FROM ACCESS TO CONSERVATION: ADDRESSING THE GLOBAL WATER ISSUE

Abstract

Water is a fundamental necessity for the continuation of life. It is imperative for humanity that water resources are distributed fairly and managed equitably. This ensures the sustainable use of water resources and guarantees everyone access to clean and healthy water. Water resources are dwindling and becoming increasingly polluted, leading to serious issues such as water scarcity and pollution. Water scarcity refers to situations where water is inadequate or its quality has deteriorated, causing significant impacts on societies, agriculture, and ecosystems. Agriculture is particularly affected by water scarcity as it heavily relies on water. Ecosystems suffer from water scarcity as well, since water is a fundamental source of life for various organisms. Water pollution poses threats to human health and the environment. Pollutants from various sources such as industrial waste, agricultural pesticides, and domestic waste contaminate water resources, leading to reduced availability of drinking water and harming aquatic life and ecosystems, ultimately affecting biodiversity. There are several strategies for conserving water resources and ensuring clean water. Methods such as industrial waste control, improvement of agricultural practices, and domestic waste management can help prevent water pollution. Furthermore, the development of water treatment facilities and technologies plays a crucial role in making water cleaner. The impacts of climate change on water resources must also be considered. Factors such as rising temperatures, changes in rainfall patterns, and the risk of drought significantly affect water resources.

Keywords

• Water scarcity
• Water resources
• Water pollution
• Conservation
• Climate change

Erişimden Korumaya: Küresel Su Sorununu Ele Alma

Öz

Su, yaşamın devamı için temel bir gerekliliktir. İnsanlığın, su kaynaklarının adil bir şekilde dağıtılması ve adil bir şekilde yönetilmesi hayati önem taşımaktadır. Bu, su kaynaklarının sürdürülebilir kullanımını sağlar ve herkesin temiz ve sağlıklı suya erişimini garanti eder. Su kaynakları azalıyor ve giderek kirleniyor, bu da su kıtlığı ve kirliliği gibi ciddi sorunlara yol açıyor. Su kıtlığı, suyun yetersiz olduğu veya kalitesinin bozulduğu durumları ifade eder, bu da toplumlar, tarım ve ekosistemler üzerinde önemli etkilere neden olur. Tarım, suya ağır bir şekilde bağımlı olduğundan su kıtlığından özellikle etkilenir. Su, çeşitli organizmalar için yaşamın temel bir kaynağı olduğu için ekosistemler de su kıtlığından zarar görür. Su kirliliği, insan sağlığı ve çevre için tehditler oluşturur. Endüstriyel atıklar, tarımsal ilaçlar ve evsel atıklar gibi çeşitli kaynaklardan gelen kirleticiler, su kaynaklarının kirlenmesine neden olarak içme suyunun azalmasına ve sucul yaşamın ve ekosistemlerin zarar görmesine, sonuç olarak da biyoçeşitliliği etkiler. Su kaynaklarının korunması ve temiz suyun sağlanması için çeşitli stratejiler bulunmaktadır. Endüstriyel atık kontrolü, tarım uygulamalarının iyileştirilmesi ve evsel atık yönetimi gibi yöntemler, su kirliliğini önlemeye yardımcı olabilir. Ayrıca, suyu daha temiz hale getirmede su arıtma tesislerinin ve teknolojilerinin geliştirilmesi de hayati bir rol oynar. Su kaynakları üzerindeki iklim değişikliğinin etkileri de dikkate alınmalıdır. Artan sıcaklıklar, yağış desenlerindeki değişiklikler ve kuraklık riski gibi faktörler, su kaynaklarını önemli ölçüde etkiler.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Su kıtlığı
• Su kaynakları
• Su kirliliği
• Koruma
• İklim değişikliği

Kaynakça

1. Abbaspour, K., Faramarzi, M., Ghasemi, S., & Yang, H. (2009). Assessing the impact of climate change on water resources in iran. Water Resources Research, 45(10). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008wr007615
2. Ahmed, M. and Araral, E. (2019). Water governance in india: evidence on water law, policy, and administration from eight indian states. Water, 11(10), 2071. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11102071
3. Alcamo, J., Flörke, M., & Märker, M. (2007). Future long-term changes in global water resources driven by socio-economic and climatic changes. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 52(2), 247-275. https://doi.org/10.1623/ hysj.52.2.247
4. Aparco, R., Rincón, H., Cáceres, E., Mamani, G., Ruiz, R., Ferro, A., Arias, C. A., & Guzmán, N. P. (2022). Drinking water attribute preferences for sustainable management in Andahuaylas, Peru. Iop Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 968(1), 012005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/968/1/012005
5. Ashfaq, M., Qiblawey, H., Zouari, N., Rodrigues, D., & Hu, Y. (2018). Use of dpsir framework to analyze water resources in qatar and overview of reverse osmosis as an environment friendly technology. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 38(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.13081
6. Beale, D., Karpe, A., Ahmed, W., Cook, S., Morrison, P., Staley, C., Sadowsky, M.J., & Palombo, E.A. (2017). A community multi-omics approach towards the assessment of surface water quality in an urban river system. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(3), 303. https:// doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030303
7. Blennow, K., Persson, J., Tomé, M., & Hanewinkel, M. (2012). Climate change: believing and seeing implies adapting. Plos One, 7(11), e50182. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050182
8. Buh, E., Mbua, R., & Ngong, U. (2021). Potable water scarcity and options for effective provision in limbe municipality, southwest region, cameroon. Journal of Geography Environment and Earth Science International, 12- 21. https://doi.org/10.9734/jgeesi/2021/v25i630290

9. Bulut, M. and Özden, C. (2023). Effects of climate change on animal husbandry. Black Sea Journal of Agriculture, 6(1), 87-94. https://doi.org/10.47115/bsagriculture.1216262
10. Chen, X., Zhou, W., Pickett, S., Liu, W., & Han, L. (2016). Spatial-temporal variations of water quality and its relationship to land use and land cover in beijing, china. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(5), 449. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13050449
11. Dahri, G., Mangan, T., Nangraj, G. M., Talpur, A.B., Jarwar, A. I., Sial, M., Nangraj, A.N., & Aamir, Mr. (2021). Socio-economic impact and migration due to water shortage in district badin Sindh province of Pakistan. Journal of Economic Impact, 3(1), 01-11. https://doi.org/10.52223/jei3012101
12. Daud, M., Nafees, M., Ali, S., Rizwan, M., Bajwa, R., Shakoor, M., Arshad, MU., Chatha, SAS., Deeba, F., Murad, W., Malook, I., & Zhu SJ. (2017). Drinking water quality status and contamination in Pakistan. Biomed Research International, 2017, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7908183
13. Dennis, I. and Dennis, R. (2012). Climate change vulnerability index for South african aquifers. Water Sa, 38(3). https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v38i3.
14. Díaz-Vázquez, D., Carrillo-Nieves, D., Orozco-Nunnelly, D., Senés-Guerrero, C., & Gradilla-Hernández, M. (2021). An integrated approach for the assessment of environmental sustainability in agro-industrialwaste management practices: the case of the tequila industry. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.682093
15. Dorji, Y., Man, C., & Nidup, T. (2021). Climate change awareness among the teachers of higher secondary schools. Asian Research Journal of Arts & Social Sciences, 12-22. https://doi.org/10.9734/arjass/2021/v15i430263
16. Eller, M., Beck, J., Hedrich, M., & Urban, W. (2016). A new sustainability controlling approach for urban water systems: multidimensional risk identification and system analysis. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering-A, 5(8). https://doi.org/10.17265/2162-5298/2016.08.005
17. Fältström, E. (2020). Towards the control of microplastic pollution in urban waters. https://doi.org/10.3384/lic.diva-171095
18. Fan, M., Kim, W., & Heldman, D. (2023). Effect of temperature, wall shear stress, and naoh concentration on cleaning effectiveness. Journal of Food Science, 88(4), 1523-1532. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.16493
19. Foster, J., Mujovic, S., Groele, J., & Blankson, I. (2018). Towards high throughput plasma based water purifiers: design considerations and the pathway towards practical application. Journal of Physics D Applied Physics, 51(29), 293001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aac816
20. Frey, S., Gottschall, N., Wilkes, G., Grégoire, D., Topp, E., Pintar, K., … & Lapen, D. (2015). Rainfall-induced runoff from exposed streambed sediments: an important source of water pollution. Journal of Environmental Quality, 44(1), 236-247. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2014.03.0122
21. Gong, X., Wang, X., & Zhou, X. (2023). Analysis of the impact of lake environmental water pollution on the health of outdoor swimmers based on stirpat environmental impact assessment model. 3c Tic Cuadernos De Desarrollo Aplicados a Las Tic, 12(1), 132-150. https://doi.org/10.17993/3ctic.2023.121.132-150
22. Green, T.R., Taniguchi, M., Kooi, H., Gurdak, J.J., Allen, D.M., Hiscock, K.M., Treidel, H. and Aureli, A. (2011) Beneath the Surface of Global Change: Impacts of Climate Change on Groundwater. Journal of Hydrology, 405, 532-560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.05.002
23. Grey-Gardner, R. (2008). Implementing risk management for water supplies: a catalyst and incentive for change. The Rangeland Journal, 30(1), 149. https://doi.org/10.1071/rj07046
24. Guo, Y. (2023). Design and performance of rh nanocatalysts for boosted h2 generation in alkaline media. Accounts of Materials Research, 5(1), 89-102. https://doi.org/10.1021/accountsmr.3c00146
25. Guy, S., Kashima, Y., Walker, I., & O’Neill, S. (2014). Investigating the effects of knowledge and ideology on climate change beliefs. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44(5), 421-429. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2039
26. Hamidi, M., Larabi, A., & Faouzi, M. (2021). Modeling and mapping of coastal aquifer vulnerability to seawater intrusion using seawat code and galdit index technique: the case of the rmel aquifer – larache, morocco. E3s Web of Conferences, 298, 05002. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129805002
27. Han, P., Tong, Z., Sun, Y., & Chen, X. (2022). Impact of climate change beliefs on youths’ engagement in energy conservation behavior: the mediating mechanism of environmental concerns.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(12), 7222. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127222
28. Hanif, M., Miah, R., Islam, M., & Marzia, S. (2020). Impact of kapotaksha river water pollution on human health and environment. Progressive Agriculture, 31(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3329/pa.v31i1.48300
29. Haseena, M., Malik, M.F., Javed, A., Arshad, S., Asif, N., Zulfiqar, S. and Hanif, J. (2017) Water Pollution and Human Health. Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, 1, 16-19. https://doi.org/10.4066/2529-8046.100020
30. He, Z., Yue, Y., & Wang, Y. (2022). The hazards, treatment measures and sustainable development of electronic waste. Iop Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 1011(1), 012023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755- 1315/1011/1/012023
31. Herawati, H., Akbar, A., & Abdurrahman, T. (2021). Strategy for realizing regional rural water security on tropical peatland. Water, 13(18), 2455. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13182455
32. Hidayat, F. and Dewi, O. (2022). Strengthening sustainable context of water management in educational building universitas indonesia. Iop Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 1058(1), 012009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1058/1/012009
33. Hoekstra, A., Mekonnen, M., Chapagain, A., Mathews, R., & Richter, B. (2012). Global monthly water scarcity: blue water footprints versus blue water availability. Plos One, 7(2), e32688. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032688
34. Jindal, H., Kumar, S., & Kumar, R. (2020). Environmental pollution and its impact on public health: a critical review. The Asian Review of Civil Engineering, 9(1), 11-18. https://doi.org/10.51983/tarce-2020.9.1.2292
35. Kabir, J., Cramb, R., Alauddin, M., Roth, C., & Crimp, S. (2017). Farmers’ perceptions of and responses to environmental change in southwest coastal bangladesh. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 58(3), 362-378. https://doi. org/10.1111/apv.12165
36. Kamble, P. and Kamble, M. (2022). Health effects of water pollution. Epra International Journal of Economic and Business Review, 45-50. https://doi.org/10.36713/epra11200
37. Katusiime, J. and Schütt, B. (2020). Integrated water resources management approaches to improve water resources governance. Water, 12(12), 3424. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123424
38. Khepar, S., Gulati, H., Yadav, A., & Brar, T. (2000). A model for equitable distribution of canal water. Irrigation Science, 19(4), 191-197. https://doi. org/10.1007/pl00006712
39. Khôi, Đ., Nguyen, V., Sam, T., H., N., Vuong, N., & Cuong, H. (2021). Assessment of climate change impact on water availability in the upper dong nai river basin, vietnam. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 12(8), 3851-3864. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2021.255
40. Kumar, P., Mishra, V., Bhardwaj, S., Garg, S., Dumée, L., & Sharma, R. (2022). Five-wheel framework for system-based monitoring of heavy metal pollution in rivers. Environmental Quality Management, 32(4), 9-17. https:// doi.org/10.1002/tqem.21918
41. Kumwenda, S. (2019). Challenges to hygiene improvement in developing countries.https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80355
42. Kundzewicz, Z., Mata, L., Arnell, N., Döll, P., Jiménez, B., Miller, K., Oki, T., Şen, Z., & Shiklomanov, I. (2008). The implications of projected climate change for freshwater resources and their management. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 53(1), 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1623/hysj.53.1.3
43. Lama, G., Meijide, J., & Sanromán, Á. (2022). Heterogeneous advanced oxidation processes: current approaches for wastewater treatment. Catalysts, 12(3), 344. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12030344