Etlik Piliç Üretiminde Erken Dönem Besleme Uygulamaları

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 58 Sayı: 1, 66 - 73, 23.11.2017

Zümrüt Açıkgöz , Figen Kırkpınar

Öz

Son 50 yılda, ticari etlik piliç
yetiştiriciliğinde performans önemli düzeyde iyileşmiştir. Bu olumlu değişim büyük
ölçüde genetik, besleme programları ve yem teknolojisindeki gelişmelerin bir
sonucudur. Etlik piliçlerde optimum büyüme performansına ulaşılabilmesi için ilk
hafta mide-bağırsak kanalının en kısa sürede sindirim fonksiyonunu kazanması
gereklidir. Sindirim sisteminin gelişimi ise ilk yem tüketim zamanına, yemlerin
besin madde kompozisyonuna ve yem kaynaklarına bağlıdır. Bu perspektifte erken
dönem besleme uygulamaları (in ovo besleme, civciv maması ve ön-başlatma yemi) giderek
önem kazanmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Etlik piliç, performans

Kaynakça

• Anonim. 2015. World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Table. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs/Population Division. United Nations New York.
• Aviagen Ross-308 Performans Kitapçığı. 2007 https://tr.scribd.com/document/178632375/ Ross-308-Broiler-Performance-Objectives-pdf.
• Aviagen Ross-308 Performans Kitapçığı. 2014. http://tr.aviagen.com/assets/Tech_Center/Ross_Broiler/Ross-308-Broiler-PO-2014-EN.pdf.
• Aygun A. 2016. The effects of in-Ovo injection of propolis on egg hatchability and starter live performance of japanese quails. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 18(2): 83-89.
• Bar-Shira E, Friedman A. 2005. Ontogeny of gut associated immune competence in the chick. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine 60 (2): 42-50.
• Batal AB, Parsons CM. 2002. Effect of fasting versus feeding oasis after hatching on nutrient utilization in chicks. Poultry Science 81: 853–859.
• Bhanja SK, Hotowy A, Mehra M, Sawosz E, Pineda L, Vadalasetty KP, Kurantowicz N, Chwalibog A. 2015. In Ovo Administration of Silver Nanoparticles and/or Amino Acids Influence Metabolism and Immune Gene Expression in Chicken Embryos. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16:9484-9503.
• Bhanja S, Mandal A. 2005. Effect of in ovo injection of critical amino acids on pre-and post-hatch growth, immunocompetence and development of digestive organs in broiler chickens. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 18:524-531.
• Bhanja SK, Mandal A, Agarwal SK, Majumdar S, Bhattacharyya A. 2007. Effect of in ovo injection of vitamins on the chick weight and post-hatch growth performance in broiler chickens. World Poultry Science Association, Proceedings of the 16th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, August 26 - 30, Strasbourg, France, 143-146p.
• Bhanja S, Mandal A, Goswami T. 2004. Effect of in ovo injection of amino acids on growth, immune response, development of digestive organs and carcass yields of broiler. Indian Journal of Poultry Science 39:212-218.
• Bigot K, Mignon-Grasteau S, Picard M, Tesseraud S. 2003. Effect of delayed feed intake on body, intestive and muscle development in neonate broilers. Poultry Science 82:781-788.
• Biloni A, Quintana CF, Menconi A, Kallapura G, Latorre J, Pixley C, Layton S, Dalmagro M, Hernandez-Velasco X, Wolfenden A, Hargis BM, Tellez G. 2013. Evaluation of effects of EarlyBird associated with FloraMax-B11on Salmonella Enteritidis, intestinal morphology, and performance of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 92:2337-2346.
• Cardeal PC, Caldas EOL, Lara LJC, Rocha JSR, Baião NC, Vaz DP, Da Silva Martins NR. 2015. In ovo feeding and its effects on performance of newly-hatched chicks. World's Poultry Science Journal 71: 615-622.
• Choct M, Hughes RJ, Wang J, Bedford MR, Morgan AJ, Annison G. 1996. Increased small intestinal fermentation is partly responsible for the antinutritive activity of non-starch polysaccharides in chickens. British Poultry Science 37:609-621.
• Clauer PJ. 2002. Embryonic development. Embryology in Classroom “A Closer Look”. Senior Extension Associate +H Youth and Poultry. In The Pennsylavania State University.http://ulisse.cas.psu.edu/pa4h/Embryology%20in%20the%20Clsrm-Embry%20Dev.pdf
• Coşkun İ, Çayan H, Yılmaz Ö, Taşkın A, Tahtabiçen E, Şamlı HE. 2014. Effects of in ovo pollen extract injection to fertile broiler eggs on hatchability and subsequent chick weight. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Naturel Sciences 1(4):485-489.
• De Souza FM. 2008. Basic aspects of in-ovo injection in commercial hatcheries. Ceva Animal Health Pasific, No:20.
• Dibner J, Knight C, Kitchell M, Atwell C, Downs A, Ivey F. 1998. Early feeding and development of the immune system in neonatal poultry. The Journal Applied Animal Research 7:425–436.
• Dudley-Cash B. 2004. Neonatal chick nutrition. Feedstuff, Jully 7, 12p.
• Ebling PD, Kessler AM, Villanueva AP, Pontalti GC, Farina G, Ribeiro AML. 2015. Rice and soy protein isolate in pre-starter diets for broilers. Poultry Science 94:2744-2752.
• Erbaş M, Arslan S. 2015. Açlığın Önlenmesi ve Gıda Güvencesinin Sağlanması. TMMOB Gıda Mühendisliği Dergisi 36:51-59.
• FAO. 2012. Food Security Statistics.
• Flock DK, Laughlin KF, Bentley J. 2005. Minimizing losses in poultry breeding and production: how breeding companies contribute to poultry welfare. World's Poultry Science Journal 61:227-237.
• Garcia AR, Batal AB, Dale NM. 2006. Biological Availability of Phosphorus Sources in Prestarter and Starter Diets for Broiler Chicks. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 15(4):518-524.
• Geyra A, Uni Z, Sklan D. 2001. Enterocyte dynamics and mucosal development in the posthatch chick. Poultry Science 80:776-782.
• Gonzalez-Alvarado JM, Jimenez-Moreno E, Lazaro R, Mateos GG. 2007. Effect of type of cereal, heat processing of the cereal, and inclusion of fiber in the diet on productive performance and digestive traits of broilers. Poultry Science 86:1705-1715.
• Gürlük S, Turan Ö. 2008. Dünya gıda krizi: Nedenleri ve etkileri. Uludağ Ü. Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 22(1):63-74.
• Hargis P, Pardue S, Lee A, Sandel G. 1989. In ovo growth hormone alters growth and adipose tissue development of chickens. Growth, Development, and Aging 53:93-99.
• Harris JM. 2002. Environmental and Natural Resources: A Contemporary Approach, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, MA.
• Havenstein GB, Ferket PR, Scheideler SE, Larsaon BT. 1994a. Growth, liveability, and feed conversion of 1957 vs 1991 broilers when fed "typical" 1957 and 1991 broiler diets. Poultry Science 73:1785-1794.
• Havenstein GB, Ferket PR, Scheideler SE, Rives DV. 1994b. Carcass composition and yield of 1991 vs 1957 broilers when fed typical 1957 and 1991 broiler diets. Poultry Science 73:1795-1804.
• Henderson SN, Vicente JL, Pixley CM, HargisBM, Tellez G. 2008. Effect of an early nutritional supplement on broiler performance. International Journal of Poultry Science 7:211–214.
• Islam AF, Walkden-Brown SW, Wong CW, Groves PJ, Burgess SK, Arzey KE, Young PL. 2001. Influence of vaccine deposition site on post-vaccinal viraemia and vac-cine efficacy in broiler chickens following in ovo vaccination against Marek’s disease. Avian Pathology 30:525-533.
• İpek A, Şahan Ü, Yılmaz B. 2004. Broiler damızlık yumurtalara in-ovo askorbik asit ve glukoz injeksiyonunun çıkış gücü ve civciv ağırlığına etkisi. Archiv Für Geflügelkunde 68(3): 132-135.
• Jafari Ahangari Y, Hashemi SR, Akhlaghi A, Atashi H, Esmaili Z, Ghorbani M, Mastani R, Azadegan A, Davoodi H. 2013. Effect of in ovo injection of royal jelly on post‐hatch growth performance and immune response in broiler chickens challenged with Newcastle disease virus. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science 3(1): 201-206.
• Jimenez-Moreno E, Gonzalez-Alvarado JM, Lazaro R, Mateos GG. 2009. Effects of type of cereal, heat processing of the cereal, and fiber inclusion in the diet on gizzard pH and nutrient utilization in broilers at different ages. Poultry Science 88:1925-1933.
• Kadam MM, Bhanja SK, Mandal AB, Thakur R, Vasan P, Bhattacharyya A, Tyagi JS. 2008. Effect of in-ovo threonine suplementation on early growth, immunological responses and digestive enzyme activities in broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 49(6):736-741.
• Kermanshahi H, Daneshmand A, Khodambashi Emami N, Ghofrani Tabari D, Doosti M, Javadmanesh A, Ibrahim SA. 2015.Effect of in ovo injection of threonine on Mucin2 gene expression and digestive enzyme activity in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Research in Veterinary Science 100:257-262.
• Kırkpınar F, Açıkgöz Z. 2012. Kanatlı Kümes Hayvanlarının Beslenmesinde Son Gelişmeler. I. Ulusal Kümes Hayvanları Kongresi,3-5 Ekim İzmir, 103-120s.
• Kop Bozbay C, Konan K, Ocak N, Öztürk E. 2016. Yumurta içi (İn Ovo) propolis enjeksiyonunun ve enjeksiyon yerinin kuluçka randımanı, civciv çıkış ağırlığı ve yaşama gücüne etkileri. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi 3:48-54.
• Lamosova D, Macajova M, Zeman M, Mozes S, Jezova D. 2003. Effect of in ovo leptin administration on the development of Japanese quail, Physiological Research 52(2):201-209.
• Leeson, S. 2008. Predictions for commercial poultry nutrition. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 17: 315-322.
• Leeson, S. 2016. Nutritional strategies to optimize gut health. Kemin Industries Technical syposium. September 7-9. http://www.thepoultryfederation.com/events/nutrition-conference/download-2016-proceedings.
• Li S, Zhi L, Liu Y, Shen J, Liu L, Yao J, Yang X. 2016. Effect of in ovo feeding of folic acid on the folate metabolism, immune function and epigenetic modification of immune effector molecules of broiler. British Journal of Nutrition 115:411-421.
• Liu Y, Zhi L, Shen Z, Li S, Yao J, Yang X. 2016.Effect of in ovo folic acid injection on hepatic IGF2 expression and embryo growth of broilers. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 7:40 DOI 10.1186/s40104-016-0099-3.
• Maiorka A, Da Silva AVF, Santin E. 2004. Broiler breeder age and dietary energy level on performance and pancreas lipase and trypsin activities of 7-days old chicks. International Journal of Poultry Science 3(3): 234-237.
• Moran Jr ET. 1985. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in fowl and events through perinatal development. Journal of Nutrition, 115(5):665-674.
• Nir I, Levanon M. 1993. Effect of posthatch holding time on performance and on residual yolk and liver composition. Poultry Science 72:1994-1997.
• Nir I, Nitsan Z, Mahagna M. 1993. Comparative growth and development of the digestive organs and of some enzymes in broiler and egg type chicks after hatching. British Poultry Science 34:523-532.
• Nitsan Z, Ben-Avraham G, Zoref Z, Nir I. 1991. Growth and development of the digestive organs and some enzymes in broiler chicks after hatching. British Poultry Science 32-515-523.
• Nitsan Z. 1995. The development of digestive tract in posthatched chicks. 10th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, October 15-19th,21-28p.
• Noy Y, Geyra A, Sklan D. 2001. The effect of early feeding on growth and small intestinal development in the posthatch poult. Poultry Science 80:912-919.
• Noy Y, Sklan D.1999. Energy utilization in newly hatched chicks. Poultry Science 78:1750-1756.
• Ohta Y, Tsushima N, Koide K, Kidd M, Ishibashi T. 1999. Effect of amino acid injection in broiler breeder eggs on embryonic growth and hatchability of chicks. Poultry Science 78(11):1493-1498.
• Pretorius C. 2011. The effect of highly digestible carbonhydrate and protein sources included in pre-starter diets of broilers on their performance. Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Agriculture (Animal Science) At Stellenbosch University.
• Pruszynska-Oszmalek E, Kolodziejski PA, Stadnicka K, Sassek M, Chalupka D, Kuston B, Nogowski L, Mackowiak P, Maiorano G, Jankowski J, Bednarczyk M. 2015. In ovo injection of prebiotics and synbiotics affects the digestive potency of the pancreas in growing chickens. Poultry Science 94:1909-1916.
• Romanoff, AL. 1960. The avian embriyo. Structual and functional development. New York: The Macmillan Company.
• Ravindran V, Cabahug S, Ravindran G, Selle P, BrydenW. 2000. Response of broiler chickens to microbial phytase supplementation as influenced by dietary phytic acid and non-phytate phosphorous levels. II. Effects on apparent metabolisable energy, nutrient digestibility and nutrient retention. British Poultry Science 41:193-200.
• Roto SM, Kwon YM, Ricke1 SC. 2016. Applications of in ovo technique for the optimal development of the gastrointestinal tract and the potential influence on the establishment of its microbiome in poultry. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 3:63-doi: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00063.
• Rutz F, Xavier EG, Anciuti MA, Roll VFB, Rossi P, Lyons TP, Jacques KA, Hower JM. 2007. The role of nucleotides in improving broiler prestarter diets: the Brazilian experience. Nutritional biotechnology in the feed and food industries In: Proceedings of Alltech's 23rd Annual Symposium. The new energy crisis: food, feed or fuel?, 175-181p.
• Salahi A, Mozhdeh MK, Seyed NM. 2011. Optimum time of in ovo injection in eggs of young broiler breeder flock. 18th Eur. Symp. On Poultry Nutrition, 557–559p.
• Salahi A, Adabi SG, Khabisip MM, Anissian A, Cooper RG. 2015. Effect of In ovo administration of butyric acid into broiler breeder eggs on chicken small intestine pH and morphology. Slovak Journal of Animal Science 48(1):8-15.
• Salary J, Ala FS, Kalantar M, Matim HRH. 2014. In ovo injection of vitamin E on post-hatch immunological parameters and broilers chicken performance. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 4 (2):S616-S619.
• Salmanzadeh M. 2012. The effects of in-ovo injection of glucose on hatchability, hatching weight and subsequent performance of newly-hatched chicks, Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 14(2):71-158.
• Salmanzadeh M, Ebrahimnezhad Y, Shahryar HA, Lotfi A. 2011. The effects of in ovo injection of L-threonine in broiler breeder eggs on characters of hatching and growth performance broiler chickens. European Journal of Experimental Biology 1(4):164-168.
• Salmanzadeh M, Ebrahimnezhad Y, Shahryar HA, Ghaleh-Kandi JG. 2016.The effects of in ovo feeding of glutamine in broiler breeder eggs on hatchability, development of the gastrointestinal tract, growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Archives Animal Breeding 59: 235-242.
• Schaal TP. 2008. The effects of in ovo feeding of fatty acids and antioxidants on broiler chicken hatchability and chick tissue lipids. Thesis for degree of Honors Baccalaureate of Science in Animal Sciences. Oregon State University, University Honors College. Sharma JM, Burmester BR. 1982. Resistance of Marek's disease at hatching in chickens vaccinated as embryos with the turkey herpesvirus. Avian Disease 26(1):134-149.
• Smirnov A, Tako E, Ferket PR, Uni Z. 2006. Mucin gene expression and mucin content in the chicken intestinal goblet cells are affected by in ovo feeding of carbohydrates. Poultry Science 85: 669-673.
• Sklan D, Noy Y, Hoyzman A, Rozenboim I. 2000. Decreasing weight loss in the hatchery by feeding chicks and poults in hatching trays. The Journal of Applied Animal Research 9:142-148.
• Tabeidian SA, ToghyaniM, Toghyani A, Barekatain MR, Toghyani M. 2015. Effect of pre-starter diet ingredients and moisture content on performance, yolk sac utilization and small intestine morphology in broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 43(2): 157-165.
• Thomas D, Ravindran V, Ravindran G. 2008. Nutrient digestibility and energy utilisation of diets based on wheat, sorghum or maize by the newly hatched broiler chick. British Poultry Science 49: 429-435.
• Uni Z, Ferket PR. 2003. Enhancement of development of oviparous species by in ovo feeding. US Patent No 6592878.
• Uni Z, Ferket PR. 2004. Methods for early nutrition and their potential. World's Poultry Science Journal, 60:101-111.
• Uni Z, Ferket PR, Tako E, Kedar O. 2005. In-ovo feding improves energy status of late-term chicken embryos. Poultry Science Journal 84: 764-770.
• Uni Z, Ganot S, Sklan D. 1998. Posthatch development of mucosal function in the broiler small intestine. Poultry Science 77:75-82.
• Uni Z, Noy Y, Sklan D. 1999. Posthatch development of small intestinal function in the poult. Poultry Science 78:215-222.
• Uni Z, Tako E, Gal-Garber O, Sklan D. 2003. Morphological, molecular, and functional changes in the chicken small intestine of the late-term embryo. Poultry Science 82:1747-1754.
• Vieira SL, Jr Moran ET. 1999. Effects of egg of origin and chick post-hatch nutrition on broiler live performance and meat yields. World’s Poultry Science 55 (2):125-142.
• Wakenell, PS., Bryan, T., Schaeffer, J., Avakian, A., Williams, C., Whitfill. C. 2002. Effect of in ovo vaccine delivery route on HVT/SB-1 efficacy and viremia. Avian Disease 46 (2):274-280.
• Willemsen H, Everaert N, Witters A, De Smit L, Debonne M, Verschuere F, Garain P, Berckmans D, Decuypere E, Bruggeman V. 2008. Critical assessment of chick quality measurements as an indicator of posthatch performance. Poultry Science 87:2358-2366.
• Williams CJ, Hopkins BA. 2011. Field evaluation of the accuracy of vaccine deposition by two different commercially available in ovo injection systems. Poultry Science 90 (1):223–226.
• Wu YJ, Valdez-Corcoran M, Wright JT, Cartwright AL. 2000. Abdominal fat pad mass reduction by in-ovo administration of anti-adipocyte monoclonal antibodies in chickens. Poultry Science 79:1640-1644.
• Yair R, Shahar R, Uni Z. 2013. Prenatal nutritional manipulation by in ovo enrichment influences bone structure, composition, and mechanical properties. Journal of Animal Sciene 91:2784-2793.