Kanatlı Hayvanlarda Embriyo Kayıpları

Öz

Kuluçka randımanı, damızlıkların elde edilmesinden başlayıp, onların bakım ve besleme koşullarına, kuluçkahane uygulamalarına kadar olan tüm süreci kapsayan yönetimsel bir sürecin sonucudur. Söz konusu süreci etkileyen her bir faktörün ve bunlar arasındaki etkileşimlerin bilinmesi embriyo kayıplarını azaltmada doğru yönetim stratejilerinin belirlenmesini sağlayacaktır. Kuluçka randımanı aslında her ne sebeple olursa olsun gerçekleşebilecek embriyonik kayıpların minimize edilmesi olarak düşünülebilir. Bu bağlamda embriyonik ölümlerin bazı kümes hayvanı türlerinde yumurtaların %15'ine kadar ulaşılabildiği düşünüldüğünde konunun maliyet ve karlılık açısından ne denli önemli olduğu görülmektedir. Bu makalede, kanatlı hayvan türlerinde embriyonik ölümlere sebep olan genetik ve çevresel faktörlerin irdelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Kuluçka randımanı ve işletme karlılığını etkileyen bu faktörlerin ortaya konmasının ülkemiz kanatlı sektörüne önemli katkılar sağlayacağı öngörülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Embriyonik Ölüm
• Kuluçka
• Embriyonik Gelişim
• Embriyo Yaşama Gücü
• Yumurta

Embryo Losses on Poultry

Öz

Hatchability is the result of a managerial process that covers the entire process from the acquisition of breeders to their care and feeding conditions and hatchery practices. Knowing each factor affecting that process and the interactions between them will enable the determination of the proper management strategies in reducing embryo losses. Incubation efficiency can actually be thought of as minimizing embryonic losses that may occur for whatever reason. In this context, considering that embryonic losses can reach up to 15% of eggs in some poultry species, it is seen how important the issue is in terms of cost and profitability. This article aims to examine the genetic and environmental factors that cause embryonic deaths in poultry species. It is predicted that scrutinizing these factors affecting hatchability and operating profitability will provide important contributions to the poultry industry for our country.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Embryonic Mortality
• Incubation
• Embryonic Development
• Embryo Survival
• Egg

Kaynakça

1. Abd El-Hack ME, Hurtado CB, Toro DM, Alagawany M, Abdelfattah EM, Elnesr SS. 2022. Impact of environmental and incubation factors on hatchability of duck eggs. Biological Rhythm Research, 53(1), 79-88.
2. Adeleke MA, Peters SO, Ozoje MO, Ikeobi CO, Bamgbose AM, Adebambo OA. 2012. Effect of crossbreeding on fertility, hatchability and embryonic mortality of Nigerian local chickens. Tropical Animal Health and Production 44(3):505-510.
3. Ainsworth, SJ, Stanley, RL, Evans, DJ, 2010. Developmental stages of the Japanese quail. Journal of Anatomy 216(1), 3-15.
4. Akbulut NK, Tewfik S, Kırıkçı K. 2021. Evaluating the impact of dried onion and garlic on egg hatching performance and embryonic mortality of Chukar partridges. Bahri Dağdaş Hayvancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 10(2), 138-146.
5. Alabi JO, Bhanja SK, Goel A, Mehra M, Fafiolu AO. 2018. Chicken embryogenesis: Influence of egg quality traits on embryo morphology. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 53(3), 324-330.
6. Almeida JG, Vieira SL, Reis RN, Berres J, Barros RD, Ferreira AK, Furtado FVF. 2008. Hatching distribution and embryo mortality of eggs laid by broiler breeders of different ages. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 10(2):89-96.
7. Banwell R. 2007. Bio-response incubation for better hatch and post-hatch performance. World Poultry 23(1):20-21.
8. Beaumont C, Millet N, Le Bihan-Duval E, Kipi A, Dupuy V, 1997. Genetic parameters of survival to the different stages of embryonic death in laying hens. Poultry Science 76(9):1193-1196.

9. Bekhet GM. 2021. Impact of hatching egg disinfection on hatching characteristics and chick embryos. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 55(3), 353-358.
10. Bernier PE, Arscott GH. 1972. Fifteen years of observations on the dwarf gene in the domestic fowl. Annales de Génétique et de Sélection Animale 4(2):183-215.
11. Bilalissi A, Meteyake HT, Kouame YAE, Oke OE, Lin H, Onagbesan O, Tona K. 2022. Effects of pre-incubation storage duration and nonventilation incubation procedure on embryonic physiology and post-hatch chick performance. Poultry Science, 101(5), 101810.
12. Blacker HA, Orgeig S. Daniels CB. 2004. Hypoxic control of the development of the surfactant system in the chicken: evidence for physiological heterokairy. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 287(2):403-410.
13. Blazak WF, Fechheimer NS. 1979. Gonosome-autosome translocations in fowl: Chromosome complements of gametes and viability of embryos derived from singly and doubly heterozygous cockerels. Journal of Heredity 70(6):407-412.
14. Bloom SE. 1970. Haploid chicken embryos: evidence for diploid and triploid cell populations. Journal of Heredity 61(4):147-150.
15. Brah G, Sandhu J, Chaudhary M, 1991. Inbreeding effects on embryonic mortality and other incubation characters in selected lines of White Leghorns. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 61(9):1007-1009.
16. Caner C. 2005. The effect of edible eggshell coatings on egg quality and consumer perception. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 85(11), 1897-1902.
17. Çağlayan T, Alaşahan S, Kırıkcı K, Günlü A. 2009. Effect of different egg storage periods on some egg quality characteristics and hatchability of partridges (Alectoris graeca). Poultry Science 88(6):1330-1333.
18. Çağlayan T, Alasahan S, Cetin O, Kirikci K, Gunlu A. 2010. Effects of egg weight and length of storage period on chick weight and hatchability performance of pheasants (Phasianus colchicus). Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment 8(3-4):407-410.
19. Dey S, Samanta R, Pan S, Depnath B, Debbarma A. 2019. Factors associated with embryonic mortality of eggs of Vanaraja breeder chicken reared on deep litter system. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8(4): 525-532.
20. Dunn LC. 1923. A lethal gene in fowls. The American Naturalist 57(651):345-349.
21. Elibol O, Brake J. 2004. Identification of critical periods for turning broiler hatching eggs during incubation. British Poultry Science 45(5):631-637.
22. Eriksen MS, Haug A, Torjesen PA, Bakken M. 2003. Prenatal exposure to corticosterone impairs embryonic development and increases fluctuating asymmetry in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). British Poultry Science 44(5):690-697.
23. Fechheimer NS, Jaap RG. 1978. The parental source of heteroploidy in chick embryos determined with chromosomally marked gametes. Reproduction, 52(1):141-146.
24. Fechheimer NS. 1981. Origins of heteroploidy in chicken embryos. Poultry Science 60(7):1365-1371.
25. Genç M, Özentürk U. 2020. Japon Bıldırcınlarında (Coturnix coturnix japonica) bazı kuluçkalık yumurta özelliklerinin embriyo ölümleri ve kuluçka sonuçlarına etkileri. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 10(2):1456-1462.
26. Hamburger V, Hamilton HL. 1951. A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. Journal of Morphology 88(1), 49-92.
27. Hamidu JA, Fasenko GM, Feddes JJR, O’dea EE, Ouellette CA, Wineland MJ, Christensen VL. 2007. The effect of broiler breeder genetic strain and parent flock age on eggshell conductance and embryonic metabolism. Poultry Science 86(11):2420-2432.
28. Hayretdağ S, Kolankaya D. 2008. Investigation of the effects of pre-incubation formaldehyde fumigation on the tracheal epithelium of chicken embryos and chicks. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 32(4):263-267.
29. Hayward LS, Wingfield JC. 2004. Maternal corticosterone is transferred to avian yolk and may alter offspring growth and adult phenotype. General and Comparative Endocrinology 135(3):365-371.
30. Hegab IM, Hanafy AM. 2019. Effect of egg weight on external and internal qualities, physiological and hatching success of Japanese quail eggs (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 21(3).
31. Ismiraj MR, Arts JA, Parmentier HK. 2019. Maternal transfer of natural (auto-) antibodies in chickens. Poultry Science 98(6):2380-2391.
32. Kanase A, Pachapurkar S, Mane A, Jadhav J. 2015. Implementation of ex- ovo chick embryo development model for evaluation of angiogenesis and vasculogenesis studies. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research 2(5):1680-1689.
33. Kırıkçı K, Mustafa Ç, Başer E, Akbulut NK, Bilgiç MA. 2018. Kınalı Kekliklerde yumurta ağırlığının kuluçka sonuçları üzerine etkisi. Bahri Dağdaş Hayvancılık Araştırma Dergisi 7(1):1-6.
34. King’Ori AM. 2011. Review of the factors that influence egg fertility and hatchability in poultry. International Journal of Poultry Science 10(6):483-492.
35. Kouame YAE, Nideou D, Kouakou K, Tona K. 2019. Effect of guinea fowl egg storage duration on embryonic and physiological parameters, and keet juvenile growth. Poultry Science, 98(11), 6046-6052.
36. Kustra K, Trela M, Tombarkiewicz B, Lapinski S, Pawlak K, Lis MW. 2020. Selected factors that affect the results of artificial hatching of the golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) in aviary breeding - a preliminary study. European Poultry Science, 84(313):1-9.
37. Landauer W, Dunn LC, 1930. Studies on the creeper fowl. Journal of Genetics 23(3):397-413.
38. Landauer W, 1932. Studies on the creeper fowl. Journal of Genetics 25(3): 367-394.
39. Leke JR, Wantasen E, Sompie F, Elly FH, Siahan R. 2020. The characteristics and quality of egg from commercial laying hens fed with garlic (Allium sativum) supplemented ration. Animal Production, 21 (2): 98-103.
40. Liu HN, Liu Y, Hu LL, Suo YL, Zhang L, Jin F, Li Y. 2014. Effects of dietary supplementation of quercetin on performance, egg quality, cecal microflora populations, and antioxidant status in laying hens. Poultry Science, 93(2), 347-353.
41. Li S, Bai S, Qin X, Zhang J, Irwin DM, Zhang S, Wang Z. 2019. Comparison of whole embryonic development in the duck (Anas platyrhynchos) and goose (Anser cygnoides) with the chicken (Gallus gallus). Poultry Science 98(8), 3278-3291.
42. Li K, Jiang L, Wang J, Xia L, Zhao R, Cai C, Wang Y. 2020. Maternal dietary supplementation with different sources of selenium on antioxidant status and mortality of chicken embryo in a model of diquat-induced acute oxidative stress. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 261, 114369.
43. Lotfi E, Zerehdaran S, Azari MA. 2012. Direct and maternal genetic effects of body weight traits in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Archiv für Geflügelkunde 76(3): 150-154.
44. Lourens A, Van den Brand H, Meijerhof R, Kemp B. 2005. Effect of eggshell temperature during incubation on embryo development, hatchability, and posthatch development. Poultry Science 84(6):914-920.
45. Lumsangkul C, Fan YK, Chang SC, Ju JC, Chiang H I. 2018. Characterizing early embryonic development of Brown Tsaiya Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) in comparison with Taiwan Country Chicken (Gallus gallus domestics). Plos One 13(5), e0196973.
46. Machado JP, Mesquita MA, Café MB, Assis SD, Veríssimo S, Santos RR, Araújo IC. 2020. Effects of breeder age on embryonic development, hatching results, chick quality, and growing performance of the slow-growing genotype. Poultry Science 99(12), 6697-6704.
47. Meir M, Ar A. 1991. Compensation for seasonal changes in eggshell conductance and hatchability of goose eggs by dynamic control of egg water loss. British Poultry Science 32(4):723-732.
48. Miller RC, Fechheimer NS, Japp RG, 1971. Chromosome abnormalities in 16-to 18-hour chick embryos. Cytogenetic and Genome Research 10(2):121-136.
49. Mong SJ, Snyder MD, Fechheimer NS, Jaap RG. 1974. The origin of triploidy in chick (Gallus domesticus) embryos. Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 16(2):317-322.
50. Mortola JP. 2009. Gas exchange in avian embryos and hatchlings. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 153(4):359-377.
51. Mortola JP, Al Awam K. 2010. Growth of the chicken embryo: Implications of egg size. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 156(4), 373-379.
52. Nakage ES, Cardozo JP, Pereira GT, Boleli IC. 2003. Effect of temperature on incubation period, embryonic mortality, hatch rate, egg water loss and partridge chick weight (Rhynchotus rufescens). Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 5(2):131-135.
53. Narushin VA, Romanov MN. 2002. Egg physical characteristics and hatchability. World's Poultry Science Journal 58(3):297-303.
54. Nasri H, van den Brand H, Najjar T, Bouzouaia M. 2020. Egg storage and breeder age impact on egg quality and embryo development. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 104 (1), 257-268.
55. Ng’ambi JW, Thamaga MW, Norris D, Mabelebele M, Alabi OJ. 2013. Effects of egg weight on hatchability, chick hatch-weight and subsequent productivity of indigenous Venda chickens in Polokwane, South Africa. South African Journal of Animal Science, 43(5), S69-S74.
56. Noiva RM, Menezes AC, Peleteiro MC. 2014. Influence of temperature and humidity manipulation on chicken embryonic development. BMC Veterinary Research, 10(1), 1-10.
57. Okur N, Eleroğlu H, Türkoğlu M. 2018. Impacts of breeder age, storage time and setter ventilation program on incubation and post-hatch performance of broilers. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 20, 27-36.
58. Okur N. 2019. Effects of incubator carbon dioxide and oxygen levels, and egg weight on Broilers’ hatchability of fertile eggs. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 21(3).
59. Olsen R, Kudirkiene E, Thøfner I, Pors S, Karlskov-Mortensen P, Li L, Christensen J. 2017. Impact of egg disinfection of hatching eggs on the eggshell microbiome and bacterial load. Poultry Science, 96(11), 3901-3911.
60. Özaydın T. 2009. Kuluçkada Deneysel Olarak Oluşturulan Isı Stresinin Broylerlerde İnce Bağırsağın Embriyonik Gelişimi Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Histokimyasal, İmmünohistokimyasal ve Histometrik Metotlarla Belirlenmesi. Doktora Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Histoloji ve Embriyoloji Anabilim Dalı.
61. Özlü S, Elibol O, Brake J. 2018. Effect of storage temperature fluctuation on embryonic development and mortality, and hatchability of broiler hatching eggs. Poultry Science 97(11), 3878-3883.
62. Peebles ED, Doyle SM, Zumwalt CD, Gerard PD, Latour MA, Boyle CR, Smith TW. 2001. Breeder age influences embryogenesis in broiler hatching eggs. Poultry Science 80(3):272-277.
63. Pokhrel N, Cohen EBT, Genin O, Ruzal M, Sela-Donenfeld D, Cinnamon Y. 2018. Effects of storage conditions on hatchability, embryonic survival and cytoarchitectural properties in broiler from young and old flocks. Poultry Science, 97(4), 1429-1440.
64. Rahn H, Christensen VL, Edens FW. 1981. Changes in shell conductance, pores, and physical dimensions of egg and shell during the first breeding cycle of turkey hens. Poultry Science 60(11):2536-2541.
65. Rai MF, Khan SA, Aslam A, Saeed K. 2005. Effects of yolk sac infection in chicken. Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews, 16(2), 87-93.
66. Reddy PRK, Siegel PB. 1977. Chromosomal abnormalities in chickens selected for high and low body weight. Journal of Heredity 68(4):253-256.
67. Reijrink IAM, Meijerhof R, Kemp B, Van Den Brand H. 2008. The chicken embryo and its micro environment during egg storage and early incubation. World's Poultry Science Journal 64(4):581-598.
68. Rubolini D, Romano M, Boncoraglio G, Ferrari RP, Martinelli R, Galeotti P, Saino N. 2005. Effects of elevated egg corticosterone levels on behavior, growth, and immunity of yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis) chicks. Hormones and Behavior 47(5):592-605.
69. Sabah S, Şahan Ü. 2018. Effect of egg weight on eggshell thickness, pore density and chick quality in broiler breeder flock. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 32(2):123-130.
70. Saino N, Suffritti C, Martinelli R, Rubolini D, Møller AP. 2003. Immune response covaries with corticosterone plasma levels under experimentally stressful conditions in nestling barn swallows (Hirundo rustica). Behavioral Ecology 14(3):318-325.
71. Savage TF, Mirosh LW, Jones JL, Schneiderman ET. 1992. Blastoderm degeneration, an early embryonic failure in dwarf single comb white leghorn chickens. Journal of Heredity 83(4), 249-254.
72. Sewalem A, Wilhelmson M. 1999. Genetic study of embryonic mortality in White Leghorn lines selected for egg production traits. British Poultry Science 40(4):467-471.
73. Shahein EH, Sedeek E. 2014. Role of spraying hatching eggs with natural disinfectants on hatching characteristics. Egyptian Poultry Science Journal 34(1):213-230.
74. Sheridan AK. 1979. Further studies with a sex‐linked lethal gene in the fowl. British Poultry Science 20(6):571-573.
75. Snyder MD, Fechheimer NS, Jaap RG. 1975. Incidence and origin of heteroploidy, especially haploidy, in chick embryos from intraline and interline matings. Cytogenetic and Genome Research 14(1):63-75.
76. Somes JR, Ralph G, Smyth JR, Robert J. 1967. Prenatal, a sex-linked lethal mutation of the fowl. Journal of Heredity 58(1):25-29.
77. Sözcü, A. (2014). Etlik Damızlıklarda Yaş ve Yumurta Ağırlığının Yumurta Kalitesi, Sarı Kesesi Emilimi, Embriyo Gelişimi ve Kuluçka Sonuçları Üzerine Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Zootekni Anabilim Dalı.
78. Şeker I, Kul S, Bayraktar M. 2005. Effects of storage period and egg weight of Japanese quail eggs on hatching results. Archives Animal Breeding 48(5):518-526.
79. Thorne MH, Sheldon BL. 1991. Cytological evidence of maternal meiotic errors in a line of chickens with a high incidence of triploidy. Cytogenetic and Genome Research 57(4): 206-210.
80. Tona K, Onagbesan O, Bruggeman V, De Smit L, Figueiredo D, Decuypere E. 2007. Non-ventilation during early incubation in combination with dexamethasone administration during late incubation: 1. Effects on physiological hormone levels, incubation duration and hatching events. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 33(1), 32-46.
81. Türkyılmaz MK, Dereli E, Şahin T. 2005. Denizli tavuklarında bazı yumurta özellikleri ile yumurtaların kuluçka işlemi sırasındaki ağırlık kaybı üzerine bir araştırma. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 16(2):89-92.
82. Willemsen H, Kamers B, Dahlke F, Han H, Song Z, Pirsaraei ZA. Everaert N. 2010. High-and low-temperature manipulation during late incubation: effects on embryonic development, the hatching process, and metabolism in broilers. Poultry Science 89(12), 2678-2690.
83. Wilson HR. 1997. Effects of maternal nutrition on hatchability. Poultry Science 76(1):134-143.
84. Wolowodiuk VD, Fechheimer NS, Nestor KE, Bacon WL. 1985. Chromosome abnormalities in embryos from lines of Japanese quail divergently selected for body weight. Génétique Sélection Ẻvolution 17(2):183-190.
85. Yadav P, Datt M, Yadav LR. 2021. Effect of breed and egg weight on embryo mortality rate in Kuroiler and Chabro breeds of poultry. International Journal of Farm Sciences, 11(4), 51-54.
86. Yamak US, Sarica M, Boz MA, Ucar A. 2016. The effect of eggshell thickness on hatching traits of partridges. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 18, 13-18.
87. Yıldırım I, Ozsan M, Yetisir R. 2003. The use of oregano (Origanum vulgare L) essential oil as alternative hatching egg disinfectant versus formaldehyde fumigation in quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire 154(5):367-370.
88. Zhang B, Tang J, Wu YB, Cao JT, Xing GN, Sun PX, Hou SS. 2021. Effects of riboflavin deficiency on the lipid metabolism of duck breeders and duck embryos. Poultry Science, 100(10), 101342.
89. Zhu Y, Liao X, Lu L, Li W, Zhang L, Ji C, Luo X. 2017. Maternal dietary zinc supplementation enhances the epigenetic-activated antioxidant ability of chick embryos from maternal normal and high temperatures. Oncotarget, 8(12), 19814.