Araştırma Makalesi
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Etlik Piliçlerin Kesim Öncesi Elektrik ile Bilinçsizleştirilmesinde Farklı Dalga Tipi ve Frekans Değerlerinin Bazı Refah Parametreleri ve Karkas Kusurları Üzerine Etkileri

Yıl 2018, , 17 - 25, 27.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.430477

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, etlik piliçlerin kesim öncesi bilinçsizleştirilmesi için
farklı dalga tipi ve frekans değerlerini içeren elektrik akımı uygulamasının,
refah parametreleri ve karkas kusurları üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir.

Materyal ve
Metot:
Çalışmada, 43 günlük toplam
180 (90
-90) etlik piliç, her biri 20 (10-10) pilice sahip 9 gruba ayrılmıştır. Uygulama grupları, elektrik
uygulanmayan kontrol grubu ve elektrik ak
ımıyla bilinçsizleştirilen 8 deneme grubundan
oluşmaktadır. Piliçler 50, 200, 400 ve 1000 Hz’lik frekanslarda, 120 mA’lik
sinüs dalgalı alternatif (AC) ve pulslanmış doğru akımlar (pDC) ile su
banyosunda bilinçsizleştirilmiştir. Elektrik uygulamasından sonra piliçlerin
durumunu ortaya koymak için, elektrokardiyogram (EKG) kayıtları alınmıştır.
Bunun yanı sıra, piliçlerde nefes alma, kanat çırpma, titreme ve kalp
fibrilasyon tepkileri ve göz, ibik ve ayak refleksleri de belirlenmiştir.
Kanama sırasında piliçlerdeki kan kaybı ölçülmüştür. Ayrıca, karkas kusurları
da değerlendirilmiştir.

Bulgular: Bilinçsizleştirme için uygulanan elektrik akımı piliçlerin göz, ibik ve
ayak reflekslerini, kanat çırpma davranışını ve solunumunu önemli şekilde
etkilemiştir (P<0.05). Elektrikle bayıltma genel olarak etlik piliçlerde
karkas kusurlarını artırmıştır. Elektrik uygulamasından kaynaklanan karkas
kusurları etlik piliçlerde kanatların orta kısmında ve butlarda spot kanamalar
şeklinde meydana gelmiştir (P<0.05).







Sonuç: Araştırma sonuçları, piliçlerin AC akımın 50 ve 200 Hz’lik frekanslarda
daha etkili bir şekilde bilinçsizleştirildiğini göstermiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Ali ASA, Lawson MA, Tauson AH, Jensen JF, Chwalibog A. 2007. Influence of electrical stunning voltages on bleed out and carcass quality in slaughtered broiler chickens. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 71 (1): 35–40.
  • Anonim 2004. EFSA, European Food Safety Authority. Welfare aspects of the main systems of stunning and killing the main commercial species of animals. The EFSA Journal, 45: 1-29.
  • Anonim 2009. FAWC, Farm Animal Welfare Council, Five freedoms, http://www.fawc. org.uk/freedoms.htm (10 Ocak 2014)
  • Anonim 2011. Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, TS OIC/SMIIC 1, Helal Gıda Genel Kılavuzu.
  • Anonim 2012. Bussines benchmark on farm animal welfare, animal welfare and the consumer. http://www.bbfaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Briefing-No7_FAW_ and_the_Consumer .pdf (15 Ocak 2014)
  • Anonim 2013. European Animal Welfare Platform. Citizens’ animal welfare concerns when they purchase animal products. http://www.animalwelfareplatform.eu/documents/ProjOutput-consumer concerns.pdf (16 Aralık 2013)
  • Barker R. 2007. Electrical waterbath stunning parameters. http://www.hsa.org.uk/ downloads/info/electrical-waterbath-stunning-parameters .pdf (08 Mayıs 2016).
  • Bilgili SF. 1999. Recent advantages in electrical stunning. Poultry Science 78: 282-286.
  • Contreras CC, Beraquet NJ. 2001. Electrical stunning, hot boning and quality of chicken breast meat. Poultry Science 80: 501-507.
  • Craig EW, Fletcher DL. 1997. A Comparison of high current and low voltage electrical stunning systems on broiler breast rigor development and meat quality. Poultry Science 76: 1178–1181.
  • Duncan JH. 2001. Animal welfare issues in the poultry industry: Is there a lesson to be learned? Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 4(3): 207-221.
  • Fernandez X. 2004. A short overview of the welfare implications of pre-slaughter stunning in poultry. International Society for Animal Hygiene, Saint-Malo.
  • Gazdziak S. 2007. Kill floor improvements: Automation on the poultry kill and eviscerating lines is increasing efficiency and product quality. http://www.provisioneronline.com/articles/95233-kill-floor-improvements-1 (01 Mayıs 2016).
  • Goksoy EO, Mckinstry LJ, Wilkins IJ, Parkman A, Phillips A, Richardson RI, Anil MH. 1999. Broiler stunning and meat quality. Poultry Science 78: 1796-1800.
  • Gregory NG. 1989. Stunning and slaughter: Animal Welfare and Meat Science. CABI Publishing, Oxfordshire, England. s. 223-240.
  • Gregory NG, Wotton SB. 1989. Effect of electrical stunning on somatosensory evoked potentials in chickens. British Veterinary Journal 145: 159–164.
  • Gregory NG, Wilkins LJ. 1989a. Effect of slaughter method on bleeding efficiency in chickens. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 47: 13–20.
  • Gregory NG, Wilkins LJ. 1989b. Effect of stunning current on carcass quality in chickens. Veterinary Record 124: 530-532.
  • Gregory NG, Wilkins LJ, Eleperuma SD, Ballantyne AJ, Overfield ND. 1990. Broken bones in domestic fowls: Effect of husbandry system and stunning method in end-of-lay hens. British Poultry Science 31: 59–69.
  • Gregory NG, Wotton SB. 1990. Effect of stunning on spontaneous physical activity and evoked activity in the brain. British Poultry Science 31: 215–220.
  • Harris C. 2013. EU Regulation changes view on stunning at slaughter. http://www.thepoultrysite. com/articles/2867/eu-regulation-changes-view-on-stunning-at-slaughter/ (08 Mayıs 2016).
  • Heath GE. 1984. The slaughter of broiler chickens. World's Poultry Science Journal 40:151-159.
  • Helva İB, Akşit M. 2016. Kesim öncesi bilinçsizleştirme akım seviyesinin etlik piliçlerin karkas ve göğüs eti kalitesi üzerine etkisi. Hayvansal Üretim 57(2); 1-6.
  • Helva İB, Akşit M. 2017. Etlik piliçlerin kesim öncesi bilinçsizleştirilmesinde kullanılan farklı akım ve dalga tipindeki elektrik değerlerinin karkas kusurları ve göğüs eti kalite özellikleri üzerine etkisi, Türk Tarım - Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 5(10): 1250-1255.
  • Hillebrand SJW, Lambooij E, Veerkamp CH. 1996. The effects of alternative electrical and mechanical stunning methods on hemorrhaging and meat quality of broiler breast and thigh muscles. Poultry Science 75:664–671.
  • Hindle VA, Lambooij E, Reimert HGM, Workel LD, Gerritzen MA. 2010. Animal welfare concerns during the use of the water bath for stunning broilers, hens, and ducks. Poultry Science 89: 401-412.
  • Lopes da Silva, FH. 1983. The assessment of unconsciousness: General principles and practical aspects. Editör Eikelenboom G. Stunning of Animals for Slaughter. Martinus Nijhoff Pulishers, New York, The USA. s.3-12.
  • McNeal WD, Fletcher DL, Buhr RJ. 2003. Effects of stunning and decapitation on broiler activity during bleeding, blood loss, carcass, and breast meat quality. Poultry Science 82:163-168.
  • Nunes F. 2007. How to avoid bruising during electrical poultry stunning, http://www.meatingplace.com/Industry/TechnicalArticles/Details/618 (10 Mayıs 2013).
  • Papinaho PA, Fletcher DL. 1995. Effects of electrical stunning duration on post-mortem rigor development and broiler breast meat tenderness. Journal Muscle Foods 6:1–8.
  • Prinz S. 2009. Electrical stunning of broiler chickens. http://www.cabi.org/AnimalScience /Uploads/File/AnimalScience/additionalFiles/WPSATurku2009/17_eggmeat2009_prinz_PL19.pdf (18 Mayıs 2013).
  • Prinz S, Van Oijen G, Ehinger F, Coenen A, Bessei W. 2010a. Electroencephalograms and physical reflexes of broiler after electrical waterbath stunning using an alternating current. Poultry Science 89: 1265-1274.
  • Prinz S, Van Oijen, G, Ehinger F, Bessei W, Coenen A. 2010b. Effects of waterbath stunning on the electroencephalograms and physical reflexes of broiler using pulsed direct current. Poultry Science 89: 1275-1284.
  • Raj ABM. 1998. Welfare during stunning and slaughter of poultry. Poultry Science 77: 1815-1819.
  • Raj ABM, O’Callaghan M. 2004. Effects of electrical water bath stunning current frequencies on the spontaneous electroencephalogram and somatosensory evoked potentials in hens. British Poultry Science 45(2): 230–236.
  • Raj ABM, O’Callaghan M, Hughes SI. 2006. The effects of amount and frequency of pulsed direct current used in waterbath stunning and of slaughter methods on spontaneous electroencephalograms in broilers. Animal Welfare 15:19–24.
  • Richards SA, Sykes AH. 1967. The effects of hypoxia, hypercapnia and asphyxia in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Comparative Biochem Physiology 21(3): 691–701.
  • Sams AR. 1996. Stunning Basics. Broiler Industry 59: 36–38.
  • Shields JS, Park S, Raj ABM. 2010. A critical review of electrical water-bath stun systems for poultry slaughter and recent developments in alternative technologies. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 13:281–299.
  • Simonovic S, Grashorn MA. 2009. Effect of different electrical stunning conditions on meat quality in broilers. http://www.cabi.org/animalscience/Uploads/File/AnimalScience/additionalFiles/ WPSATurku2009/78_eggmeat2009_simonovic_MP29.pdf (18 Mayıs 2013).
  • SPSS, 2009. Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences 18.0 for Windows. SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA.
  • Veerkamp CH, De Vries AW. 1983. Influence of electrical stunning on quality aspects of broilers. Editör Eikelenboom G. Stunning of Animals for Slaughter. Martinus Nijhoff Pulishers, New York, The USA. s.197-212.
  • Veerkamp CH. 1988. What is the right current to stun and kill broilers. Poultry Missel, June/July: 30–31.
  • Von Wenzlawowicz M, Von Holleben K. 2001. Assessment of stunning effectiveness according to present scientific knowledge on electrical stunning of poultry in a waterbath. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 65:193–198.
  • Wilkins L, Wotton SB, Parkman ID, Kettlewell PJ, Griffiths P. 1999. Constant current stunning effect on bird welfare and carcass quality. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 8: 465-471.

The Effects of Different Waveforms and Frequency Values in Pre-slaughter Stunning by Electricity on Some Welfare Parameters and Carcass Defects

Yıl 2018, , 17 - 25, 27.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.430477

Öz


Objective:

In this study, the effects of
electric current application including different wave types and frequency
values on welfare parameters and carcass defects to render broilers unconscious
before slaughter were examined.



Material
and Methods:
In study, a total
of 180 forty three-day-old broilers were divided into 9 treatment groups with
20 chickens (10
-10) each. Treatment groups consist of a control group
without electricity and eight groups stunned by using the electric current.
Broilers were stunned in water bath with the electric currents, sine wave
alternating current (AC) and pulsed direct current (pDC) of 120 mA and
frequencies of 50, 200, 400, and 1000 Hz. To reveal the condition of chickens
after the electric treatment, electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded. Besides,
the reflexes of eye, comb, foot, and the responses of breathing, wing flapping,
shaking, cardiac fibrillation in chickens were also determined. Amount of blood
loss in chickens during bleeding was measured. Also, carcass defects assessed.



Results:
The applied electrical current
for stunning affected significantly the reflexes of eye, comb, and foot, the
behavior of wing flapping and respiratory of broilers. The electrical stunning
was generally increased carcass defects in broilers. Carcass defects caused by
electric application occurred in the form of hemorrhagic spots in the middle part
of wings and thighs in broilers (P<0.05).



Conclusion: The results of research showed that chickens were
better effectively stunned at the frequencies of 50 and 200 Hz, AC.

Kaynakça

  • Ali ASA, Lawson MA, Tauson AH, Jensen JF, Chwalibog A. 2007. Influence of electrical stunning voltages on bleed out and carcass quality in slaughtered broiler chickens. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 71 (1): 35–40.
  • Anonim 2004. EFSA, European Food Safety Authority. Welfare aspects of the main systems of stunning and killing the main commercial species of animals. The EFSA Journal, 45: 1-29.
  • Anonim 2009. FAWC, Farm Animal Welfare Council, Five freedoms, http://www.fawc. org.uk/freedoms.htm (10 Ocak 2014)
  • Anonim 2011. Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, TS OIC/SMIIC 1, Helal Gıda Genel Kılavuzu.
  • Anonim 2012. Bussines benchmark on farm animal welfare, animal welfare and the consumer. http://www.bbfaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Briefing-No7_FAW_ and_the_Consumer .pdf (15 Ocak 2014)
  • Anonim 2013. European Animal Welfare Platform. Citizens’ animal welfare concerns when they purchase animal products. http://www.animalwelfareplatform.eu/documents/ProjOutput-consumer concerns.pdf (16 Aralık 2013)
  • Barker R. 2007. Electrical waterbath stunning parameters. http://www.hsa.org.uk/ downloads/info/electrical-waterbath-stunning-parameters .pdf (08 Mayıs 2016).
  • Bilgili SF. 1999. Recent advantages in electrical stunning. Poultry Science 78: 282-286.
  • Contreras CC, Beraquet NJ. 2001. Electrical stunning, hot boning and quality of chicken breast meat. Poultry Science 80: 501-507.
  • Craig EW, Fletcher DL. 1997. A Comparison of high current and low voltage electrical stunning systems on broiler breast rigor development and meat quality. Poultry Science 76: 1178–1181.
  • Duncan JH. 2001. Animal welfare issues in the poultry industry: Is there a lesson to be learned? Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 4(3): 207-221.
  • Fernandez X. 2004. A short overview of the welfare implications of pre-slaughter stunning in poultry. International Society for Animal Hygiene, Saint-Malo.
  • Gazdziak S. 2007. Kill floor improvements: Automation on the poultry kill and eviscerating lines is increasing efficiency and product quality. http://www.provisioneronline.com/articles/95233-kill-floor-improvements-1 (01 Mayıs 2016).
  • Goksoy EO, Mckinstry LJ, Wilkins IJ, Parkman A, Phillips A, Richardson RI, Anil MH. 1999. Broiler stunning and meat quality. Poultry Science 78: 1796-1800.
  • Gregory NG. 1989. Stunning and slaughter: Animal Welfare and Meat Science. CABI Publishing, Oxfordshire, England. s. 223-240.
  • Gregory NG, Wotton SB. 1989. Effect of electrical stunning on somatosensory evoked potentials in chickens. British Veterinary Journal 145: 159–164.
  • Gregory NG, Wilkins LJ. 1989a. Effect of slaughter method on bleeding efficiency in chickens. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 47: 13–20.
  • Gregory NG, Wilkins LJ. 1989b. Effect of stunning current on carcass quality in chickens. Veterinary Record 124: 530-532.
  • Gregory NG, Wilkins LJ, Eleperuma SD, Ballantyne AJ, Overfield ND. 1990. Broken bones in domestic fowls: Effect of husbandry system and stunning method in end-of-lay hens. British Poultry Science 31: 59–69.
  • Gregory NG, Wotton SB. 1990. Effect of stunning on spontaneous physical activity and evoked activity in the brain. British Poultry Science 31: 215–220.
  • Harris C. 2013. EU Regulation changes view on stunning at slaughter. http://www.thepoultrysite. com/articles/2867/eu-regulation-changes-view-on-stunning-at-slaughter/ (08 Mayıs 2016).
  • Heath GE. 1984. The slaughter of broiler chickens. World's Poultry Science Journal 40:151-159.
  • Helva İB, Akşit M. 2016. Kesim öncesi bilinçsizleştirme akım seviyesinin etlik piliçlerin karkas ve göğüs eti kalitesi üzerine etkisi. Hayvansal Üretim 57(2); 1-6.
  • Helva İB, Akşit M. 2017. Etlik piliçlerin kesim öncesi bilinçsizleştirilmesinde kullanılan farklı akım ve dalga tipindeki elektrik değerlerinin karkas kusurları ve göğüs eti kalite özellikleri üzerine etkisi, Türk Tarım - Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 5(10): 1250-1255.
  • Hillebrand SJW, Lambooij E, Veerkamp CH. 1996. The effects of alternative electrical and mechanical stunning methods on hemorrhaging and meat quality of broiler breast and thigh muscles. Poultry Science 75:664–671.
  • Hindle VA, Lambooij E, Reimert HGM, Workel LD, Gerritzen MA. 2010. Animal welfare concerns during the use of the water bath for stunning broilers, hens, and ducks. Poultry Science 89: 401-412.
  • Lopes da Silva, FH. 1983. The assessment of unconsciousness: General principles and practical aspects. Editör Eikelenboom G. Stunning of Animals for Slaughter. Martinus Nijhoff Pulishers, New York, The USA. s.3-12.
  • McNeal WD, Fletcher DL, Buhr RJ. 2003. Effects of stunning and decapitation on broiler activity during bleeding, blood loss, carcass, and breast meat quality. Poultry Science 82:163-168.
  • Nunes F. 2007. How to avoid bruising during electrical poultry stunning, http://www.meatingplace.com/Industry/TechnicalArticles/Details/618 (10 Mayıs 2013).
  • Papinaho PA, Fletcher DL. 1995. Effects of electrical stunning duration on post-mortem rigor development and broiler breast meat tenderness. Journal Muscle Foods 6:1–8.
  • Prinz S. 2009. Electrical stunning of broiler chickens. http://www.cabi.org/AnimalScience /Uploads/File/AnimalScience/additionalFiles/WPSATurku2009/17_eggmeat2009_prinz_PL19.pdf (18 Mayıs 2013).
  • Prinz S, Van Oijen G, Ehinger F, Coenen A, Bessei W. 2010a. Electroencephalograms and physical reflexes of broiler after electrical waterbath stunning using an alternating current. Poultry Science 89: 1265-1274.
  • Prinz S, Van Oijen, G, Ehinger F, Bessei W, Coenen A. 2010b. Effects of waterbath stunning on the electroencephalograms and physical reflexes of broiler using pulsed direct current. Poultry Science 89: 1275-1284.
  • Raj ABM. 1998. Welfare during stunning and slaughter of poultry. Poultry Science 77: 1815-1819.
  • Raj ABM, O’Callaghan M. 2004. Effects of electrical water bath stunning current frequencies on the spontaneous electroencephalogram and somatosensory evoked potentials in hens. British Poultry Science 45(2): 230–236.
  • Raj ABM, O’Callaghan M, Hughes SI. 2006. The effects of amount and frequency of pulsed direct current used in waterbath stunning and of slaughter methods on spontaneous electroencephalograms in broilers. Animal Welfare 15:19–24.
  • Richards SA, Sykes AH. 1967. The effects of hypoxia, hypercapnia and asphyxia in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Comparative Biochem Physiology 21(3): 691–701.
  • Sams AR. 1996. Stunning Basics. Broiler Industry 59: 36–38.
  • Shields JS, Park S, Raj ABM. 2010. A critical review of electrical water-bath stun systems for poultry slaughter and recent developments in alternative technologies. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 13:281–299.
  • Simonovic S, Grashorn MA. 2009. Effect of different electrical stunning conditions on meat quality in broilers. http://www.cabi.org/animalscience/Uploads/File/AnimalScience/additionalFiles/ WPSATurku2009/78_eggmeat2009_simonovic_MP29.pdf (18 Mayıs 2013).
  • SPSS, 2009. Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences 18.0 for Windows. SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA.
  • Veerkamp CH, De Vries AW. 1983. Influence of electrical stunning on quality aspects of broilers. Editör Eikelenboom G. Stunning of Animals for Slaughter. Martinus Nijhoff Pulishers, New York, The USA. s.197-212.
  • Veerkamp CH. 1988. What is the right current to stun and kill broilers. Poultry Missel, June/July: 30–31.
  • Von Wenzlawowicz M, Von Holleben K. 2001. Assessment of stunning effectiveness according to present scientific knowledge on electrical stunning of poultry in a waterbath. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 65:193–198.
  • Wilkins L, Wotton SB, Parkman ID, Kettlewell PJ, Griffiths P. 1999. Constant current stunning effect on bird welfare and carcass quality. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 8: 465-471.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

İhsan Bülent Helva

Mustafa Akşit

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Aralık 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Haziran 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018

Kaynak Göster

APA Helva, İ. B., & Akşit, M. (2018). Etlik Piliçlerin Kesim Öncesi Elektrik ile Bilinçsizleştirilmesinde Farklı Dalga Tipi ve Frekans Değerlerinin Bazı Refah Parametreleri ve Karkas Kusurları Üzerine Etkileri. Journal of Animal Production, 59(2), 17-25. https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.430477


26405

Creative Commons License Journal of Animal Production is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.


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