The Effects of Age and Daytime Periods on Behavioral Traits of Turkish Geese Reared in Free-Range System

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 63 Sayı: 2, 126 - 135, 30.12.2022

Mehmet Akif Boz Kadir Erensoy Musa Sarıca

https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.1102347

Öz

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of age and daytime periods on the behavioral traits of domestic Turkish geese reared in free-range production system at 7-18 weeks of age.

Material ve Methods: The study was carried out at Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Agriculture, Research and Application Farm (Atakum, Samsun, Turkey). The animal material of the study consisted of 112 (8 replicates) domestic Turkish geese. The goslings were reared indoors for the first 6 weeks. Each pen of the geese reared in the free-range production system has a 9 m2 closed (1.55 birds/m2) and 33 m2 free range (0.42 birds/m2) area. Behavioral characteristics of geese such as outdoor access, running, feather pecking, feeding-drinking, resting, wing flapping and feather shaking, and preening were determined by the same observer for 4 days in a week at 09:00, 13:00 and 17:00 hours between 7 and 18 weeks of age. Behaviors were determined by continious observation method for 4 minutes at the pen level and recorded on the forms.

Results: Significant differences were determined in feeding-drinking and resting behaviors depending on age (p˂0.05). Age had no significant effect on other behavioral traits (p˃0.05). Feeding-drinking behavior was at the highest level at the 8, 9 and 10 weeks of age, while the lowest (29.73%) level was determined at the 17 weeks. Resting behavior was the highest at 8 weeks and lowest at 16 weeks. The effect of day-time periods on the behavioral characteristics was found insignificant (p˃0.05). The effect of age x day-time period interaction was also insignificant (p˃0.05).

Conclusion: In conclusion, no significant difference was observed between the behavior of the geese reared in the free-range system during the growth period according to the daytime period. Feeding-drinking and resting behaviors differed depending on age. With advancing age, these behaviors decrease proportionally. The behaviors of running, feather pecking, wing flapping and feather shaking, feather care and cleaning and the outdoor access did not differ depending on age.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Geese, Turkish native genotype, behavioral traits, age, feather pecking

Serbest Gezinmeli Sistemde Yetiştirilen Yerli Türk Kazlarında Yaş ve Gün İçi Periyotların Davranış Özellikleri Üzerine Etkisi

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, serbest gezinmeli üretim sisteminde yetiştirilen yerli genotip kazların 7-18 haftalık yaş aralığında, davranış özellikleri üzerine yaş ve gün içi periyotların etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Materyal ve Metot: Çalışma Samsun Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Araştırma ve Uygulama Çiftliği kümeslerinde (Atakum, Samsun, Türkiye) gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada 8 bölmede (tekerrür) toplam 112 adet yerli genotip kaz (erkek-dişi karışık) kullanılmıştır. Serbest gezinmeli sistemde yetiştirilen kazların barındırıldığı her bir bölme 9 m2 kapalı (1.55 kaz/m2) ve 33 m2 serbest gezinti (0.42 kaz/m2) alanından oluşmuştur. Palazlar ilk 6 haftaya kadar kapalı alanda yetiştirilmiştir. Kazların gezinti alanına çıkma, koşma, gagalama, yeme-içme, dinlenme (yatma-ayakta durma), kabarma ve silkelenme, tüy düzeltme davranışları 7 ile 18 haftalık yaşlar arasında haftada 4 gün 09:00, 13:00 ve 17:00’de (sabah, öğle ve akşam üstü) belirlenmiştir. Davranışlar bölme düzeyinde 4 dakikalık sürekli gözlem yapılarak belirlenmiş ve formlara kaydedilmiştir.

Bulgular: Yaşa bağlı olarak yeme-içme ve dinlenme davranışlarında önemli farklılıklar belirlenmiştir (p˂0.05). Diğer özellikler üzerine yaşın önemli bir etkisi olmamıştır (p˃0.05). Yeme-içme davranışı 8, 9 ve 10. haftada en yüksek seviyede gerçekleşirken, 17. haftada en düşük oranda (%29.73) belirlenmiştir. Dinlenme davranışı en yüksek 8. haftada, en düşük 16. haftada tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada belirlenen davranış özellikleri üzerine gün içi periyotların etkisi önemsiz bulunmuştur (p˃0.05). Yaş x gün içi periyot interaksiyonu etkisi de önemsiz bulunmuştur (p˃0.05).

Sonuç: Yapılan çalışma ile serbest gezinmeli sistemde yetiştirilen kazlarda büyüme döneminde gün içi periyoda göre davranışlar arasında önemli farklılık gözlenmemiştir. Yeme-içme ile dinlenme davranışları yaşa bağlı olarak farklılık göstermiştir. İlerleyen yaş ile birlikte bu davranışlarda oransal olarak azalma meydana gelmektedir. Koşma, gagalama, tüy kabartma ve silkelenme, tüy bakımı ve temizliği ile dış ortama çıkma davranışları yaşa bağlı olarak farklılık göstermemektedir.  

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaz, Türk yerli genotip, davranış özellikleri, yaş, gagalama, Geese, Turkish native genotype, behavioral traits, age, feather pecking

Kaynakça

• Appleby MC, Mench JA, Hughes BO, 2004. Poultry behaviour and welfare. The Humane Society of the United States, Washington, Dist. of Columbia, USA. pp. 276, CABI Publishing.
• Bach MH, Tahamtani FM, Pedersen IJ, Riber AB, 2019. Effects of environmental complexity on behaviour in fast-growing broiler chickens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 219, 104840.
• Barbosa Filho JAD, Silva MAN, Silva IJO, Coelho AAD, Savino VJM, 2005. Behavior and performance of broiler strains reared under semi-intensive system with shaded areas, Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 7, 209-213.
• Bizeray D, Estevez I, Leterrier C, Faure, JM, 2002. Effects of increasing environmental complexity on the physical activity of broiler chickens. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 79, 27-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(02)00083-7.
• Bessei W, 2006. Welfare of broilers: a review. World's Poultry Science Journal, 62(3), 455–466. doi:10.1079/WPS2005108. Blokhuis HJ, 1986. Feather pecking in poultry: its relation with ground pecking. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 16, 63–67.
• Boz MA, Sarıca M, Yamak US, 2016. Economic evaluation of natural and artificial incubated geese in intensive and free-range production systems. Turkish Journal Of Agriculture - Food Science And Technology, 4(11), 981-986.
• Boz MA, Sarica M, Yamak US, 2017. Production traits of artificially and naturally hatched geese in intensive and free-range systems: I. Growth traits. British Poultry Science, 58,(2), 132-138, DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2016.1261997.
• Boz MA, 2019. Effect of classified rearing according to live weight on growth, carcass and some meat quality characteristics in geese. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 7(9), 1429-1434. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i9.1429-1434.2733.
• Boz MA, Sarıca M, Yamak US, Erensoy K, 2021. Behavioral traits of artificially and naturally hatched geese in intensive and free-range production systems. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 236, 105273. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105273.
• Cornetto T, Estevez IJPS, 2001. Behavior of the domestic fowl in the presence of vertical panels. Poultry Science, 80(10), 1455-1462. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/80.10.1455.
• Dawkins MS, Cook PA, Whittingham MJ, Mansell KA, Harper AE, 2003. What makes free-range broiler chickens range? In situ measurement of habitat preference. Anim. Behav., 66,151–160.
• Deep A, Schwean-Lardner K., Crowe TG, Fancher BI, Classen HL, 2012. Effect of light intensity on broiler behaviour and diurnal rhythms. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 136(1), 50–56. DOI:10.1016/j.applanim.2011.11.002.
• Dixon LM, 2008. Feather pecking behaviour and associated welfare issues in laying hens. Avian Biology Research, 1, 73-87.
• El-Deek A, and El-Sabrout K, 2019. Behaviour and meat quality of chicken under different housing systems. World's Poultry Science Journal, 75(1), 105-114.
• El-Sabrout K, 2018. Does the blindness affect the behavioural activities of rabbit? Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology, 6, 6-8.
• Fanatico AC, Mench JA, Archer GS, Liang Y, Gunsaulis VB, Owens CM, Donoghue AM, 2016. Effect of outdoor structural enrichments on the performance, use of range area, and behavior of organic meat chickens. Poultry Science, 95(9), 1980-1988.
• Gordon SH and Forbes MJ, 2002. Management factors affecting the use of pasture by table chickens in extensive production systems. In: Powell, J., et al. (eds) Proceedings of the UK Organic Research 2002 Conference, Organic Centre Wales, Institute of Rural Studies, University of Wales Aberystwyth, 26-28 March, pp. 269-272; available at: http://orgprints.org/8257 (accessed 19 July 2020).
• Guillemain M, Fritz H, and Duncan P, 2002. Foraging strategies of granivorous dabbling ducks wintering in protected areas of the French Atlantic Coast. Biodiversity and Conservation, 11(10), 1721–1372.
• Hocking PM, Jones EKM, 2006. On-farm assessment on environmental enrichment for broiler breeders. British Poultry Science, 47, 418-425.
• Jeschke JM, and Tollrian R, 2005. Predicting herbivore feeding times. Ethology, 111, 187–206.
• Johnsen PF, and Vestergaard KS, 1996. Dust-bathing and pecking behaviour in chicks from a high and low feather pecking line of laying hens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 49, 237–246.
• Jones TA, Feber R, Hemery G, Cook P, James K, Lamberth C, Dawkins MS, 2007. Welfare and environmental benefits of integrating commercially viable free-range broiler chickens into newly planted woodland: a UK case study. Agricultural Systems, 94, 177-188.
• Kokoszynski D, Bernacki Z, Grabowicz M, Stanczak K, 2014. Effect of corn silage and quantitative restriction on growth performance, body measurements, and carcass tissue composition in White Koluda W31 geese. Poultry Science, 93: 1993–1999. doi:10.3382/ps.2013-03833.
• Kumssa T, and Bekele A, 2013. Population status, feeding ecology and activity pattern of helmeted guinea fowl (Numidia meleagris) in Abijata-Shalla Lakes National Park. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 7(1), 49-55.
• Larsen H, and Rault J‐L. 2014. Go outside and play? Behavioural time budget of free-range laying hens in a natural shrub structure. Proceedings of the Australian Poultry Science Symposium; Sydney, Australia, 16–19 February, pp. 113-116.
• Larsen H, Cronin G, Smith CL, Hemsworth P, Rault JL, 2017. Behaviour of free-range laying hens in distinct outdoor environments. Animal Welfare, 26(3), 255-264.
• Lee YP, and Chen TL, 2007. Daytime behavioural patterns of slow growing chickens in deep-litter pens with perches. British Poultry Science, 48, 2, 113-120, DOI:10.1080/00071660701261302.
• Lillywhite HB, and Brischoux F, 2012. Is it better in the moonlight? Nocturnal activity of insular cottonmouth snakes increases with lunar light levels. Journal of Zoology, 286(3), 194–199.
• Lister S, van Nijhuis B, Sandilands V, Hocking P, 2012. The effects of alternative systems on disease and health of poultry. In Alternative Systems for Poultry: Health, Welfare and Productivity. Poultry Science Symposium Series. V. Sandilands and PM Hocking, ed. CABI, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK (pp. 62-76).
• Nielsen BL, Thomsen MG, Sørensen P, Young JF, 2003. Feed and strain effects on the use of outside areas by broilers. British Poultry Science, 44,161–169.
• Önder H, 2018. Nonparametric statistical methods used in biological experiments. BSJ Eng Sci, 1, 1-6.
• Refinetti R, 2010. The circadian rhythm of body temperature. Front. Biosci,. 15(1), 564–594. doi:10.2741/3634.
• Santos AL, Sakomura NK, Freitas ER, Fortes CMS, Carrilho ENVM, 2005. Comparison of free range broiler chicken strains raised in confined or semi-onfined systems. Braz. J., Poult. Sci., 7, 85-92.
• Sarıca M, Karaçay N, Ocak N, Kop C, Altop A, 2007. Entansif ve serbest gezinmeli (Free range) üretim sistemlerinin farklı genotipteki hindilerin büyüme dönemi davranış özelliklerine etkileri, Avrupa Birliği Uyum Kriterlerine Uyum Sürecinde Türkiye Tavukçuluğu Sempozyumu, İzmir, Türkiye, s. 172-180.
• Sarıca M, Yamak US, Boz MA, 2014.Comparing growth and carcass traits of slow growing chicken parents with pure egg type parents and commercial broilers. Hayvansal Üretim, 55(2), 1-8.
• Sarıca M, Boz MA, Yamak US, 2015. Slaughter and carcass traits of white and multicolor geese reared in backyard in Yozgat. Turkish Journal Of Agriculture - Food Science And Technology, 3(3): 142-147. Savaş T, Yurtman İY, 2008. Hayvan davranış bilimi ve zootekni: tanım ve izlem. Hayvansal Üretim, 49(2), 36-42.
• Sheng D, Ma K, 2012. Law of intestinal development of Wanxi White geese at 0-9 weeks old. Animal Husbandry and Feed Science, 4: 22–24.
• Verga M, Zingarelli I, Heinzl E, Ferrante V, Martino, PA, Luzi F, 2004. Effect of housing and environmental enrichment on performance and behaviour in fattening rabbits. World Rabbit Science, 13, 139-140.
• Weeks CA, Nicol CJ, 2006. Behavioural needs, priorities and preferences of laying hens. World's Poultry Science Journal, 62, 296–307