Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi pamuk ekim alanlarında bulunan yabancı otlar

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2, 209 - 221, 21.06.2024

İslam Emrah Süer Nihat Tursun

https://doi.org/10.29050/harranziraat.1406951

Öz

Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi Türkiye’nin pamuk üretiminin yaklaşık yüzde altmışını karşılaması nedeni ile önemli bir yere sahiptir.Pamuk üretimini sınırlayan önemli faktörlerden biri de yabancı otlardır. Bu çalışmada Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi pamuk ekim alanlarındaki yabancı ot türleri, yaygınlık ve yoğunluklarının belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bu amaçla 2020 ve 2021 yıllarında Diyarbakır, Mardin ve Şanlıurfa illerinde 152 adet pamuk ekim alanlarında sürveyler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sürveyler bölümlü örnekleme yöntemine göre yapılmıştır. Çalışmalar sonucunda 16 familyaya ait 43 yabancı ot türü tespit edilmiştir.Pamukta bulunan yabancı ot türleri familyalara göre değerlendirildiğinde Poaceae familyası 7 tür ile ilk sırada yer alıp bu familyayı 6 tür ile Asteraceae, 5 tür ile Euphorbıaceae ve Amaranthaceae familyaları takip etmiştir. Yapılan sürveylerde; kırmızı köklü tilki kuyruğu (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), tarla sarmaşığı (Convolvulus arvensis L.), topalak (Cyperus rotundus L.), benekli darıcan [Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link], fener otu (Physalis spp.), semiz otu (Portulaca oleracea L.), it üzümü (Solanum nigrum L.), kanyaş [Sorghum halepense (L.). Pers] ve domuz pıtrağı (Xanthium strumarium L.) türleri en yaygın yabancı ot türleri olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu yabancı otlar pamuk başta olmak üzere birçok yazlık kültür bitkisinde yaygın olarak görülmektedir. Pamukta bu yabancı otlara karşı etkili mücadele yöntemlerinin geliştirilmesi daha yüksek verim elde edilmesine katkı sağlayacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Pamuk, Yabancı ot, Yaygınlık, Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi

Destekleyen Kurum

Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü

Proje Numarası

TAGEM/BSAD/A/20/A2/P1/2028

Teşekkür

Çalışmada finansal katkılarından dolayı Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü'ne teşekkür ederiz.

Weeds in the cotton growing areas in the Southeastern Anatolia Region

Öz

The Southeast Anatolia Region plays an important role, as it accounts for around sixty percent of Türkiye's cotton production. One of the most important factors limiting cotton cultivation is weeds. The aim of this study was to determine the weed species, their frequency and population density in the cotton growing areas of the Southeast Anatolia region. For this purpose, surveys were conducted in 152 cotton growing areas in Diyarbakır, Mardin and Şanlıurfa provinces in 2020 and 2021. The surveys were conducted using the segmented sampling method. As a result of the studies, 43 weed species belonging to 16 families were identified. When the weed species found in cotton are evaluated by family, the Poaceae family ranks first with 7 species, followed by Asteraceae with 6 species, Euphorbiaceae and Amaranthaceae with 5 species. redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.), purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.), jungle rice (Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link), ground cherry (Physalis spp.), common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.), black night shade (Solanum nigrum L.), johnson grass [Sorghum halepense (L.). Pers] and common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) were identified as the most common weed species. These weeds are widespread in many summer crops, especially in cotton. The development of effective management methods against these weeds in cotton will contribute to higher yields.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cotton, weeds, frequency, Southeast Anatolia Region

Proje Numarası

TAGEM/BSAD/A/20/A2/P1/2028

Kaynakça

• Ahmad I. M., Ansar M., Iqbal M., & Minhas N. (2003). Effect of planting geometry ve mulching on moisture conservation, weed control ve wheat growth under rainfed conditions. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 4: 1189-1195.
• Anonymous, (2023a). Cotton: World Markets and Trade, https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/cotton.pdf. Access date: 16.12.2023.
• Anonymous, (2023b). Cotton Sector Report, National Cotton Council. http://www.upk.org.tr/User_Files/kitaplik/ulusal-pamuk-konseyi-pamuk-sektor-raporu-2017.pdf Access date: 17.12.2023.
• Arslan, Z. F. (2018). Changes, problems and solution of weeds in cotton fields after irrigation in Șanlıurfa province. Harran Journal of Agricultural and Food Science, 22(1): 109-125.
• Basal, H., Karademir, E., Goren, H. K., Sezener, V., Dogan, M. N., Gencsoylu, I., & Erdogan, O. (2019). Cotton production in Türkiye and Europe. In Cotton Production (pp. 297–321). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
• Beltrao N.E., 1994. Weed Management in Cotton. In R.Labrada, R. Caseley & C. Parker (Ed.), Weed Management for Developing Countries (pp. 340-345). Rome: FAO
• Bora, T., & Karaca, İ. (1970). Kültür bitkilerinde hastalığın ve zararın ölçülmesi. Ege Üniv. Ziraat Fakültesi Ders Kitabı No: 167, s. 43.
• Boz, Ö. (2000). Determination of weed flora, distrubition and density of weeds species occuring in cotton growing areas in Aydin. Turkish Journal of Weed Science, 3(1): 10-16.
• Boz, Ö., & Doğan, M.N. (2004). Weed species and their control ın cotton growing areas ın Aydin province. Journal of Adnan Menderes University Agricultural Faculty, 1(2): 13-16.
• Boz, Ö., Uygur, S., Kadıoğlu, İ., & Uygur, F.N. (1995). Weeds or cotton fields and their distribution in GAP Area. GAP Region Plant Protection Problems and Solution Suggestions Symposium, (pp. 329-335), 27-29 Nisan, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye.
• Bükün, B., & Uygur, F., N. (1997). The weeds found in cotton growing areas of Harran plain and the determination of crıtıcal perıod for the most appropriate time of their control. 2. Turkish Weed Science Congress, (pp. 25-30), 1-4 Setember, İzmir, Türkiye.
• Bükün, B., & Uygur, F.N. (2003). The impact of irrigation on weed species composition and density in cotton plantations of Harran Plain Türkiye. Proceedings of the 7th EWRS Mediteranean Symposium, (pp. 143-144), 6-9 Mayıs, Adana, Türkiye.
• Bükün, B. (2005). Weed flora changes in cotton growing areas during the last decade after irrigation of Harran plain in Sanlıurfa, Türkiye. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 37(3): 667-672.
• Doğanoğlu, M. (2010). The environmental impacts of Southeast Anatolian Project and environmental consciousness: The case of Şanlıurfa province Çamlıdere village (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Ankara University Social Sciences Institute, Ankara, Türkiye.
• Economou, G., Avgoulas, C., & Travlos, I. (2005). Weed flora distribution in greek cotton fields and its possible influence by herbicides. Phytoparasitica, 33(4): 406-419. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02981309
• Eren, Ö, Doğan, M.N., Boz, Ö., Türkseven, S., & Özcan, R. (2016). Amaranthus palmeri L. [In: Raab-Straube, E. von & Raus, T. (Ed.), Euro+Med-Checklist Notulae, 6], Willdenowia. 423-424: 437-441.
• Fernandino, G., Elliff, C.I., & Silva, I.R., (2018). Ecosystem-based management of coastal zones in face of climate change impacts: challenges and inequalities. Journal of Environmental Management, 215: 32–39.
• Gönen, O. (1999). Determination of germination biology and morphologic characteristic to use practical identification with computer of summer growing weed species in Çukurova region of Türkiye (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Cukurova University, The Insititute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Adana, Türkiye.
• Gözcü, D., & Uludağ, A. (2005). Weeds and their importance in cotton fields in Kahramanmaraș province of Türkiye. Turkish Journal of Weed Science, 8(1): 7-15.
• Güncan, A., & Karaca, M. (2014). Weed Control. Konya: Selcuk University Press, 3rd Edition.
• Hakoomat, A., Arooj, M., Sarwar, N., Areeb, A., Shahzad, A. N., & Hussain, S. (2017). Application of pre and post emergence herbicide under improved field irrigation system proved a sustainable weed management strategy in Cotton Crop. Planta Daninha, 35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582017350100052.
• Issayev, G., & Baimuratova, S. (2023). Species composition of companion weeds of cotton culture Of Turkestan region and patterns of their distribution. Icontech International Journal, 7(1), 34–38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7950991
• Kadıoğlu, İ., Uluğ, E., & Üremiş, İ. (1993). Investigation of weeds in cotton fields in Mediterranean region of Türkiye. 1. Turkish Weed Science Congress, (pp. 151-156), 3-5 February, Adana, Türkiye
• Kaya, İ., & Nemli, Y. (2002). Determination of weed species which are problem in important cotton growing areas in Aydın. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 12 (1): 37-40.
• Keskinkılıç, K. (2014). Developments in Türkiye's Cotton Situation. Izmir Commodity Exchange, Reports, Izmir, Türkiye.
• Manea, A., Sloane, D.R., & Leishman, M.R. (2016). Reductions in native grass biomass associated with drought facilitates the invasion of an exotic grass into a model grassland system. Oecologia. 181: 175–183.
• Mennan, H., & Işık, D. (2003). Invasive weed species in onion production systems during the last 25 years in Amasya, Türkiye. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 35(2): 155-160.
• Odum, E.P. (1971). Fundamentals of ecology. Third Edition, Philadelphia: W.B. Sounders Company.
• Özaslan, C., & Bukun, B. (2013). Determination of weeds in cotton fields in Southeastern Anatolia Region of Türkiye. Soil and Water Journal, 2 (2): 1777-1784.
• Özaslan, C., Farooq, S., & Önen, H. (2017). Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S.Watson): A new addition to the alien flora of South Eastern Anatolia. 26 th Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, (pp. 293), 19-22 September, Kyoto, Japan.
• Özaslan, C. (2011). Determination of weed species creating problem in cotton and wheat fields of Diyarbakir with fungal factors they host and research on their bio-activity potentials (Ph. D. Thesis). Selçuk University, The Insititute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Konya, Türkiye.
• Özer Z., Kadıoğlu İ., Önen H., & Tursun N. (1998). Herbology (Weed Science), 2nd Expanded Edition. Tokat: Gaziosmanpaşa Universtiy Faculty of Agriculture publishers.
• Özkil, M., Serim, A. T., Torun, H., & Üremiş, İ. (2019). Determination of weed species, distributions and frequency in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fields of Antalya Province. Turkish Journal of Weed Science, 22(2):185-191.
• Pala, F., & Mennan, H. (2019). Determination of Weeds in Cotton (Gossypium hirsitum L.) Fields of Karacadag Basin. 5th International Regional Development Conference, (pp. 660-675) 26-28 September, Malatya, Türkiye.
• Salimi, H., Atri, A., & Rahimian mashhadi, H. (2006). Determination of the critical period of weed control in cotton fields. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology, 74(1), 47–64.
• Serim, T. A., ÖZKİL, M., Uremis, I., & Uludag, A. (2023). Changes in the weed flora of cotton fields in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkiye. Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Agricultural Sciense. 28(3), 633–648. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.1325888
• Sırrı, M. (2022). A new risk for the Southeastern Anatolia Region Amaranthus palmeri. MAS Journal of Applied Sciences, 7(4), 1072–1090.
• Sorte, C.J.B., Ibáñez, I., Blumenthal, D.M., Molinari, N.A., Miller, L.P., Grosholz, E.D., Diez, J.M., D'Antonio, C.M., Olden, J.D., Jones, S.J., & Dukes, J.S. (2013). Poised to prosper? A cross-system comparison of climate change effects on native and nonnative species performance. Ecology Letters, 16, 261–270.
• Şahin, S., Gürbüz, R., & Çoruh, İ. (2020). The performance of various herbicides on weed control in cotton fields and productivity of cotton in Igdir province. Journal of Agriculture, 3(2): 40-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46876/ja.822131
• Taye, W., Abate, S., Belay, Z., Yesuf, N., & Getahun, S. (2019). Survey of cotton weeds in Middle Awash of Ethiopia. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 9,259–267.DOI: https://doi.org/10.15580/GJAS.2019.2.032819057
• Tena, E., Hiwet, A., & Dejene, M. (2012). Quantitative and qualitative determination of weeds in cotton-growing areas of Humera and Metema, Northwestern Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Appllied Science Technology, 3, 57–69.
• Turan, R. 2019. Mardin ili pamuk ve mısır ekim alanlarındaki istilacı yabancı ot türlerinin (Physalis spp., Amaranthus spp. ve Echinochloa spp.) yaygınlık ve yoğunluğunun araştırılması (Yüksek lisans tezi). Dicle Üniversitesi Fenbilimleri Enstitüsü, Diyarbakır, Türkiye.
• Tursun, N., Tursun, Ö., & Kaçan, K. (2004). Determination of weeds in cotton fields in Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye. KSU Journal of Science and Engineering, 7(1): 92-95.
• Tursun, N., Budak, S., & Kantarci, Z. (2016). The Effects of row spacing on determination of critical period for weed control in cotton (Gossypium hirsitum L.). Journal of Field Crops Central Research Institute, 25 (special issue-2):100-105.
• TÜİK, (2020). Turkish Statistical Institute. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr. Access date: 04.05.2020.
• TÜİK, (2023). Turkish Statistical Institute. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr. Access date: 15.12.2023.
• Uludağ, A., & Katkat, M. (1991). Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesinde pamuk ekim alanlarındaki yabancı otların yayılış alanları ve yoğunluklarının belirlenmesi üzerinde araştırmalar, The Fourth Turkish Phytopathology Congress, (pp. 125-131), 7-11 October, İzmir, Türkiye.
• Uludağ, A., & Üremiş İ. (2000). A perspective on weed problems of cotton in Türkiye. The Inter-Regional Cooperative Research Network on Cotton, A Joint Workshop and Meeting of the All Working Groups, (pp. 194-199), 20-24 September, Adana, Türkiye.
• Uygur, F.N., Koch, W., & Walter, H. (1984). Introduction to Weed Science. PLITS, Stuttgart: Verlag Josef Margraf.
• Uygur, S., (1997). Research on possıbılıtıes to ıdentıfy weed populatıon and dıstrıbutıon ın Çukurova regıon, and to determıne and dıstrıbutıon of dıseases that could be used ın bıologıcal control of weeds (Ph. D. Thesis). Cukurova University, The Instıtute of Natural and Applıed Scıences, Adana, Türkiye.
• Varanasi, A., Prasad, P. V. V., Jugulam M. (2016). Impact of climate change factors on weeds and herbicide efficacy. Advances in Agronomy, 135: 107-146.
• Vargas, R.N., Fischer, W.B., Kempen, H.M. & Wright S.D. (1996). Cotton weed management. In: Cotton Production Manual, edited by S.J. Hake, T.A. Kerby, K.D. Hake. University of California, Divison of Agriculture ve Natural Resources, 187-202.
• Yazlık, A., Üremiş, İ., Uludağ, A., Uzun, K., Şenol, S.G., & Keskin, İ. (2014). A new alien plant species in Türkiye: Ipomoea triloba L. 8th International Conference on Biological Invasions from understanding to action (p.174), 3-8 November, Antalya, Türkiye.
• Yazlık A., Üremiş İ., Uludağ A., Uzun K., & Şenol S.G. (2018). Ipomoea triloba: an alien plant threatening many habitats in Türkiye. EPPO Bulletin, 48 (3) 589-594.
• WeiHua, L., Dan, L., Zhen, Z., Fang, H., HongXiang, H., & JieYing, H. (2014). Effects of different planting patterns on weeds community. Guizhou Agricultural Sciences, 42 (1): 89-93.