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Çocuklarda Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu ve Hemşirenin Rolü

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 218 - 224, 23.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.54189/hbd.1371468

Öz

Büyüme ve gelişme sürecinde olan çocuklar farklı farklı travmalara maruz kalabilmekte ve bu çocukların bazıları birkaç hafta içinde travmanın etkilerini atlatabilirken, bazılarında ise travma sonrası stres bozukluğu belirtileri görülmektedir. Çalışmalarda çocuk ve ergenlerde travma sonrası stres bozukluğu görülme sıklığının %30 - %40 arasında olduğu bildirilmektedir. Çocukluk travmalarının yarattığı olumsuz duygu yükünün yetişkinlikte depresyon, anksiyete, alkol ve madde bağımlılığı, cinsel işlev bozuklukları, intihar düşünceleri gibi sorunlara neden olabileceği bilinmektedir. Bu sorunları önleme ve iyileşme sürecini hızlandırmada, erken dönemde tanı konulması, tedavinin başlatılması ve uygun hemşirelik yaklaşımları ile mümkündür. Travma sonrası stres bozukluğu tanısı alan çocuklara verilen kapsamlı hemşirelik bakımının önemli olmasının yanı sıra, bu çocukların travmaya neden olan durumdan yeniden etkilenmesinin önlenmesi de hemşireler açısından dikkat edilmesi gereken bir çekincedir. Bu kapsamda hemşirelerin bu çocuklara hangi hemşirelik girişimlerini uygulamaları gerektiğine yönelik bilgi sahibi olmaları büyük önemlidir. Uygun hemşirelik yaklaşımı bu çocukların gelecekte daha mutlu ve sağlıklı bireyler olarak yaşam sürmelerine yardımcı olacağı gibi toplum ruh sağlığı açısından da büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu derleme, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu olan çocukları doğru değerlendirebilme ve uygun hemşirelik yaklaşımını planlama için hemşirelere bilgi vermek ve literatüre katkı sağlaması amacıyla hazırlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Allen L, Jones C, Fox A, Copello A, Jones N, Meiser-Stedman R. (2021). The correlation between social support and post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 294, 543-557. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.028
  • Balıbey H, Balıkçı A. (2013). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment at a patient diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder: Case report. Dusunen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 26(1), 96–101. doi:10.5350/DAJPN2013260111
  • Beaudoin W, Moore H, Bliss L, Souster J, Mehta V. (2021). Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in caregivers of pediatric neurosurgical patients. Child's Nervous System, 37(3), 959-967. doi:10.1007/s00381-020-04938-3
  • Burgess A, Rushworth I, Meiser-Stedman R. (2023). Parents’ and Teachers’ Knowledge of Trauma and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents and Their Agreement Towards Screening. Child and Youth Care Forum, 52(2), 401–415. doi:10.1007/s10566-022-09689-7
  • Cohen JA, Scheeringa MS. (2009). Post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis in children: challenges and promises. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 11(1), 91-99. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2009.11.1
  • Fernandez I. (2007). EMDR as treatment of post-traumatic reactions: A field study on child victims of an earthquake. Educational and Child Psychology, 24(1), 65.
  • Gillies D, Taylor F, Gray C, O'Brien L, d'Abrew N. (2013). Psychological therapies for the treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Evidence‐Based Child Health: A Cochrane Review Journal, 8(3), 1004-1116. doi:10.1002/ebch.1916
  • Jakobsen AV, Elklit A. (2021). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in children with severe epilepsy. Epilepsy and Behavior, 122. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108217
  • Kar N, Bastia BK. (2006). Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and generalised anxiety disorder in adolescents after a natural disaster: a study of comorbidity. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 2, 1-7. doi: /10.1186/1745-0179-2
  • Karakaya I, Ağaoğlu B, Coşkun A, Sişmanlar SG. (2004). The symptoms of PTSD, depression and anxiety in adolescent students three and a half years after the Marmara earthquake. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 15(4), 257-263.
  • Kukkonen N, Sharifullin R. (2017). Nursing Interventions for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder A Narrative Literature Review. (Yayınlanmamış Lisans Tezi). Lahti Unıversity of Applıed Sciences.
  • Kurtça TT, Çağlar EE, Özcan YS. (2020). Akran zorbalığı ve travma sonrası stres bozukluğu arasındaki ilişkinin gözden geçirilmesi. Kastamonu Education Journal, 28(2), 584-595. doi:10.24106/kefdergi.693410
  • Lewey JH, Smith CL, Burcham B, Saunders NL, Elfallal D, O’Toole SK. (2018). Comparing the effectiveness of EMDR and TF-CBT for children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Journal Of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 11, 457-472. doi:10.1007/s40653-018-0212-1
  • Lewis SJ, Arseneault L, Caspi A, Fisher HL, Matthews T, Moffitt TE et al. (2019). The epidemiology of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder in a representative cohort of young people in England and Wales. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(3), 247-256. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30031-8
  • Lotfi S, Başcillar M. (2017). Travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve sosyal hizmet. IGUSABDER, 3, 275-286.
  • Najjar F, Weller RA, Weisbrot J, Weller EB. (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder and its treatment in children and adolescents. Current Psychiatry Reports, 10(2), 104-108.
  • Novo Navarro P, Landin-Romero R, Guardiola-Wanden-Berghe R, Moreno-Alcázar A, Valiente-Gómez A, Lupo W, et.al. (2018). 25 years of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): The EMDR therapy protocol, hypotheses of its mechanism of action and a systematic review of its efficacy in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition), 11(2), 101–114. doi:10.1016/j.rpsmen.2015.12.002
  • Oflaz F. (2015). Travma yaşamış çocuk ve gençlerin ele alınmasında çocuk-ergen ruh sağlığı ve psikiyatri hemşireliği uygulamaları. Turkiye Klinikleri Dergisi, 1(2), 46-51.
  • Oren E, Solomon R. (2012). EMDR therapy: An overview of its development and mechanisms of action. Revue Europeenne de Psychologie Appliquee, 62(4), 197–203. doi:10.1016/j.erap.2012.08.005
  • Spence Laschinger HK, Nosko A. (2015). Exposure to workplace bullying and post‐traumatic stress disorder symptomology: the role of protective psychological resources. Journal of Nursing Management, 23(2), 252-262. doi:10.1111/jonm.12122
  • Swinden C. (2018). The Child-Centered EMDR approach: A case study ınvestigating a young girl's treatment for sexual abuse. Journal of EMDR Practice & Research, 12(4). 282-296. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.12.4.282
  • Şimşek Ş. (2011). Post-Traumatic stress disorder in children who were sexually abused and in their parents. Dicle Medical Journal / Dicle Tip Dergisi, 38(3), 318–324. doi:10.5798/diclemedj.0921.2011.03.0040
  • Törüner, E.K., Büyükgönenç, L. (2017). Çocukluk Çağı Ruhsal Sorunları. Çocuk Sağlığı Temel Hemşirelik Yaklaşımları. Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri. Ankara.
  • Trickey D, Siddaway AP, Meiser-Stedman R, Serpell L, Field AP. (2012). A meta-analysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(2), 122-138. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.12.001
  • Yıldız E, Kumpasoğlu G, Eltan S, Kışlak Ş. (2020). Cocuk ve ergenlerde EMDR: Travma sonrası stres bozukluğu tedavisindeki etkililiği üzerine bir derleme. Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 5(2), 213-228. doi:10.5455/kpd.26024438m000041
  • Yosep I, Mardhiyah A, Ramdhanie GG, Sari CWM, Hendrawati H, Hikmat R. (2023, January). Retracted: cognitive behavior therapy by nurses in reducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder on children as victims of violence: a scoping review. In Healthcare, 11 (3), 407. doi:10.3390/healthcare11030407

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children and The Role of The Nurse

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 218 - 224, 23.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.54189/hbd.1371468

Öz

Children who are in the process of growth and development can be exposed to different traumas, and while some of these children can overcome the effects of the trauma within a few weeks, others show symptoms of post traumatıc stres disorder. Studies report that the prevalence of post traumatıc stres disorder in children and adolescents is between 30% and 40%. It is known that the negative emotional burden created by childhood traumas can cause problems such as depression, anxiety, alcohol and substance addiction, sexual dysfunction and suicidal thoughts in adulthood. Preventing these problems and accelerating the healing process is possible with early diagnosis, initiation of treatment and appropriate nursing approaches. Appropriate nursing approach will not only help these children live happier and healthier lives in the future, but it is also of great importance for public mental health. In addition, the nursing approach plays a big role in preventing these children from being re-affected by the situation that caused the trauma. This review was prepared to provide information to nurses and to contribute to the literature in order to accurately evaluate children with post-traumatic stress disorder and plan the appropriate nursing approach.

Kaynakça

  • Allen L, Jones C, Fox A, Copello A, Jones N, Meiser-Stedman R. (2021). The correlation between social support and post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 294, 543-557. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.028
  • Balıbey H, Balıkçı A. (2013). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment at a patient diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder: Case report. Dusunen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 26(1), 96–101. doi:10.5350/DAJPN2013260111
  • Beaudoin W, Moore H, Bliss L, Souster J, Mehta V. (2021). Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in caregivers of pediatric neurosurgical patients. Child's Nervous System, 37(3), 959-967. doi:10.1007/s00381-020-04938-3
  • Burgess A, Rushworth I, Meiser-Stedman R. (2023). Parents’ and Teachers’ Knowledge of Trauma and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents and Their Agreement Towards Screening. Child and Youth Care Forum, 52(2), 401–415. doi:10.1007/s10566-022-09689-7
  • Cohen JA, Scheeringa MS. (2009). Post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis in children: challenges and promises. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 11(1), 91-99. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2009.11.1
  • Fernandez I. (2007). EMDR as treatment of post-traumatic reactions: A field study on child victims of an earthquake. Educational and Child Psychology, 24(1), 65.
  • Gillies D, Taylor F, Gray C, O'Brien L, d'Abrew N. (2013). Psychological therapies for the treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Evidence‐Based Child Health: A Cochrane Review Journal, 8(3), 1004-1116. doi:10.1002/ebch.1916
  • Jakobsen AV, Elklit A. (2021). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in children with severe epilepsy. Epilepsy and Behavior, 122. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108217
  • Kar N, Bastia BK. (2006). Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and generalised anxiety disorder in adolescents after a natural disaster: a study of comorbidity. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 2, 1-7. doi: /10.1186/1745-0179-2
  • Karakaya I, Ağaoğlu B, Coşkun A, Sişmanlar SG. (2004). The symptoms of PTSD, depression and anxiety in adolescent students three and a half years after the Marmara earthquake. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 15(4), 257-263.
  • Kukkonen N, Sharifullin R. (2017). Nursing Interventions for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder A Narrative Literature Review. (Yayınlanmamış Lisans Tezi). Lahti Unıversity of Applıed Sciences.
  • Kurtça TT, Çağlar EE, Özcan YS. (2020). Akran zorbalığı ve travma sonrası stres bozukluğu arasındaki ilişkinin gözden geçirilmesi. Kastamonu Education Journal, 28(2), 584-595. doi:10.24106/kefdergi.693410
  • Lewey JH, Smith CL, Burcham B, Saunders NL, Elfallal D, O’Toole SK. (2018). Comparing the effectiveness of EMDR and TF-CBT for children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Journal Of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 11, 457-472. doi:10.1007/s40653-018-0212-1
  • Lewis SJ, Arseneault L, Caspi A, Fisher HL, Matthews T, Moffitt TE et al. (2019). The epidemiology of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder in a representative cohort of young people in England and Wales. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(3), 247-256. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30031-8
  • Lotfi S, Başcillar M. (2017). Travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve sosyal hizmet. IGUSABDER, 3, 275-286.
  • Najjar F, Weller RA, Weisbrot J, Weller EB. (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder and its treatment in children and adolescents. Current Psychiatry Reports, 10(2), 104-108.
  • Novo Navarro P, Landin-Romero R, Guardiola-Wanden-Berghe R, Moreno-Alcázar A, Valiente-Gómez A, Lupo W, et.al. (2018). 25 years of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): The EMDR therapy protocol, hypotheses of its mechanism of action and a systematic review of its efficacy in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition), 11(2), 101–114. doi:10.1016/j.rpsmen.2015.12.002
  • Oflaz F. (2015). Travma yaşamış çocuk ve gençlerin ele alınmasında çocuk-ergen ruh sağlığı ve psikiyatri hemşireliği uygulamaları. Turkiye Klinikleri Dergisi, 1(2), 46-51.
  • Oren E, Solomon R. (2012). EMDR therapy: An overview of its development and mechanisms of action. Revue Europeenne de Psychologie Appliquee, 62(4), 197–203. doi:10.1016/j.erap.2012.08.005
  • Spence Laschinger HK, Nosko A. (2015). Exposure to workplace bullying and post‐traumatic stress disorder symptomology: the role of protective psychological resources. Journal of Nursing Management, 23(2), 252-262. doi:10.1111/jonm.12122
  • Swinden C. (2018). The Child-Centered EMDR approach: A case study ınvestigating a young girl's treatment for sexual abuse. Journal of EMDR Practice & Research, 12(4). 282-296. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.12.4.282
  • Şimşek Ş. (2011). Post-Traumatic stress disorder in children who were sexually abused and in their parents. Dicle Medical Journal / Dicle Tip Dergisi, 38(3), 318–324. doi:10.5798/diclemedj.0921.2011.03.0040
  • Törüner, E.K., Büyükgönenç, L. (2017). Çocukluk Çağı Ruhsal Sorunları. Çocuk Sağlığı Temel Hemşirelik Yaklaşımları. Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri. Ankara.
  • Trickey D, Siddaway AP, Meiser-Stedman R, Serpell L, Field AP. (2012). A meta-analysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(2), 122-138. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.12.001
  • Yıldız E, Kumpasoğlu G, Eltan S, Kışlak Ş. (2020). Cocuk ve ergenlerde EMDR: Travma sonrası stres bozukluğu tedavisindeki etkililiği üzerine bir derleme. Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 5(2), 213-228. doi:10.5455/kpd.26024438m000041
  • Yosep I, Mardhiyah A, Ramdhanie GG, Sari CWM, Hendrawati H, Hikmat R. (2023, January). Retracted: cognitive behavior therapy by nurses in reducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder on children as victims of violence: a scoping review. In Healthcare, 11 (3), 407. doi:10.3390/healthcare11030407
Toplam 26 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliği
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Semra Küçük 0000-0003-4988-8242

Duygu Gözen 0000-0001-9272-3561

Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Ağustos 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Küçük, S., & Gözen, D. (2024). Çocuklarda Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu ve Hemşirenin Rolü. Hemşirelik Bilimi Dergisi, 7(2), 218-224. https://doi.org/10.54189/hbd.1371468