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Doğuştan Dijital ve Dijitalleştirilmiş Arşivleri Daha Erişilebilir Hale Nasıl Getirebiliriz? Engellerin ve Çözümlerin Belirlenmesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 6, 315 - 340, 20.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.59054/hed.1551459

Öz

Verilere erişmek günümüzde temel bir öncelik olarak görülmektedir. Ancak arşivlerde muhafaza edilen dijital kültürel verilerin büyük bir kısmına gizlilik, telif hakkı veya teknik sorunlar nedeniyle erişilememektedir. E-posta arşivleri ve diğer doğuştan dijital koleksiyonlar genellikle kataloglanmamış, erişilemez ve kullanılamaz durumdadır. Basılı kaynakların dijitalleştirilmesiye oluşturulan arşivlere erişmek söz konusu olduğundaysa, belgeye erişimde telif hakkı büyük bir engel teşkil edebilmektedir. Dijital arşivlere erişim problemini çözmek için kesinlikle disiplinler arası iş birliklerinin sağlanması gerekmektedir. Günümüzde küresel ısınmadan sosyal eşitsizliklere kadar çok sayıda sorun bulunmaktadır ve bu sorunlar tek bir disiplin içinde çözülemez durumdadır. Aynı durum kullanıcıların erişimine kapatılmış olan “kapalı/kısıtlı” arşivler için de geçerlidir. Arşivcilerin veya dijital beşerî bilimcilerin (digital humanists) bu arşivleri anında daha erişilebilir hâle getirebilecek, mucizevi bir çözüm bulmaları beklenemez. Bunun yerine bu sorunun çözülebilmesi için, birbirleriyle neredeyse hiç temas kurmamış olan disiplinler arasında iş birlikleri kurmamız gerekmektedir. Araştırmada 26 kişiyle (arşivci, kütüphaneci ve ilgili kurumlarda görev yapan diğer uzmanlar) yapılan toplam 21 görüşmeye dayanılarak, dijitalleştirilmiş ve doğuştan dijital koleksiyonların kullanıcılar için daha erişilebilir hâle getirilmesinin önündeki temel engeller belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada erişime açılmamış olanlar veya sınırlı erişim (kullanıcıların belgelere erişebilmek için ilgili kuruma gitmelerini gerektiren erişim türü) imkânı sunan kurumlar da dâhil olmak üzere, koleksiyonlar için belirlenen mevcut erişim politikaları aktarılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında, kullanıcıların erişimine kapalı olan “kapalı/kısıtlı arşivlerin” kilidini açılabilmesi için yapay zekânın etil bir şekilde kullanımı da dâhil olmak üzere, erişim sorunlarına olası çözümler ile dijital koleksiyonlara erişimle ilgili kararlara katkıda bulunabilecek, küresel çapta bir kullanıcı topluluğunun oluşturulması önerilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • [Anonim]. Interview with author, 28 Mayıs 2021.
  • [Anonim]. Interview with author, 2 Kasım 2020.
  • [Anonim]. Two interviews with author, 27 Mayıs 2021.
  • A. Gondek, Interview with author, 20 Mayıs 2021.
  • A. Isaac, Interview with author, 28 Mayıs 2021.
  • A. Seles, Interview with author, 28 Mayıs 2021.
  • C. McKean, Interview with author, 28 Mayıs 2021.
  • C. Prom, Preserving Email, 2nd ed. (Digital Preservation Coalition, 2019), https://doi.org/10.7207/ twr19-01
  • D. Keating and J. Finegan, Interview with author, 28 Mayıs 2021.
  • D. Meissner and M. Greene, “More Application While Less Appreciation: The Adopters and Antagonists of MPLP,” Journal of Archival Organization 8 (2010): 174–226, https://doi.org/10.1080/15332748.2010.554069
  • David Bearman, “Managing Electronic Mail,” Archival Management 22 (1994): 28–50, https:// publications.archivists.org.au/index.php/asa/article/view/8385/8379 (Erişim tarihi: 12 Haziran 2021).
  • E. Cochrane, Interview with author, 26 Mayıs 2021.
  • E. LeClere, “Breaking Rules for Good? How Archivists Manage Privacy in Large-Scale Digitisation Projects,” Archival Management 46 (2018): 289–308, https://doi.org/10.1080/01576895 .2018.1547653
  • J. A. Johnston, D. A. Wallace, and R. L. Punzalan, “Messages Sent, and Received? Changing Perspectives and Policies on U.S. Federal Email as Record and the Limits of Archival Accountability,” Archival Science 19 (2019): 309–29, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10502-019-09318-8
  • J. Elder and D. Hay, Interview with author, 28 Mayıs 2021.
  • J. Schmidt and J. Ardam, “On Excess: Susan Sontag's Born-Digital Archive,” Los Angeles Review of Books (2014), https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/excess-susan-sontags-born-digital-archive/ (Erişim tarihi: 14 Haziran 2021).
  • K. McKie, Interview with author, 28 Mayıs 2021.
  • L. Jaillant, “After the Digital Revolution: Working with Emails and Born-Digital Records in Literary and Publishers’ Archives,” Archival Management 47 (2019): 285–304, https://doi.org/1 0.1080/01576895.2019.1640555
  • M. Bell, Interview with author, 27 Mayıs 2021.
  • M. Greene and D. Meissner, “More Product, Less Process: Revamping Traditional Archival Processing,” American Archivist 68 (2005): 208–63, https://doi.org/10.17723/ aarc.68.2.c741823776k65863.
  • M. Kirschenbaum, R. Ovenden, and G. Redwine, Digital Forensics and Born-Digital Content in Cultural Heritage Collections (Council on Library and Information Resources, 2010), https:// www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub149/ (Erişim tarihi: 12 Haziran 2021).
  • M. Moravec, “Feminist Research Practices and Digital Archives,” Australian Feminist Studies 32 (2017): 186–201, https://doi.org/10.1080/08164649.2017.1357006
  • M. Terras, “The Rise of Digitization: An Overview,” in Digitisation Perspectives, ed. R. Rikowski (Sense Publishers, 2011), 3–20.
  • N. Smith, “Digitising Documents for Public Access,” in Digital Heritage: Applying Digital Imaging to Cultural Heritage, ed. L. MacDonald (Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006), 3–32.
  • P. M. Gooding, Search All About It: A Mixed Methods Study into the Impact of Large-Scale Newspaper Digitisation (University College London, 2014), Ph.D.
  • P. Seaward, Interview with author, Mayıs 28, 2021.
  • R. Cordell, Machine Learning + Libraries (Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.), https://labs. loc.gov/static/labs/work/reports/Cordell-LOC-ML-report.pdf ?loclr=blogsig (Accessed July 14, 2021).
  • R. Hosker, Interview with author, Mayıs 19, 2021.
  • R. Milne, “The Research Support Libraries Programme, the Distributed National Collection, and the Importance of Cross-Sectoral Collaboration,” in Do We Want to Keep Our Newspapers?, ed. D. McKitterick (2002), 81–85.
  • S. Baldock, “Wendy Cope's Email Archive at the British Library,” presentation at the conference Archives, Access, and AI: Working with Born-Digital and Digitised Archival Collections,https://www.poetrysurvival.com/programme-aracai-conference/ (Erişim tarihi: 17 Kasım 2021).
  • S. Lewis, G. Hamilton, and S. Rigden, Interview with author, 19 Mayıs 2021.
  • S. Martínez-Cardama and A. R. Pacios, “National Archives’ Priorities: An International Overview,” Archival Science 22 (2022): 1–42, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10502-021-09367-y S. McInnes, Interview with author, 26 Mayıs 2021.
  • S. Peltzman et al., Levels of Born-Digital Access (Digital Library Federation, part of the Council on Library and Information Resources, 2020), https://osf.io/r5f78/ (Erişim tarihi:12 Haziran 2021).
  • S. Ross and A. Gow, Digital Archaeology: Rescuing Neglected and Damaged Data Resources: A JISC/NPO Study with the Electronic Libraries (eLib) Programme on the Preservation of Electronic Materials (Library Information Technology Centre, 1999).
  • S. Venkata, Interview with author, 21 Mayıs 2021.
  • T. Cook, “Electronic Records, Paper Minds: The Revolution in Information Management and Archives in the Post-Custodial and Post-Modernist Era,” Archival Management 22 (1994): 300–28, https://publications.archivists.org.au/index.php/asa/article/view/8433/8427 (Erişim tarihi:12 Haziran 2021).
  • T. Harkin and L. O'Connor, Interview with author, 20 Mayıs 2021.
  • T. Hauswedell et al., “Of Global Reach Yet of Situated Contexts: An Examination of the Implicit and Explicit Selection Criteria that Shape Digital Archives of Historical Newspapers,” Archival Science 20 (2020): 139–65, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10502-020-09332-1
  • T. R. Hart, D. de Vries, and C. Mooney, “Australian Law Implications on Digital Preservation,” presentation at the IPRES conference.
  • T. Thornhill, Interview with author, 27 Mayıs 2021.
  • W. Kilbride, Interview with author, 19 Mayıs 2021.

How Can We Make Born‑Digital and Digitised Archives More Accessible? Identifying Obstacles and Solutions

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 6, 315 - 340, 20.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.59054/hed.1551459

Öz

Access to data is seen as a key priority today. Yet, the vast majority of digital cultural data preserved in archives is inaccessible due to privacy, copyright or technical issues. Emails and other born-digital collections are often uncatalogued, unfindable and unusable. In the case of documents that originated in paper format before being digitised, copyright can be a major obstacle to access. To solve the problem of
access to digital archives, cross-disciplinary collaborations are absolutely essential. The big challenges of our time—from global warming to social inequalities—cannot be solved within a single discipline. The same applies to the challenge of “dark” archives closed to users. We cannot expect archivists or digital humanists to find a magical solution that will instantly make digital records more accessible. Instead, we need to set up collaborations across disciplines that seldom talk to each other. Based on 21 interviews with 26 archivists, librarians and other professionals in cultural institutions, we identify key obstacles to making digitised and born-digital collections more accessible to users. We outline current levels of access to a wide range of collections in various cultural organisations, including no access at all and limited access (for example, when users are required to travel on-site to consult documents). We suggest possible solutions to the problems of access—including the ethical use of Artificial Intelligence to unlock “dark” archives inaccessible to users. Finally, we propose the creation of a global user community who would participate in decisions on access to digital collections.

Kaynakça

  • [Anonim]. Interview with author, 28 Mayıs 2021.
  • [Anonim]. Interview with author, 2 Kasım 2020.
  • [Anonim]. Two interviews with author, 27 Mayıs 2021.
  • A. Gondek, Interview with author, 20 Mayıs 2021.
  • A. Isaac, Interview with author, 28 Mayıs 2021.
  • A. Seles, Interview with author, 28 Mayıs 2021.
  • C. McKean, Interview with author, 28 Mayıs 2021.
  • C. Prom, Preserving Email, 2nd ed. (Digital Preservation Coalition, 2019), https://doi.org/10.7207/ twr19-01
  • D. Keating and J. Finegan, Interview with author, 28 Mayıs 2021.
  • D. Meissner and M. Greene, “More Application While Less Appreciation: The Adopters and Antagonists of MPLP,” Journal of Archival Organization 8 (2010): 174–226, https://doi.org/10.1080/15332748.2010.554069
  • David Bearman, “Managing Electronic Mail,” Archival Management 22 (1994): 28–50, https:// publications.archivists.org.au/index.php/asa/article/view/8385/8379 (Erişim tarihi: 12 Haziran 2021).
  • E. Cochrane, Interview with author, 26 Mayıs 2021.
  • E. LeClere, “Breaking Rules for Good? How Archivists Manage Privacy in Large-Scale Digitisation Projects,” Archival Management 46 (2018): 289–308, https://doi.org/10.1080/01576895 .2018.1547653
  • J. A. Johnston, D. A. Wallace, and R. L. Punzalan, “Messages Sent, and Received? Changing Perspectives and Policies on U.S. Federal Email as Record and the Limits of Archival Accountability,” Archival Science 19 (2019): 309–29, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10502-019-09318-8
  • J. Elder and D. Hay, Interview with author, 28 Mayıs 2021.
  • J. Schmidt and J. Ardam, “On Excess: Susan Sontag's Born-Digital Archive,” Los Angeles Review of Books (2014), https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/excess-susan-sontags-born-digital-archive/ (Erişim tarihi: 14 Haziran 2021).
  • K. McKie, Interview with author, 28 Mayıs 2021.
  • L. Jaillant, “After the Digital Revolution: Working with Emails and Born-Digital Records in Literary and Publishers’ Archives,” Archival Management 47 (2019): 285–304, https://doi.org/1 0.1080/01576895.2019.1640555
  • M. Bell, Interview with author, 27 Mayıs 2021.
  • M. Greene and D. Meissner, “More Product, Less Process: Revamping Traditional Archival Processing,” American Archivist 68 (2005): 208–63, https://doi.org/10.17723/ aarc.68.2.c741823776k65863.
  • M. Kirschenbaum, R. Ovenden, and G. Redwine, Digital Forensics and Born-Digital Content in Cultural Heritage Collections (Council on Library and Information Resources, 2010), https:// www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub149/ (Erişim tarihi: 12 Haziran 2021).
  • M. Moravec, “Feminist Research Practices and Digital Archives,” Australian Feminist Studies 32 (2017): 186–201, https://doi.org/10.1080/08164649.2017.1357006
  • M. Terras, “The Rise of Digitization: An Overview,” in Digitisation Perspectives, ed. R. Rikowski (Sense Publishers, 2011), 3–20.
  • N. Smith, “Digitising Documents for Public Access,” in Digital Heritage: Applying Digital Imaging to Cultural Heritage, ed. L. MacDonald (Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006), 3–32.
  • P. M. Gooding, Search All About It: A Mixed Methods Study into the Impact of Large-Scale Newspaper Digitisation (University College London, 2014), Ph.D.
  • P. Seaward, Interview with author, Mayıs 28, 2021.
  • R. Cordell, Machine Learning + Libraries (Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.), https://labs. loc.gov/static/labs/work/reports/Cordell-LOC-ML-report.pdf ?loclr=blogsig (Accessed July 14, 2021).
  • R. Hosker, Interview with author, Mayıs 19, 2021.
  • R. Milne, “The Research Support Libraries Programme, the Distributed National Collection, and the Importance of Cross-Sectoral Collaboration,” in Do We Want to Keep Our Newspapers?, ed. D. McKitterick (2002), 81–85.
  • S. Baldock, “Wendy Cope's Email Archive at the British Library,” presentation at the conference Archives, Access, and AI: Working with Born-Digital and Digitised Archival Collections,https://www.poetrysurvival.com/programme-aracai-conference/ (Erişim tarihi: 17 Kasım 2021).
  • S. Lewis, G. Hamilton, and S. Rigden, Interview with author, 19 Mayıs 2021.
  • S. Martínez-Cardama and A. R. Pacios, “National Archives’ Priorities: An International Overview,” Archival Science 22 (2022): 1–42, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10502-021-09367-y S. McInnes, Interview with author, 26 Mayıs 2021.
  • S. Peltzman et al., Levels of Born-Digital Access (Digital Library Federation, part of the Council on Library and Information Resources, 2020), https://osf.io/r5f78/ (Erişim tarihi:12 Haziran 2021).
  • S. Ross and A. Gow, Digital Archaeology: Rescuing Neglected and Damaged Data Resources: A JISC/NPO Study with the Electronic Libraries (eLib) Programme on the Preservation of Electronic Materials (Library Information Technology Centre, 1999).
  • S. Venkata, Interview with author, 21 Mayıs 2021.
  • T. Cook, “Electronic Records, Paper Minds: The Revolution in Information Management and Archives in the Post-Custodial and Post-Modernist Era,” Archival Management 22 (1994): 300–28, https://publications.archivists.org.au/index.php/asa/article/view/8433/8427 (Erişim tarihi:12 Haziran 2021).
  • T. Harkin and L. O'Connor, Interview with author, 20 Mayıs 2021.
  • T. Hauswedell et al., “Of Global Reach Yet of Situated Contexts: An Examination of the Implicit and Explicit Selection Criteria that Shape Digital Archives of Historical Newspapers,” Archival Science 20 (2020): 139–65, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10502-020-09332-1
  • T. R. Hart, D. de Vries, and C. Mooney, “Australian Law Implications on Digital Preservation,” presentation at the IPRES conference.
  • T. Thornhill, Interview with author, 27 Mayıs 2021.
  • W. Kilbride, Interview with author, 19 Mayıs 2021.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Arşiv
Bölüm Çeviri Makale
Çevirmenler

Burcu Yılmaz Karahan 0000-0002-3241-9784

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Eylül 2024
Kabul Tarihi 11 Ekim 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 6

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Yılmaz Karahan, Burcu, çev. “Doğuştan Dijital Ve Dijitalleştirilmiş Arşivleri Daha Erişilebilir Hale Nasıl Getirebiliriz? Engellerin Ve Çözümlerin Belirlenmesi”. Hazine-I Evrak Arşiv Ve Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 6, sy. 6 (Aralık 2024): 315-40. https://doi.org/10.59054/hed.1551459.