Breastmilk And Breastfeeding During COVID-19

Öz

Breastfeeding is the most natural and effective way to deliver breast milk to the baby. It is known that the bioactive substances in breast milk have always been the first vaccine of the baby for centuries. Drugs that can be passed on to the baby from breast milk, viral diseases where breast milk is not given, the diameters and molecular size of these substances are very important in terms of protecting the baby. In the COVID-19 epidemic that affects the whole world, all mothers and their partners are involved in many worries about breastfeeding their babies. Many high-quality data such as the structure of viruses, vitamin D and B12 supplements given to mothers and babies are very promising that COVID-19 may not pass through breast milk and protect the baby. It is very effective to provide air flow in the environment where the mother is. Since the mother has the best interaction and close contact with the baby, it is very important to observe the necessary hygiene rules. At the same time, thanks to T lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that can recognize viruses and eliminate them, it can be predicted that they have a stronger immune system against the COVID-19 virus. In line with the recommendations set by the World Health Organization, mothers should continue to breastfeed and not interrupt their babies. All health professionals, especially midwives and nurses, have the responsibility to provide detailed information about mother-infant interaction, ensuring the continuity of breastfeeding and the protective effects of breast milk during the pandemic.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Breastfeeding
• Breast Milk
• COVID-19
• Nurse-Midwife
• Sars-CoV-2

COVID-19 Sürecinde Anne Sütü ve Emzirme

Öz

Emzirme, anne sütünü bebeğe ulaştırmanın en doğal ve en etkili yoludur. Anne sütü, içeriğindeki biyoaktif maddeler ile, bebeğin her zaman ilk aşısı olma özelliğini yüzyıllardır sürdürdüğü bilinmektedir. Anne sütüne ve bebeğe geçmesi açısından ilaçların ve viral enfeksiyonlara neden olan virüslerin çapları ve molekül büyüklüğü oldukça önemlidir. Tüm insanlığı etkisi altına alan COVID-19 salgınında tüm anneler ve partnerleri bebeklerini emzirme konusunda birçok tedirginliğin içerisinde yer almaktadırlar. Virüslerin yapısı, annelere ve bebeklere verilen D ve B12 vitamini desteği gibi birçok yüksek nitelikli veri anne sütünden COVID-19’un geçemeyebileceğini, bebeği de koruyabileceği konusunda oldukça umut vericidir. Annenin bulunduğu ortamdaki hava akımının sağlanması oldukça etkili olmaktadır. Annenin bebek ile en iyi etkileşimde ve yakın temasta olduğu için gerekli hijyen kurallarına dikkat etmesi oldukça önemlidir. Aynı zamanda kadınlarda bulunan, virüsleri tanıyabilen ve onları ortadan kaldırabilen bir tür beyaz kan hücresi olan T lenfositleri sayesinde daha güçlü bağışıklık sistemine sahip olmalarının COVID-19 virüsüne karşı olumlu etkisi öngörülebilmektedir. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından belirlenen öneriler doğrultusunda anneler bebeklerini emzirmeye devam etmeli, kesintiye uğratmamalıdır. Başta ebe ve hemşireler olmak üzere tüm sağlık profesyonelleri pandemi süresince anne ile bebek etkileşimi, emzirmenin devamını sağlama ve anne sütünün koruyucu etkileri konusunda detaylı bilgilendirme sorumluluğuna sahiptirler.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• anne sütü
• COVID-19
• Emzirme
• Hemşire-Ebe
• Sars-CoV-2

Kaynakça

1. Alpkent, Z, Kubat, U. (2003). Anne sütünde bulunan biyoaktif maddeler. Gıda Mühendisliği Dergisi.
2. Alvarez, N, Aguilar-Jimenez, W, Rugeles, MT. (2019). The potential protective role ofvitamin D supplementation on HIV-1 infection. Front Immunol, 10:2291. Ak, Ö. (2020, Mart). Küresel kabus. Bilim ve Teknik Dergisi.
3. Alipio, M. (2019). Vitamin d supplementation could ımprove clinical outcomes of patients ınfected with coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19). SSRN Electronic Journal, 082, 1-6.
4. Andreas, NJ, Kampmann, B, Le-Doare, KM. (2015, Kasım). Human breast milk: a review on its composition and bioactivity. Early Hum Dev, 91(11):629-35.
5. Anonymous. (2018). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.
6. Aslan, N, Bozdayı, MA. (2001). Hepatit b virusunun moleküler biyolojisi. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal Gastroenterohepatol, 12(2):49-53.
7. Bachrach, V, Schwarz, E, Bachrach, LR. (2003). Breastfeeding and the risk of hospitalization for respiratory disease in infancy: a meta-analysis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 157:237 –243.
8. Keulen, BV. (19.08.2020). Breast milk ice cubes could give coronavirus antibodies. Erişim Tarihi. 10.09.2020, https://dutchreview.com/coronavirus/breast-milk-ice-cubes-could-give-coronavirus-antibodies-dutch-researchers-say/.

9. Cantorna, MT. (2010). Mechanisms underlying the effect of vitamin D on the immune system. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 69(3), 286-289.
10. Cantorna, MT, Snyder, L, Lin Y-D, Yang, L. (2015). Vitamin D and 1, 25 (OH) 2D regulationof T cells. Nutrients, 7:3011–21.
11. Ceyhan M. (18.05.2020). Koronavirüs kaç dakikada bulaşıyor? Erişim Tarihi: 17.07.2020,https://www.sabah.com.tr/galeri/saglik/son-dakika-merak-edilen-veriyi-bilim-kurulu-uyesi-prof-acikladi-coronavirus-kac-dakikada-bulasiyor.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020). Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) and Breastfeeding, Erişim Tarihi: 17.07.2020, https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/maternal-or-infant-illnesses/COVID-19-and-breastfeeding.html.
13. Cheng, B. H., Lee, C. H. (2017). Mechanisms of action of vitamin D as supplemental therapy for Pneumocystis pneumonia. Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 61(10), e01226-17.
14. Chen, H, Guo, JMS, Chen, W. (2020). Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lance, published online Feb 12. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140 6736(20)30360-3.
15. Coronavirus (COVID-19) infection in pregnancy. Information for healthcare professionals. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, United Kingdom. Published 13 March 2020.
16. Chuen WT, Ho, LP ,Kalimuddin, S, Cherng, BPZ, Teh, YE, Thien SY, HM, Wong , Tern PJV, Chandran M, Jason, WMC, Nagarajan, C, Sultana R, Low, JGH, Ng HJ . (2020). A cohort study to evaluate the effect of combination Vi-tamin D, Magnesium and Vitamin B12 on progression to severe outcome in older COVID-19 patients, Nutrition, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2020.
17. Cushing, AH, Samet, JM, Lambert, WE, Skipper, BJ, Hunt ,WC, Young, SA. (1998). Breastfeeding reduces risk of respiratory illness in infants. Am J Epidemiol, 147:863 –870. Dewey, KG, Heinig, MJ, Nommsen-Rivers, LA. (1995). Differences in morbidity between breast-fed and formula-fed infants. J Pediatr.126(5 pt 1):696 –702.
18. Dewey, KG, Heinig, MJ, Nommsen-Rivers, LA. (1995). Differences in morbidity between breast-fed and formula-fed infants. J Pediatr.126(5 pt 1):696 –702.
19. Duncan, B, Ey, J, Holberg, CJ, Wright, AL, Martinez, FD, Taussig, LM. (1993). Exclusive breast feeding for at least 4 months protects against otitis media. Pediatrics. 91:867 –872.
20. El-Gilany. (2020). COVID-19 and Breastfeeding. Asploro Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Case Reports, 2582–0370,102–105. https://doi.org/10.36502.
21. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). (01.03.2020) Situation update worldwide Stockholm. Erişim Tarihi: 14.05.2020) https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/geographical-distribution-2019-ncov-cases.
22. FACT SHEET.(14. 06. 2020). COVID-19 disease (SARS-CoV-2 virus) Sciensano, VERSION 5.
23. Fan, C, Lei, D, Fang, C, Li, C, Wang, M, Liu, Y, Wang, S. (2020). Perinatal transmission of COVID-19 associated SARS-CoV-2: Should we worry? Clinical Infectious Diseases, ciaa226. http://doi.org/10.1093/ cid/ciaa226.
24. Golding, J, Emmett, PM, Rogers, IS. (1997). Does breast feeding protect against non-gastric infections? Early Hum Dev,49(suppl):S105 –S120.
25. Goldman, AS. (1993). The immune system of human milk: antimicrobial, antiinflammatory and immunomodulating properties. Pediatric Infect Dis J. 12:664 –672.
26. Grant, WB, Lahore, H, McDonnell, SL, Baggerly, CA, French, CB, Aliano JL. (2020). Evidence that vitamin D supplemen,tation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. Nutrients. 12:988.
27. Hanson, LA. (1999). Breastfeeding provides passive and likely long-lasting active immunity (published correction appears in immunity. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 81:523 –533.
28. Hanson, LA. (1999).Human milk and host defence: immediate and long-term effects Acta Paediatr Suppl, 88:42 –46.
29. Hanson, LA, Carlsson, B, Jalil, F, Hahn-Zoric, M, Hermodson, S, Karlberg, S, Mellander, L, Khan, SR, Lindblad, B, Thiringer, K, Zaman, S (1988). Antiviral and antibacterial factors in human milk. In: Hanson, L.A.,ed. Biology of Human.
30. Hunt, R. Viroloji, Herpes Virüsler. Çeviri Selçuk kaya. https://www.microbiologybook.org/Turkish-virology/virolchapter11turk.htm
31. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (19.02.2020) Interim guidance on breastfeeding for a mother confirmed or under investigation for COVID-19, Erişim tarihi : 25. 07. 2020. :https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/specific-groups/pregnancy-guidance breastfeeding.html.
32. Jackson, MK, Nazar, MA. (2006, Nisan). Breastfeeding, the ımmune response, and long-term health. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 106, 203-207.
33. Kayhan, Tetik, B, Gedik, Tekinemre I. (2017).Emziren annelerde ilaç kullanımı. Jour Turk Fam Phy, 08 (3): 83-89.
34. Lawrence, RA, Lawrence, RM. (2015). Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Profession. “Medications, Herbal Preparations, and Natural Products in Breast Milk”. 8th Edition. Philadelphia, Elsevier, 364-406.
35. Lai, C-C, Shih, T-P, Ko, W-C, Tang, H-J, Hsueh, P-R. (2020). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents,105924.
36. Lavezzo, E, Franchin, E, Lavezzo, E, Franchin, E, Ciavarella, C, Cuomo-Dannenburg, G, Barzon, L, Del, Vecchio, C. (17.04.2020). Suppression of COVID-19 outbreak in the municipality of Vo, Italy. medRxiv. 2020.04.17.20053157.
37. Labeta, MO, Vidal, K, Nores, JE, Arias, M, Vita, N, Morgan BP. (2000). Innate recognition of bacteria in human milk is mediated by a milk-derived highly expressed pattern recognition receptor, soluble CD14. J Exp Med. 191(10):1807-12.
38. Lu, J, Gu, J, Li, K, Xu, C, Su, W, Lai Z, Zhou, D, Yu, C, Xu, B, Zhicong, Y. (2020). COVID-Outbreak Associated with Air Conditioning in Restaurant, Guangzhou, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 26(7), 1628-1631.
39. Newburg, D.S., Street, J.M. (1997). Bioactive materials in human milk: Milk sugars sweeten the argumnt for breastfeeding. Nutrition Today. Vol.32 (5), 191-201.
40. Ötleş, S, Aksoy, Sİ. (2018). Anne Sütü ve Diğer Canlı Sütler. Anne Sütü ve Emzirme (ed:Turfan Ç.E, Akçicek E, Ekşioğlu B.A.). Vize Basın Yayın, 2018, Ankara, s:51-79.
41. Pisacane, A, Graziano, L, Zona, G, Granata, G, Dolezalova, H, Cafiero, M. (1994). Breast feeding and acute lower respiratory infection. Acta Paediatr. 83:714 –718.
42. Riddell, S, Goldie, S, Hill, A, Eagles, D, W, Drew, T. (2020). The effect of temperature on persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on common surfaces. Virol Journal, 17:145. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-020-01418-7.
43. Rousseau, CM, Nduati, RW, Richardson, BA, Steele, MS, JohnStewart, GC, Mbori-Ngacha, DA. (2003). Longitudinal analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in breast milk and of its relationship to infant infection and maternal disease. J Inf Dis.187:741-7.
44. Rondanelli, M., Miccono, A., Lamburghini, S., Avanzato, I., Riva, A., Allegrini, P., Perna, S. (2018). Self-care for common colds: the pivotal role of vitamin D, vitamin C, zinc, and Echinacea in three main immune interactive clusters (physical barriers, innate and adaptive immunity) involved during an episode of common colds—Practical advice on dosages and on the time to take these nutrients/botanicals in order to prevent or treat common colds. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2018.
45. Sharifi, A, Vahedi, H, Nedjat, S, Rafiei, H, Hosseinzadeh‐Attar, MJ. (2019). Effect of single‐dose injection of vitamin D on immune cytokines in ulcerative colitis patients: a randomized placebo‐controlled trial. Apmis, 127(10), 681-687.
46. Sohrabi, C, Alsafi, Z, O’Neill, N, Khan, M, Kerwan, A, Al-Jabir, A, Agha, R. (2020). World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). International Journal of Surgery.
47. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. COVID-19 (Sars-Cov-2 Enfeksiyonu) (Bilim Kurulu Çalışması). Genel Bilgiler, Epidemiyoloji ve Tanı. 1 Haziran 2020, Ankara.
48. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Ana Çocuk Sağlığı ve Aile Planlaması Genel Müdürlüğü. Gebelere D Vitamini Destek Programı. B.10.0.ACS.0.12.00.11- 350/01, 2011, Ankara.
49. To, KK-W, Tsang, OT-Y, Leung, W-S, Tam, AR, Wu, T-C, Lung, DC. (2020). Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases.
50. Töbü M. (2006). Antikoagülan Tedavi. 5. İlk Basamak Kursu, İzmir.
51. Türk Cerrahi. İnsülin. Erişim Tarihi: 19. 06. 2020, https://www.turkcerrahi.com/tip-sozlugu/insulin/.
52. Van, Boheemen, S, de Graaf, M, Lauber, C, Bestebroer, TM, Raj, VS, Zaki, AM. (2012). Genomic characterization of a newly discovered coronavirus associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome in humans. Mbio, 3: e00473–e512.
53. Yolken, RH, Peterson, JA, Vonderfecht, SL, Fouts, ET, Midthun, K, Newburg, DS (1992). Human milk mucin inhibits rotavirus replication and prevents experimental gastroenteritis. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 90 (5).
54. Yu, Y, Xu, J, Li, Y, Hu, Y, Li, B. (2020). Breast milk-fed infant of COVID-19 pneumonia mother: A case report. Research Square, Preprint. http://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-20792/v1
55. Zou, L, Ruan, F, Huang, M. (2020, Mart). SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients. N Engl J Med, 19;382(12):1177-1179.
56. Wright, AL, Holberg, CJ, Martinez, FD, Morgan, WJ, Taussig LM. (1989). Breastfeeding and lower respiratory tract illness in the first year of life. Group Health Medial Associates. BMJ. 299:946 –949.
57. Woo, PCY, Lau, SKP, Wong, BHL. (2004). Longitudinal profile of immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and IgA antibodies against the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus nucleocapsid protein in patients with pneumonia due to the SARS coronavirus. Clin Vaccine Immunol, 11:665-8.
58. World Health Organization (2020). Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Situation Report 22. Erişim Tarihi: 11. 06. 2020, https://www.who.int/docs/defaultsource/coronaviruse/situation-re-ports/20200211-sitrep-22-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=fb6d49b1_2 .
59. World Health Organization (2020) Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Situation Report 11. Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2020, https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-re-ports/20200131-sitrep-11-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=de7c0f7_4
60. World Health Organization (2020).Clinical Management of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) when COVID- 19 Disease is Suspected. Geneva: World Health Organization.