaviour of physical activity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 6(4), 709-714.
  • Allahyari, E., Moodi, M., & Tahergorabi, Z. (2022). Artificial neural networks (ANNs) for modeling efficient factors in predicting pap smear screening behavior change stage. BioMedicine, 12(2), 10-18.
  • Alpar, R. (2012). Uygulamalı istatistik ve geçerlik-güvenirlik (2. Bs.). Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Baghianimoghadam, M. H., Mohammadi, S., Mazloomi Mahmoudabad, S. S., & Norbala, M. T. (2011). The effect of education based on protection motivation theory on skin cancer preventive practices among female high school students in Yazd. The Horizon of Medical Sciences, 17(1), 27-34.
  • Bashirian, S., Barati, M., Shoar, L. M., Mohammadi, Y., & Dogonchi, M. (2019). Factors affecting breast self-examination behavior among female healthcare workers in Iran: the role of Social Support Theory. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 52(4), 224-233.
  • Bish, A., Yardley, L., Nicoll, A., & Michie, S. (2011). Factors associated with uptake of vaccination against pandemic influenza: A systematic review. Vaccine, 29, 6472–6484.
  • Brooks, S. P., & Bubela, T. (2020). Application of protection motivation theory to clinical trial enrolment for pediatric chronic conditions. BMC Pediatrics, 20(1), 123. Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, Guilford Press.
  • Chen, X., Stanton, B., Gomez, P., Lunn, S., Deveaux, L., Brathwaite, N., ... & Harris, C. (2010). Effects on condom use of an HIV prevention programme 36 months postintervention: a cluster randomized controlled trial among Bahamian youth. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 21(9), 622-630.
  • Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7, 309–319.
  • Cristobal, E., Flavián, C., & Guinaliu, M. (2007). Perceived e-service quality (PeSQ) measurement validation and effects on consumer satisfaction and web site loyalty. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 17, 317-340.
  • Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coeffcient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334.
  • Davis, L. L. (1992). Instrument review: Getting the most from a panel of experts. Applied Nursing Research, 5, 194-197.
  • Eppright, D. R., Tanner, J. F., & Hunt, J. B. (1994). Knowledge and the ordered protection motivation model: Tools for preventing AIDS. Journal of Busines Research, 30, 13–24.
  • Esin, M. N. (2014). Veri toplama yöntem ve araçları & veri toplama araçlarının güvenirlik ve geçerliği. İçinde S. Erdoğan, N. Nahcivan ve M.N. Esin (Ed.), Hemşirelikte araştırma: Süreç, uygulama ve kritik (s.169–192). Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, İstanbul.
  • Ezati Rad, R., Mohseni, S., Kamalzadeh Takhti, H., Hassani Azad, M., Shahabi, N., Aghamolaei, T., & Norozian, F. (2021). Application of the protection motivation theory for predicting COVID-19 preventive behaviors in Hormozgan, Iran: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1-11.
  • Floyd, D., Prentice-Dunn, S. & Rogers, R. (2000). A meta-analysis of research on protection motivation theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(2), 407–429.
  • Flynn, M. F., Lyman, R. D., & Prentice-Dunn, S. (1995). Protection motivation theory and adherence to medical treatment regimens for muscular dystrophy. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 14, 61–75.
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50.
  • Fry, R. B., & Prentice-Dunn, S. (2006). Effects of a psychosocial intervention on breast self-examination attitudes and behaviors. Health Education Research, 21, 287–295.
  • Grant, A., Morgan, M., Mannay, D., & Gallagher, D. (2019). Understanding health behaviour in pregnancy and infant feeding intentions in low-income women from the UK through qualitative visual methods and application to the COM-B (Capability, Opportunity, Motivation-Behaviour) model. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19(1), 56.
  • Guo, X., Han, X., Zhang, X., Dang, Y., & Chen, C. (2015). Investigating m-Health Acceptance from a Protection Motivation Theory Perspective: Gender and Age Differences. Telemedicine journal and e-health : the official journal of the American Telemedicine Association, 21(8), 661–669.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.) Prentice-Hall, Inc, Upper Saddle River, NY.
  • HASUDER (19 Mart 2020). COVID-19 hastalığı ile mücadelede “Sağlık çalışanlarının sağlığı”.https://korona.hasuder.org.tr/Covid-19-hastaligi-ile-mucadelede-saglik-calisanlarinin-sagligi/ [Erişim Tarihi: 28.10.2021].
  • Hodgkins, S., & Orbell, S. (1998). Can protection motivation theory predict behavior? A longitudinal test exploring the role of previous behaviour. Psychology & Health, 13, 237–50.
  • Hoelter, J. W. (1983). The analysis of covariance structures: Goodness of-fit indices. Sociological Methods and Research, 11(3), 325-44. Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., ... & Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497-506.
  • Kamran, A., & Naeim, M. (2020). Behavioural change theories: a necessity for managing COVID-19. Public Health, S0033-3506(20), 30452-2.
  • Khazaee-Pool, M., Naghibi, S.A., Pashaei, T., Jahangiry, L., Daneshnia, M.,& Ponnet, K. (2020). Development and initial validation of a scale for assessing affecting factors on preventive behaviors of COVID-19 (AFPB-CO): using the protection motivation theory. Research Square/BMC Infectious Diseases Series.
  • Kline, P. (1986). A handbook of test construction: Introduction to psychometric design. Methuen, London.
  • Ling, M., Kothe, E. J., & Mullan, B. A. (2019). Predicting intention to receive a seasonal influenza vaccination using Protection Motivation Theory. Social Science & Medicine, 233, 87-92.
  • Macdonell, K., Chen, X., Yan, Y., Li, F., Gong, J., Sun, H., Li, X., & Stanton, B. (2013). A protection motivation theory-based scale for tobacco research among chinese youth. Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy, 4(3), 154.
  • Mehta, S., Machado, F., Kwizera, A., Papazian, L., Moss, M., & Azoulay, E. (2021). Covid-19: a heavy toll on health-care workers. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 9(3), 226-228.
  • Milne, S., Sheeran, P., & Orbell, S. (2000). Prediction and intervention in health-related behavior: A meta-analytic review of protection motivation theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(1), 106-143.
  • Moeini, B., Ezati, E., Barati, M., Rezapur-Shahkolai, F., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N., & Afshari, M. (2019) Skin cancer preventive behaviors in Iranian farmers: applying protection motivation theory. Workplace Health & Safety, 67(5), 231 –40.
  • Mortada, E., Abdel-Azeem, A., Al Showair, A., & Zalat, M. M. (2021). Preventive behaviors towards Covid-19 pandemic among healthcare providers in Saudi Arabia using the protection motivation theory. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 14, 685–694.
  • Neuberger, L., Silk, K. J., Yun, D., Bowman, N. D., & Anderson, J. (2011). Concern as motivation for protection: an investigation of mothers' concern about daughters' breast cancer risk. Journal of Health Communication, 16(10), 1055–1071.
  • Palardy, N., Greening, L., Ott, J., Holderby, A., & Atchison, J. (1998). Adolescents’ health attitudes and adherence to treatment for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 19, 31–37.
  • Park, J. E., Jung, S., Kim, A., & Park J. E. (2018). MERS transmission and risk factors: a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 18, 574.
  • Pechmann, C., Zhao, G., Goldberg, M.E., & Reibling, E.T. (2003). What to convey in antismoking advertisements for adolescents: The use of protection motivation theory to identify effective message themes. Journal of Marketing, 67, 1–18.
  • Plotnikoff, R. C., Lippke, S., Trinh, L., Courneya, K. S., Birkett, N., & Sigal, R. J. (2010). Protection motivation theory and the prediction of physical activity among adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in a large population sample. British Journal of Health Psychology, 15(3), 643-661.
  • Razi, S., Rafiemanesh, H., Ghoncheh, M., Khani, Y., & Salehiniya, H. (2015). Changing trends of types of skin cancer in Iran. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 16(12), 4955‐4958.
  • Rhudy, J. L., & Williams, A. E. (2005). Gender differences in pain: do emotions play a role?. Gender Medicine, 2(4), 208–226. Rogers, R. W. (1975). A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. The Journal of Psychology, 91(1), 93-114.
  • Rogers, R. W. (1983). Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeal and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In: J. T. Cacioppo, R. E. Petty (eds.). Social psychophysiology: A sourcebook (p. 153-177) . New York, Guilford Press.
  • Runge, C., Prentice-Dunn, S., & Scogin, F. (1993). Protection motivation theory and alcohol use attitudes among older adults. Psychological Reports, 73, 96–98.
  • Shillair, R. (2020). Protection motivation theory. International encyclopedia of media psychology. Wiley & Sons.
  • Streiner, D. L., Norman, G. R., & Cairney J. (2015). Health measurement scales: A practical guide to their development and use (5th ed.). Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Suhr, D. (2008). Step your way through path analysis, Western Users of SAS Software Conference Proceedings. https://www.lexjansen.com/wuss/2008/pos/pos04.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Haziran 2022).
  • Şencan, H. (2005). Sosyal ve davranışsal ölçümlerde güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik (1.Bs.). Seçkin Yayınevi, Ankara.
  • The Lancet (2020). COVID-19: protecting health-care workers. Lancet (London, England), 395(10228), 922. Timpka, T., Spreco, A., Gursky, E., Eriksson, O., Dahlström, Ö., Strömgren, M., ... & Holm, E. (2014). Intentions to perform non-pharmaceutical protective behaviors during influenza outbreaks in Sweden: a cross-sectional study following a mass vaccination campaign. PLoS One, 9(3), e91060.
  • Üstün, Ç., & Özçiftçi, S. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemisinin sosyal yaşam ve etik düzlem üzerine etkileri: bir değerlendirme çalışması. Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(1), 142-153.
  • Wallerstein, N., & Sanchez-Merki, V. (1994). Freirian praxis in health education: research results from an adolescent prevention program. Health Education Research- Oxford Academic, 9, 105–118.
  • Wang, Y., Liang, J., Yang, J., Ma, X., Li, X., Wu, J., Yang, G., Ren, G., & Feng, Y. (2019). Analysis of the environmental behavior of farmers for non-point source pollution control and management: An integration of the theory of planned behavior and the protection motivation theory. Journal of Environmental Management, 237, 15–23.
  • Westcott, R., Ronan, K., Bambrick, H., & Taylor, M. (2017). Expanding protection motivation theory: investigating an application to animal owners and emergency responders in bushfire emergencies. BMC Psychology, 5(1), 1-14.
  • Williams, L., Rasmussen, S., Kleczkowski, A., Maharaj, S., & Cairns, N. (2015). Protection motivation theory and social distancing behaviour in response to a simulated infectious disease epidemic. Psychology, Health Medicine Journal, 20(7), 832–837.
  • Wurtele, S. K., & Maddux, J. E. (1987). Relative contributions of protection motivation theory components in predicting exercise intentions and behavior. Health Psychology, 6, 453–466.
  • Xiao, H., Li, S., Chen, X., Yu, B., Gao, M., Yan, H., & Okafor, C. N. (2014). Protection motivation theory in predicting intention to engage in protective behaviors against schistosomiasis among middle school students in rural China. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8(10), e3246.
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Aslı Yıldız 0000-0003-3100-3821

Sıdıka Kaya 0000-0002-1495-9373

Bülent Altunkaynak 0000-0002-7571-2155

Bülent Güngörer 0000-0002-9856-7181

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 25 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıldız, A., Kaya, S., Altunkaynak, B., Güngörer, B. (2022). COVID-19’DAN KORUNMA DAVRANIŞLARINI ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLERİ DEĞERLENDİRME ÖLÇEĞİ: TÜRKÇEYE UYARLAMA ÇALIŞMASI. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 25(4), 861-882.
AMA Yıldız A, Kaya S, Altunkaynak B, Güngörer B. COVID-19’DAN KORUNMA DAVRANIŞLARINI ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLERİ DEĞERLENDİRME ÖLÇEĞİ: TÜRKÇEYE UYARLAMA ÇALIŞMASI. HSİD. Aralık 2022;25(4):861-882.
Chicago Yıldız, Aslı, Sıdıka Kaya, Bülent Altunkaynak, ve Bülent Güngörer. “COVID-19’DAN KORUNMA DAVRANIŞLARINI ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLERİ DEĞERLENDİRME ÖLÇEĞİ: TÜRKÇEYE UYARLAMA ÇALIŞMASI”. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi 25, sy. 4 (Aralık 2022): 861-82.
EndNote Yıldız A, Kaya S, Altunkaynak B, Güngörer B (01 Aralık 2022) COVID-19’DAN KORUNMA DAVRANIŞLARINI ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLERİ DEĞERLENDİRME ÖLÇEĞİ: TÜRKÇEYE UYARLAMA ÇALIŞMASI. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi 25 4 861–882.
IEEE A. Yıldız, S. Kaya, B. Altunkaynak, ve B. Güngörer, “COVID-19’DAN KORUNMA DAVRANIŞLARINI ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLERİ DEĞERLENDİRME ÖLÇEĞİ: TÜRKÇEYE UYARLAMA ÇALIŞMASI”, HSİD, c. 25, sy. 4, ss. 861–882, 2022.
ISNAD Yıldız, Aslı vd. “COVID-19’DAN KORUNMA DAVRANIŞLARINI ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLERİ DEĞERLENDİRME ÖLÇEĞİ: TÜRKÇEYE UYARLAMA ÇALIŞMASI”. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi 25/4 (Aralık 2022), 861-882.
JAMA Yıldız A, Kaya S, Altunkaynak B, Güngörer B. COVID-19’DAN KORUNMA DAVRANIŞLARINI ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLERİ DEĞERLENDİRME ÖLÇEĞİ: TÜRKÇEYE UYARLAMA ÇALIŞMASI. HSİD. 2022;25:861–882.
MLA Yıldız, Aslı vd. “COVID-19’DAN KORUNMA DAVRANIŞLARINI ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLERİ DEĞERLENDİRME ÖLÇEĞİ: TÜRKÇEYE UYARLAMA ÇALIŞMASI”. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, c. 25, sy. 4, 2022, ss. 861-82.
Vancouver Yıldız A, Kaya S, Altunkaynak B, Güngörer B. COVID-19’DAN KORUNMA DAVRANIŞLARINI ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLERİ DEĞERLENDİRME ÖLÇEĞİ: TÜRKÇEYE UYARLAMA ÇALIŞMASI. HSİD. 2022;25(4):861-82.