Öz
John Hicks, one of the most effective and significant economists of 20th century, although known more for his studies in the areas of microeconomics and macroeconomics, has contributed to the writing of economic history. One of these contributions is on the evolution of labor in the process starting with the agricultural merchantilism and continuing until the industrial revolution. The process has radically decreased the population engaged in agriculture worlwide and has brought people to a point that they have become manufacturers of service and finished goods. The figure of labor, which came to life in the present form in agriculture, has re-formed in the system where commercial conditions are valid. This embodiment, manifesting itself in slavery and free labor market, has taken a concrete identity through apprenticeship contracts. At this point, accordingly, strain of the labor community is an expected phenomenon. While labor working on farms became unskilled element for the factories, artisans became skilled labor. In this study, the historical origins of the process of transition from the agricultural merchantilism to the industrial revolution are studied from Hicks' point of view; and an overview on the social and economic process, on which the figure of labor sits, is given.
Anahtar Kelimeler
John Hicks Agricultural Merchantilism Industrial Revolution Labor The Evolution of Labor
Kaynakça
- BRUE, S.L. (1994), The Evolution of Economic Thought, Fifth edition, Dryden Press, Chapter 2, s. 17-36.
- DAVID, Paul (1990), The Dynamo and the Computer: An Hıstorical Perspective on the Modern Productivity Paradox, American Economic Review, Vol. 80, No.2, s.355-361.
- FIELD, Alexander James (1980), Industrialization and Skill Intensity: The Case of Massachusetts, The Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 15, No. 2, s.154.
- GOLDSCHMIDT, Walter. (1995), “Task Performance And Fulfillment: Work And Career İn Traditional And Peasant Societies”, F. gamst, Meanings Of Work, New York: State University Of New York Press, s. 79-89.
- HALL, Richard H. (1994), Sociology Of Work, California, A Sage Publications Company.
- HAIR, P. E, (1965), “The Enslavement of Koelle’s Informants”, Journal of African History, 2, s. 193–203.
- HICKS, John (1969), A Theory of Economic History, Oxford.
- HOMER, Jack B. (1982), Theorıes of the Industrfal Revolutton: A Feeoback Perspectıve, Dynamıca, Volume: 8, Part:1, s.33.
- MOKYR, Joel (1999), The British Industrial Revolution-An Economic Perspective, Westview Press (Second Ed.).
- PERSSON, Karl Gunnar (2010), An Economic Hıstory of Europe, Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York.
- ROTHMAN, Robert (1987), A. Working Social Class Perspectives, New Jersey, Printice-Hall Inc.
- SHAW, Rosalind. (2003), Memories of the Slave Trade, New York: Cambridge University Press.
- SİMPSON, Alaba, (2004), Oral Tradition Relating to Slavery and Slave Trade in Nigeria, Ghana and Benin, UNESCO Publications.
Öz
John Hicks 20. yüzyılın en etkili ve önemli iktisatçılarından biridir. Daha çok Mikroekonomi ve Makroekonomi alanındaki çalışmalarıyla bilinmesine rağmen, iktisat tarihinin yazımına da fikirleri ile katkı sağlamıştır. Bu katkılardan biri, tarım merkantilizmi ile başlayıp, sanayi devrimine kadar devam eden süreçte emeğin evrimi konusundadır. Bu süreç dünyada tarımla uğraşan nüfusu radikal bir biçimde azaltarak, insanları hizmet ve mamul mal üreticisi konumuna getirmiştir. Tarımın mevcut formu içinde hayat bulan emek figürü, ticari koşulların geçerli olduğu sistemde yeniden şekillenmiştir. Aynı zamanda kölelik ve ücretsiz iş gücü piyasasında kendini gösteren bu şekillenme, çıraklık sözleşmeleriyle somut bir kimliğe bürünmüştür. Bu noktada iş gücü toplumunun şekil değiştirmesi beklenen bir olgudur. Sanayi devrimiyle birlikte çiftliklerde çalışan işgücü, fabrikalar için vasıfsız elemana dönüşürken; zanaatkarlar, vasıflı işgücü haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada, tarım merkantilizminden sanayi devrimine geçiş sürecinin tarihsel kökenleri Hicks'in bakış açısıyla incelenmekte ve emek figürünün üzerine oturduğu sosyal ve ekonomik sürecin genel bir değerlendirmesi yapılmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
John Hicks Tarım Merkantilizmi Sanayi Devrimi Emeğin Evrimi Emek
Kaynakça
- BRUE, S.L. (1994), The Evolution of Economic Thought, Fifth edition, Dryden Press, Chapter 2, s. 17-36.
- DAVID, Paul (1990), The Dynamo and the Computer: An Hıstorical Perspective on the Modern Productivity Paradox, American Economic Review, Vol. 80, No.2, s.355-361.
- FIELD, Alexander James (1980), Industrialization and Skill Intensity: The Case of Massachusetts, The Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 15, No. 2, s.154.
- GOLDSCHMIDT, Walter. (1995), “Task Performance And Fulfillment: Work And Career İn Traditional And Peasant Societies”, F. gamst, Meanings Of Work, New York: State University Of New York Press, s. 79-89.
- HALL, Richard H. (1994), Sociology Of Work, California, A Sage Publications Company.
- HAIR, P. E, (1965), “The Enslavement of Koelle’s Informants”, Journal of African History, 2, s. 193–203.
- HICKS, John (1969), A Theory of Economic History, Oxford.
- HOMER, Jack B. (1982), Theorıes of the Industrfal Revolutton: A Feeoback Perspectıve, Dynamıca, Volume: 8, Part:1, s.33.
- MOKYR, Joel (1999), The British Industrial Revolution-An Economic Perspective, Westview Press (Second Ed.).
- PERSSON, Karl Gunnar (2010), An Economic Hıstory of Europe, Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York.
- ROTHMAN, Robert (1987), A. Working Social Class Perspectives, New Jersey, Printice-Hall Inc.
- SHAW, Rosalind. (2003), Memories of the Slave Trade, New York: Cambridge University Press.
- SİMPSON, Alaba, (2004), Oral Tradition Relating to Slavery and Slave Trade in Nigeria, Ghana and Benin, UNESCO Publications.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Ocak 2012 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2012 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1 |