Bingöl Merkezinden Toplanan Seçilmis Arı Polenlerinden, Farklı Çözücüler Kullanılarak Ultrasonik Destekli Ekstraksiyon Yöntemiyle Elde Edilen Ekstraktların Protein Içerigi ve Amino Asit Bilesiminin Belirlenmesi

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, farklı botanik kaynaklardan elde edilen arı poleni örneklerinin, ultrasonik destekli ekstraksiyon (UAE) yöntemi ile çeşitli çözücüler kullanılarak işlenmesi sonucunda elde edilen protein verimi ile amino asit profillerinin kapsamlı bir şekilde değerlendirilmesidir. Materyal ve Yöntem: Çalışmada, Bingöl ili merkez ilçesine ait beş ayrı arılıktan elde edilen arı poleni örnekleri analiz edilmiştir. Öncelikle örneklerin botanik kökeni palinolojik incelemelerle saptanmış, ardından distile su (dH₂O), etanol (EtOH) ve metanol (MeOH) çözücüleri farklı konsantrasyonlarda kullanılarak ultrasonik destekli ekstraksiyon (UAE) yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen ekstraktların verimliliği ve protein içerikleri belirlenmiş; en yüksek protein düzeyi gösteren örnekte ise ayrıntılı amino asit profili analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulgular: Palinolojik analizler, örneklerin farklı bitki taksonlarına ait olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. En yüksek ekstraksiyon verimi (% 75.7), BP‑1 örneğinde % 25 EtOH kullanılarak elde edilirken; en yüksek protein içeriği (% 9.80) BP‑3 örneğinde distile su (dH₂O) ile sağlanmıştır. Ayrıca BP‑3 örneğinde prolin, asparajin ve glisin bakımından zengin bir amino asit profili saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Arı poleninin botanik kökeni, kimyasal bileşim üzerinde yüksek oranda belirleyici bir etkiye sahiptir. Kullanılan çözücü türü ve konsantrasyonu ise ekstraksiyon verimliliği ve elde edilen protein miktarı üzerinde kritik rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışma, arı poleninden bitkisel protein elde edilmesine yönelik etkili ve uygulanabilir bir metodoloji sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Arı Poleni
• Ultrasonik Destekli Ekstraksiyon (UAE)
• Protein İçeriği
• Amino Asit Bileşimi

Determination of Protein Content and Amino Acid Composition of Extracts Obtained by Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Using Different Solvents from Selected Bee Pollens Collected in Bingöl Cente

Öz

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the protein extraction efficiency and amino acid composition of bee pollen collected from different botanical sources using water-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) with various solvents. Material and Methods: Bee pollen samples were collected from five different apiaries in the central district of Bingöl, Türkiye. Palynological analysis was conducted to identify botanical origins, followed by UAE using distilled water (dH₂O), ethanol (EtOH), and methanol (MeOH) at different concentrations. Extraction efficiency and protein content were determined, and the amino acid profile was analyzed in the sample with the highest protein content. Results: Palynological analysis showed diverse floral sources across the samples. The highest extraction yield (75.7%) was obtained from the BP-1 sample using 25% EtOH, while the highest protein content (9.80%) was observed in BP-3 with dH₂O. BP-3, primarily derived from Fabaceae, Poaceae, and Polygonaceae, was rich in proline, asparagine, and glycine. Conclusion: The botanical origin of bee pollen significantly affects its chemical composition. Solvent type and concentration critically influence extraction efficiency and protein yield. UAE with dH₂O offers a practical method for obtaining plant-based protein from bee pollen, contributing to its valorization as a functional food source.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bee Pollen
• Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE)
• Protein Content
• Amino Acid Composition

Kaynakça

1. Ares AM, Valverde S, Bernal JL, Nozal MJ, Bernal J. 2018. Extraction and determination of bioactive compounds from bee pollen. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 147, 110-124.
2. Asma ST, Bobiş O, Bonta V, Acaroz U, Shah SRA, Istanbullugil FR, Arslan-Acaroz D. 2022. General nutritional profile of bee products and their potential antiviral properties against mammalian viruses. Nutrients, 14(17), 3579.
3. Behçet L, Yapar Y. 2019. Matan Dağı (Bingöl) florasında arıcılık açısından önemli bitkiler. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 12(1), 149-159. (In Turkish)
4. Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Gatto GJ. 2015. Biochemistry (8th ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company.
5. Breda LS, de Melo Nascimento JE, Alves V, de Toledo VDAA, de Lima VA, Felsner ML. 2024. Green and fast prediction of crude protein contents in bee pollen based on digital images combined with Random Forest algorithm. Food Research International, 179, 113958.
6. Caf A, Canlı D, Ahıskalı M, Polat R. 2022. Bingöl İli Açık Yeşil Alanlarında Kullanılan Peyzaj Bitkilerinin Arıcılık Açısından Önemi. Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi, 11(2), 13-16. (In Turkish)
7. Caf A, Irmak MA, Yılmaz H. 2016. Bingöl ili yeşil alanlarında kullanılan odunsu bitkiler ve kullanım amaçları. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(2), 103–110. (In Turkish)
8. Chromý V, Vinklárková B, Šprongl L, Bittová M. 2015. The kjeldahl method as a primary reference procedure for total protein in certified reference materials used in clinical chemistry. I. A review of kjeldahl methods adopted by laboratory medicine. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 45(2), 106–111.

9. Costa E, Ribeiro M, Filipe-Ribeiro L, Cosme F, Nunes FM. 2023. Protein extraction from arthrospira platensis for use in food processing. Medical Sciences Forum, 23(1), 8.w
10. Demirpolat A, Kılıç Ö. 2019. Genç (Bingöl-Merkez) ilçesi ve çevresi florasında arıcılık açısından önemli bitkiler. Uluslararası Doğu Anadolu Fen Mühendislik ve Tasarım Dergisi, 1(2), 135-141. (In Turkish)
11. Denisow B, Denisow-Pietrzyk M. 2016. Biological and therapeutic properties of bee pollen: a review. J. Sci. Food Agric., 96: 4303-4309.
12. Dursun İ. 2020. Kuzeydoğu anadolu kökenli bazı yenilebilir bitki ekstraktlarının biyolojik aktivite ve fenolik asit profil değişiminin ekstraksiyon tekniği tabanlı incelenmesi. Doktora Tezi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Kimya Anabilim Dalı, Kafkas Üniversitesi, Kars, s. 369. (In Turkish)
13. El Ghouizi A, Bakour M, Laaroussi H, Ousaaid D, El Menyiy N, Hano C, Lyoussi B. 2023. Bee pollen as functional food: ınsights into ıts composition and therapeutic properties. Antioxidants, 12(3), 557.
14. Gonzalez R, Martinez L, Lopez J. 2023. Effects of methanol-based solvents on protein stability and extraction efficiency. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 60(3), 178–189.
15. Gürgen A, Can Z, Kara Y, Şahin H. 2023. Ultrasonic extraction conditions using response surface methodology: total phenolic content of bee pollen. International Journal of Chemistry and Technology, 7(2), 144-150.
16. Kim H, Park S, Lee J. 2019. Ethanol concentration affects protein solubility in pollen extraction process. Food Science and Biotechnology, 28(5), 1256-1263.
17. Kim Y, Park H, Lee S. 2019. Influence of ethanol concentration on protein solubility and extraction yield. Food Chemistry, 276, 560–568.
18. Kjeldahl J. 1883. A new method for the rapid determination of nitrogen in organic substances. Analytical Chemistry, 12(2), 188-191.
19. Kobus Z, Krzywicka M, Starek-Wójcicka A, Sagan A. 2022. Effect of the duty cycle of the ultrasonic processor on the efficiency of extraction of phenolic compounds from Sorbus intermedia. Scientific reports, 12(1), 8311.
20. Komosinska-Vassev K, Olczyk P, Kaźmierczak J, Mencner L, Olczyk K. 2015. Bee pollen: chemical composition and therapeutic application. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015, 297425.
21. Li F, Wang Z, Chen L. 2021. Solvent type effects on the stability of bioactive components during extraction: Analysis of EtOH and MeOH usage. Journal of Bioactive Compounds, 39(4), 112-118.
22. Li Y, Chen Z, Wang Q. 2021. Solvent type influences the stability of bioactive compounds in pollen extracts. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 183, 520-530.
23. Liu W, Zhang Y, Chen L. 2022. The impact of alcohol concentration on amino acid retention in plant-based protein extracts. International Journal of Food Properties, 25(4), 1123–1135.
24. Maicelo-Quintana JL, Reyna-Gonzales K, Balcázar-Zumaeta CR, Auquiñivin-Silva EA, Castro-Alayo EM, Medina-Mendoza M, Cayo-Colca IS, Maldonado-Ramirez I, Silva-Zuta MZ. 2024. Potential application of bee products in food industry: An exploratory review. Heliyon, 10(1), e24056.
25. Mao X, Yang W, Li Y. 2021. Mechanism and application of ultrasonic extraction technology in the food industry: A review. Food Science and Technology, 42(1), 1-12.
26. Özdemir M, Ak İ, Coşkun S, Ünverdi N. 2025. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from plants. Journal of Food and Feed Science-Technology Dergisi, (35), 1-12.
27. Polat R, Canlı D, Selvi S, Esim N, Çakılcıoğlu U, Bayram NE, Caf A, Ahıskalı M, Ürüşan Z, Düzdaban P, Nadiroğlu M. 2021. Bingöl arı florası ve polen atlası. Akademisyen Kitabevi, Bingöl, s. 242. (In Turkish)
28. Rodríguez-González I, Ortega-Toro R, Díaz C. 2018. Influence of microwave- and ultrasound-assisted extraction on bioactive compounds from pollen. Contemporary Engineering Sciences, 11(34), 1669–1676.
29. Sharma A, Thakur A, Nanda V. 2025. Impact of bee pollen cell-wall disrupting techniques on the structural integrity, functional attributes, and nutritional quality of bee pollen protein isolates for food application. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 305, 141179.
30. Somayajula D, Desai N. 2019. Optimization of protein extraction and proteomic studies in Cenchrus polystachion (L.) Schult. Heliyon, 5(12), e02968.
31. Stabler D, Power EF, Borland AM, Barnes JD, Wright GA. 2018. A method for analysing small samples of floral pollen for free and protein-bound amino acids. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 9(3), 430–438.
32. Sun C, Wu Z, Wang Z, Zhang H. 2015. Effect of ethanol/water solvents on phenolic profiles and antioxidant properties of Beijing propolis extracts. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 595393, 9.
33. Tutun H, Kaya MM, Usluer MS, Kahraman HA. 2021. Bee Pollen: Its antioxidant activity. Uludag Bee Journal, 21(1), 119-131.
34. Végh R, Csóka M. 2023. Amino acids, peptides, and proteins of pollen. In: Bayram, N.E., Kostić, A.Ž., Gercek, Y.C. (Eds.), Pollen Chemistry & Biotechnology, (pp. 17–49). Springer.
35. Wang J, Zhou H, Zhao L. 2021. Advances in protein extraction techniques from natural sources. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 127, 78–92.
36. Xue F, Li C. 2023. Effects of ultrasound-assisted cell wall disruption on physicochemical properties of Camellia bee pollen protein isolates. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 92, 106249.
37. Yu J, Long Y, Chi J, Dai K, Jia X, Ji H. 2024. Effects of ethanol concentrations on primary structural and bioactive characteristics of Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides. Nutrients, 16(6), 897.
38. Yusoff IM, Mat Taher Z, Rahmat Z, Chua LS. 2022. A review of ultrasound-assisted extraction for plant bioactive compounds: Phenolics, flavonoids, thymols, saponins and proteins. Food Research International, 157, 111268.
39. Zhang Y, Li Y, Liu Q, Wang X. 2019. Effect of ultrasonic-assisted extraction on the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of bee pollen. Journal of Food Science, 84(3), 501-508.