Molecular Assessment of Genetic Diversity and Bottleneck in Hair Goat Reared in Türkiye
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 65 Sayı: 1, 49 - 58, 08.07.2024
İbrahim Cemal
,
Nezih Ata
,
Onur Yılmaz
,
Orhan Karaca
Öz
Objective: Being the most preferred and geographically distributed in Türkiye, the Hair goat was screened at a molecular level to evaluate genetic diversity and population structure via microsatellite DNA markers. This paper also aimed to investigate the effects of genetic bottleneck to evaluate whether the Hair goat has maintained its effective population size in recent past.
Material and Methods: A total of 411 Hair goats were sampled from farms participating in the "Hair Goat Breeding" project, initiated by the General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies in Aydın and Denizli provinces. Sampled animals were genotyped with 18 microsatellite loci to assess genetic diversity, population structure, and genetic bottleneck.
Results: A total of 341 different alleles were observed across 18 microsatellite loci in which the highest number of alleles (26) and effective alleles (10.18) were detected in INRA005 and HSC loci, respectively. The average observed heterozygosity (0.73) was lower than the expected value (0.83), whereas all loci turned out to be highly informative (PIC>0.50). Factorial correspondence analysis separated animals into two groups, while a genetic admixture was detected between these groups. STRUCTURE analysis, on the other hand, confirmed that 411 animals were derived from three ancestral populations in which the third group is drawn due to admixed individuals. The Wilcoxon test and mode-shift indicator detected a lack of genetic bottleneck indicating that Hair goats reared in Türkiye have maintained their effective population size in recent past.
Conclusion: This study validates that used microsatellite markers are highly polymorphic and could be utilized for revealing genetic diversity in different local goat breeds. The findings recovered in this study could be integrated into breeding and conservation programs, while further studies should adopt SNP array technologies and next-generation sequencing platforms to reveal deeper knowledge about the genetic diversity and population structure of Anatolian goat breeds.
Etik Beyan
This study was approved by the Aydın Adnan Menderes University Animal Experiments Local Ethics Committee (Approval no: 050-04/2012/102).
Destekleyen Kurum
This study was produced from the project numbered ZRF-13009, supported by Aydın Adnan Menderes University BAP commission
Teşekkür
We are grateful to Adnan Menderes University Scientific Research Projects Commission (Project Number: ZRF-13009) and the General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies for providing us with the necessary animal materials.
Kaynakça
- Afroz MF, Faruque MO, Husain SS, Han JL, Paul B. 2010. Genetic variation in relations in different goat populations of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 39:1-8.
- Agaoglu ÖK, Ertugrul O. 2012. Assessment of genetic diversity, genetic relationship and bottleneck using microsatellites in some native Turkish goat breeds. Small Ruminant Research 105: 53-60.
- Anonymous 2008. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı "Keçi Zararlarının Azaltılması Eylem Planı". Ankara, p. 40.
Belkhir K. 2004. GENETIX 4.05, logiciel sous Windows TM pour la génétique des populations. . http://www.genetix.univ-montp2.fr/genetix/genetix.htm.
- Bulut Z, Kurar E, Ozsensoy Y, Altunok V, Nizamlioglu M. 2016. Genetic Diversity of Eight Domestic Goat Populations Raised in Turkey. Biomed Research International 1-6.
- Cedden F, Cemal I, Daşkıran I, Esenbuğa N, Gül S, Kandemir Ç, Karaca O, Kaymakçı M, Keskin M, Koluman N, Koşum N, Koyuncu M, Köycü E, Özder M, Savaş T, Taşkın T, Tölü C, Ulutaş Z, Yılmaz O, Yurtman Yİ. 2020. Türkiye Küçükbaş Hayvancılığında Mevcut Durum ve Gelecek. Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisliği IX. Teknik Kongresi Ankara, pp. 133-152.
- Cornuet JM, Luikart G. 1996. Description and power analysis of two tests for detecting recent population bottlenecks from allele frequency data. Genetics 144: 2001-2014.
- Daskiran I, Savas T, Koyuncu M, Koluman N, Keskin M, Esenbuga N, Konyali A, Cemal I, Gül S, Elmaz O, Kosum N, Dellal G, Bingöl M. 2018. Goat production systems of Turkey: Nomadic to industrial. Small Ruminant Research 163:15-20.
- Demiraslan Y, Özgel Ö, Gürbüz İ, Zümre Ö. 2021. The mandibles of the Honamli and Hair goat (Capra hircus); a geometric morphometric study. Ankara Universitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 68:321-328.
- Demiray A, Gündüz Z, Ata N, Yılmaz O, Cemal İ, Konyalı A, Semen Z, Altuntaş A, Atik A, Akçay A, Baş H, Şenyüz H.H. 2024. Genetic diversity and population structure of Anatolian Hair goats, an ancient breed. Archive Animal Breeding 67:13-23.
- Demir E, Ceccobelli S, Bilginer U, Pasquini M, Attard G, Karsli T. 2022. Conservation and Selection of genes related to environmental adaptation in native small ruminant breeds: A review. Ruminants 2: 255-270.
- Earl DA, Vonholdt, B.M. 2012. STRUCTURE HARVESTER: a website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method. Conservation Genetic Resource 4: 359-361.
- El-Sayed MA, Al-Soudy A, El-Badawy A.A. 2016. Microsatellite markers Polymorphism between two Egyptian Goat Populations (Capra hircus). Egyptian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 45:89-103.
- Elmaz Ö, Saatci M, Ağaoğlu ÖK, Akbaş AA, Metin MÖ, Gezer G, Gökçay Y. 2020. Reproductive performance and kid growth until weaning in Hair goat reared on-farm conditions in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science 44:370-376.
- Evanno G, Regnaut S, Goudet J. 2005. Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study. Molecular Ecology 14:2611-2620.
- Falush D, Stephens M, Pritchard J.K. 2003. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data: Linked loci and correlated allele frequencies. Genetics 164:1567-1587.
- Falush D, Stephens M, Pritchard JK. 2007. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data: dominant markers and null alleles. Molecular Ecology Notes 7:574-578.
- FAO 2011. FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines. In: Division, A.P.a.H. (Ed.). Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, p. 100.
- FAOSTAT 2022. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL
- Goudet J. 2002. FSTAT, a program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices, version 2.9. 3. http://www2.unil.ch/popgen/softwares/fstat.htm.
- Gül S, Yilmaz O, Gündüz Z, Keskin M, Cemal I, Ata N, Önel S.E. 2020. The genetic structure of the goat breeds belonging to Northwest part of Fertile Crescent. Small Ruminant Research 182:22-28.
- Günlü A, Mat B. 2021. Türkiye ekonomisinde koyun keçi yetiştiriciliğinin yeri ve önemi. In: Erdem H, Çiftçi E, Işık MK, Yorgancılar MÜ (Ed.), Kuzu ve Oğlak Kayıplarının Önlenmesinde Koyun Keçi Sağlığı ve Yetiştiriciliği, Akademisyen Kitabevi A.Ş, Yenişehir, Ankara, pp. 3-14.
- Hubisz MJ, Falush D, Stephens M, Pritchard J.K. 2009. Inferring weak population structure with the assistance of sample group information. Molecular Ecology Resources 9:1322-1332.
- Kalinowski ST, Taper ML, Marshall TC. 2007. Revising how the computer program CERVUS accommodates genotyping error increases success in paternity assignment. Molecular Ecology 16:1099-1106.
- Karaşahi̇n T, Dursun Ş, Aksoy NH, Şentürk G. 2023. Hematological parameters in hair goats during and out of breeding season hair goats seasonal hematological parameters. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 17:113-118.
- Karsli T, Demir E, Fidan HG, Aslan M, Karsli BA, Arik IZ, Semerci ES, Karabag K, Balcioglu MS. 2020. Determination of genetic variability, population structure and genetic differentiation of indigenous Turkish goat breeds based on SSR loci. Small Ruminant Research 190:106147.
- Kopelman NM, Mayzel J, Jakobsson M, Rosenberg NA, Mayrose I. 2015. Clumpak: a program for identifying clustering modes and packaging population structure inferences across K. Molecular Ecology Resources 15:1179-1191.
- Li JY, Chen H, Lan XY, Kong XJ, Min LJ. 2008. Genetic diversity of five Chinese goat breeds assessed by microsatellite markers. Czech Journal of Animal Science 53:315-319.
- Luikart G, Cornuet JM. 1998. Empirical evaluation of a test for identifying recently bottlenecked populations from allele frequency data. Conservation Biology 12:228-237.
- Mahmoudi B, Bayat M, Sadeghi R, Babayev MS, Abdollahi H. 2010. Genetic diversity among three goat populations assessed by microsatellite DNA markers in Iran. Global Veterinaria 4:118-124.
- Mahrous KF, Alakilli SYM, Salem LM, Abd El-Aziem SH, El-Hanafy AA. 2013. Genetic diversity in Egyptian and Saudi goat breeds using microsatellite markers. Journal of Applied Bioscience 72:5838–5845.
- Miller SA, Dykes DD, Polesky H.F. 1988. A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells. Nucleic Acids Research 16:1215-1215.
- Murital I, Afolayan O, Bemji MN, Dadi O, Landi V, Martínez A, Delgado JV, Adebambo OA, Aina ABJ, Adebambo AO. 2015. Genetic diversity and population structure of Nigerian indigenous goat using DNA microsatellite markers. Archivos de Zootecnia 64: 93-98.
- Peakall R, Smouse PE. 2012. GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research-an update. Bioinformatics 28:2537-2539.
- Piry S, Luikart G, Cornuet JM. 1999. BOTTLENECK: A computer program for detecting recent reductions in the effective population size using allele frequency data. Journal of Heredity 90:502-503.
- Pritchard JK, Pickrell JK, Coop G. 2010. The genetics of human adaptation: hard Sweeps, soft Sweeps, and polygenic adaptation. Current Biology 20:208-215.
- Semerci A, Çelik AD. 2016. Türkiye’de küçükbaş hayvan yetiştiriciliğinin genel durumu. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 21:182-196.
- Serrano M, Calvo JH, Martínez M, Marcos-Carcavilla A, Cuevas J, González C, Jurado JJ, de Tejada PD. 2009. Microsatellite based genetic diversity and population structure of the endangered Spanish Guadarrama goat breed. BMC Genetics 10:1-9.
- Souza CA, Paiva SR, McManus CM, Azevedo HC, Mariante AS, Grattapaglia D. 2012. Genetic diversity and assessment of 23 microsatellite markers for parentage testing of Santa Ines hair sheep in Brazil. Genetics and Molecular Research 11:1217-1229.
- Varol M, Demirhan SA. 2022. Isparta İlinde Yetiştirici Koşullarındaki Kıl Keçilerinin Morfolojik Özellikleri. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 10:2801-2805.
- Wang Y, Wang J, Zi XD, Huatai CR, Ouyang X, Liu LS. 2011. Genetic diversity of Tibetan goats of Plateau type using microsatellite markers. Archive Tierzucht 54:188-197.
- Weir BS, Cockerham C.C. 1984. Estimating F-Statistics for the Analysis of Population-Structure. Evolution 38:1358-1370.
- Whannou HRV, Spanoghe M, Vanvanhossou SFU, Marique T, Lanterbecq D, Dossa LH. 2022. Genetic diversity and spatial structure of indigenous sheep population of Benin revealed by microsatellite markers. Ecological Genetics and Genomics 25:100136.
- Wright S. 1990. Evolution in Mendelian Populations (Reprinted from Genetics, Vol 16, Pg 97-159, 1931). Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 52:241-295.
Türkiye'de Yetistirilen Kıl Keçilerinde Genetik Çesitlilik ve Darbogazın Moleküler Degerlendirmesi
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 65 Sayı: 1, 49 - 58, 08.07.2024
İbrahim Cemal
,
Nezih Ata
,
Onur Yılmaz
,
Orhan Karaca
Öz
Amaç: Türkiye'de en çok yetiştirilen ve coğrafi dağılıma sahip olan Kıl keçisi, mikrosatellit DNA belirteçleri aracılığıyla genetik çeşitliliği ve popülasyon yapısını değerlendirmek için moleküler düzeyde taranmıştır. Bu çalışma aynı zamanda Kıl keçisinin yakın geçmişte etkin popülasyon büyüklüğünü koruyup korumadığını değerlendirmek için genetik darboğazın etkilerini araştırmayı amaçlamıştır.
Materyal ve Methot: Aydın ve Denizli illerinde Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü tarafından başlatılan "Kıl Keçisi Islahı" projesine katılan çiftliklerden toplam 411 Kıl keçisi örneklenmiştir. Örneklenen hayvanlar, genetik çeşitlilik, populasyon yapısı ve genetik darboğazın değerlendirilmesi için 18 mikrosatellit lokusu ile genotiplendirilmiştir.
Bulgular: 18 mikrosatellit lokusundan toplam 341 farklı alel gözlenmiş olup, en yüksek alel sayısı (26) ve etkin alel sayısı (10.18) sırasıyla INRA005 ve HSC lokuslarında tespit edilmiştir. Gözlenen ortalama heterozigotluk (0.73) beklenen değerden (0.83) daha düşükken, tüm lokusların oldukça bilgilendirici olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır (PIC>0.50). Faktöriyel ilişki analizi hayvanları iki gruba ayırırken, bu gruplar arasında genetik bir karışım tespit edilmiştir. Öte yandan STRUCTURE analizi, 411 hayvanın üç atasal populasyondan türediğini ve üçüncü grubun karışmış bireylerden oluştuğunu doğrulamıştır. Wilcoxon testi ve mod kayması grafiği, Türkiye'de yetiştirilen Kıl keçilerinin yakın geçmişte etkin populasyon büyüklüğünü koruduğunu ve populasyonlarda herhangi bir genetik darboğazın bulunmadığını ortaya koymuştur.
Sonuç: Bu çalışma, kullanılan mikrosatellit belirteçlerin oldukça polimorfik olduğu ve farklı yerel keçi ırklarındaki genetik çeşitliliği ortaya çıkarmak için kullanılabileceği ortaya konmuştur. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular ıslah ve koruma programlarına entegre edilebilme özelliğine sahip olup, ileriki çalışmalarda Anadolu keçi ırklarının genetik çeşitliliği ve populasyon yapısı hakkında daha derin bilgi edinmek için SNP dizi teknolojileri ve yeni nesil dizileme platformları kullanılmalıdır.
Etik Beyan
Bu çalışma Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Hayvan Deneyleri Yerel Etik Kurulu tarafından onaylanmıştır (Onay no: 050-04/2012/102).
Destekleyen Kurum
Bu çalışma Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi BAP komisyonu tarafından desteklenen ZRF-13009 numaralı projeden üretilmiştir.
Teşekkür
Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Komisyonu'na (Proje No: ZRF-13009) ve Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü'ne gerekli hayvan materyallerini sağladıkları için minnettarız.
Kaynakça
- Afroz MF, Faruque MO, Husain SS, Han JL, Paul B. 2010. Genetic variation in relations in different goat populations of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 39:1-8.
- Agaoglu ÖK, Ertugrul O. 2012. Assessment of genetic diversity, genetic relationship and bottleneck using microsatellites in some native Turkish goat breeds. Small Ruminant Research 105: 53-60.
- Anonymous 2008. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı "Keçi Zararlarının Azaltılması Eylem Planı". Ankara, p. 40.
Belkhir K. 2004. GENETIX 4.05, logiciel sous Windows TM pour la génétique des populations. . http://www.genetix.univ-montp2.fr/genetix/genetix.htm.
- Bulut Z, Kurar E, Ozsensoy Y, Altunok V, Nizamlioglu M. 2016. Genetic Diversity of Eight Domestic Goat Populations Raised in Turkey. Biomed Research International 1-6.
- Cedden F, Cemal I, Daşkıran I, Esenbuğa N, Gül S, Kandemir Ç, Karaca O, Kaymakçı M, Keskin M, Koluman N, Koşum N, Koyuncu M, Köycü E, Özder M, Savaş T, Taşkın T, Tölü C, Ulutaş Z, Yılmaz O, Yurtman Yİ. 2020. Türkiye Küçükbaş Hayvancılığında Mevcut Durum ve Gelecek. Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisliği IX. Teknik Kongresi Ankara, pp. 133-152.
- Cornuet JM, Luikart G. 1996. Description and power analysis of two tests for detecting recent population bottlenecks from allele frequency data. Genetics 144: 2001-2014.
- Daskiran I, Savas T, Koyuncu M, Koluman N, Keskin M, Esenbuga N, Konyali A, Cemal I, Gül S, Elmaz O, Kosum N, Dellal G, Bingöl M. 2018. Goat production systems of Turkey: Nomadic to industrial. Small Ruminant Research 163:15-20.
- Demiraslan Y, Özgel Ö, Gürbüz İ, Zümre Ö. 2021. The mandibles of the Honamli and Hair goat (Capra hircus); a geometric morphometric study. Ankara Universitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 68:321-328.
- Demiray A, Gündüz Z, Ata N, Yılmaz O, Cemal İ, Konyalı A, Semen Z, Altuntaş A, Atik A, Akçay A, Baş H, Şenyüz H.H. 2024. Genetic diversity and population structure of Anatolian Hair goats, an ancient breed. Archive Animal Breeding 67:13-23.
- Demir E, Ceccobelli S, Bilginer U, Pasquini M, Attard G, Karsli T. 2022. Conservation and Selection of genes related to environmental adaptation in native small ruminant breeds: A review. Ruminants 2: 255-270.
- Earl DA, Vonholdt, B.M. 2012. STRUCTURE HARVESTER: a website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method. Conservation Genetic Resource 4: 359-361.
- El-Sayed MA, Al-Soudy A, El-Badawy A.A. 2016. Microsatellite markers Polymorphism between two Egyptian Goat Populations (Capra hircus). Egyptian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 45:89-103.
- Elmaz Ö, Saatci M, Ağaoğlu ÖK, Akbaş AA, Metin MÖ, Gezer G, Gökçay Y. 2020. Reproductive performance and kid growth until weaning in Hair goat reared on-farm conditions in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science 44:370-376.
- Evanno G, Regnaut S, Goudet J. 2005. Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study. Molecular Ecology 14:2611-2620.
- Falush D, Stephens M, Pritchard J.K. 2003. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data: Linked loci and correlated allele frequencies. Genetics 164:1567-1587.
- Falush D, Stephens M, Pritchard JK. 2007. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data: dominant markers and null alleles. Molecular Ecology Notes 7:574-578.
- FAO 2011. FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines. In: Division, A.P.a.H. (Ed.). Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, p. 100.
- FAOSTAT 2022. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL
- Goudet J. 2002. FSTAT, a program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices, version 2.9. 3. http://www2.unil.ch/popgen/softwares/fstat.htm.
- Gül S, Yilmaz O, Gündüz Z, Keskin M, Cemal I, Ata N, Önel S.E. 2020. The genetic structure of the goat breeds belonging to Northwest part of Fertile Crescent. Small Ruminant Research 182:22-28.
- Günlü A, Mat B. 2021. Türkiye ekonomisinde koyun keçi yetiştiriciliğinin yeri ve önemi. In: Erdem H, Çiftçi E, Işık MK, Yorgancılar MÜ (Ed.), Kuzu ve Oğlak Kayıplarının Önlenmesinde Koyun Keçi Sağlığı ve Yetiştiriciliği, Akademisyen Kitabevi A.Ş, Yenişehir, Ankara, pp. 3-14.
- Hubisz MJ, Falush D, Stephens M, Pritchard J.K. 2009. Inferring weak population structure with the assistance of sample group information. Molecular Ecology Resources 9:1322-1332.
- Kalinowski ST, Taper ML, Marshall TC. 2007. Revising how the computer program CERVUS accommodates genotyping error increases success in paternity assignment. Molecular Ecology 16:1099-1106.
- Karaşahi̇n T, Dursun Ş, Aksoy NH, Şentürk G. 2023. Hematological parameters in hair goats during and out of breeding season hair goats seasonal hematological parameters. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 17:113-118.
- Karsli T, Demir E, Fidan HG, Aslan M, Karsli BA, Arik IZ, Semerci ES, Karabag K, Balcioglu MS. 2020. Determination of genetic variability, population structure and genetic differentiation of indigenous Turkish goat breeds based on SSR loci. Small Ruminant Research 190:106147.
- Kopelman NM, Mayzel J, Jakobsson M, Rosenberg NA, Mayrose I. 2015. Clumpak: a program for identifying clustering modes and packaging population structure inferences across K. Molecular Ecology Resources 15:1179-1191.
- Li JY, Chen H, Lan XY, Kong XJ, Min LJ. 2008. Genetic diversity of five Chinese goat breeds assessed by microsatellite markers. Czech Journal of Animal Science 53:315-319.
- Luikart G, Cornuet JM. 1998. Empirical evaluation of a test for identifying recently bottlenecked populations from allele frequency data. Conservation Biology 12:228-237.
- Mahmoudi B, Bayat M, Sadeghi R, Babayev MS, Abdollahi H. 2010. Genetic diversity among three goat populations assessed by microsatellite DNA markers in Iran. Global Veterinaria 4:118-124.
- Mahrous KF, Alakilli SYM, Salem LM, Abd El-Aziem SH, El-Hanafy AA. 2013. Genetic diversity in Egyptian and Saudi goat breeds using microsatellite markers. Journal of Applied Bioscience 72:5838–5845.
- Miller SA, Dykes DD, Polesky H.F. 1988. A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells. Nucleic Acids Research 16:1215-1215.
- Murital I, Afolayan O, Bemji MN, Dadi O, Landi V, Martínez A, Delgado JV, Adebambo OA, Aina ABJ, Adebambo AO. 2015. Genetic diversity and population structure of Nigerian indigenous goat using DNA microsatellite markers. Archivos de Zootecnia 64: 93-98.
- Peakall R, Smouse PE. 2012. GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research-an update. Bioinformatics 28:2537-2539.
- Piry S, Luikart G, Cornuet JM. 1999. BOTTLENECK: A computer program for detecting recent reductions in the effective population size using allele frequency data. Journal of Heredity 90:502-503.
- Pritchard JK, Pickrell JK, Coop G. 2010. The genetics of human adaptation: hard Sweeps, soft Sweeps, and polygenic adaptation. Current Biology 20:208-215.
- Semerci A, Çelik AD. 2016. Türkiye’de küçükbaş hayvan yetiştiriciliğinin genel durumu. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 21:182-196.
- Serrano M, Calvo JH, Martínez M, Marcos-Carcavilla A, Cuevas J, González C, Jurado JJ, de Tejada PD. 2009. Microsatellite based genetic diversity and population structure of the endangered Spanish Guadarrama goat breed. BMC Genetics 10:1-9.
- Souza CA, Paiva SR, McManus CM, Azevedo HC, Mariante AS, Grattapaglia D. 2012. Genetic diversity and assessment of 23 microsatellite markers for parentage testing of Santa Ines hair sheep in Brazil. Genetics and Molecular Research 11:1217-1229.
- Varol M, Demirhan SA. 2022. Isparta İlinde Yetiştirici Koşullarındaki Kıl Keçilerinin Morfolojik Özellikleri. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 10:2801-2805.
- Wang Y, Wang J, Zi XD, Huatai CR, Ouyang X, Liu LS. 2011. Genetic diversity of Tibetan goats of Plateau type using microsatellite markers. Archive Tierzucht 54:188-197.
- Weir BS, Cockerham C.C. 1984. Estimating F-Statistics for the Analysis of Population-Structure. Evolution 38:1358-1370.
- Whannou HRV, Spanoghe M, Vanvanhossou SFU, Marique T, Lanterbecq D, Dossa LH. 2022. Genetic diversity and spatial structure of indigenous sheep population of Benin revealed by microsatellite markers. Ecological Genetics and Genomics 25:100136.
- Wright S. 1990. Evolution in Mendelian Populations (Reprinted from Genetics, Vol 16, Pg 97-159, 1931). Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 52:241-295.