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Hemodiyalizden Ev Hemodiyalizine Geçişte Deneyimler: Meleis’in Geçiş Teorisine Dayalı Nitel Bir Çalışma/ Transition Experiences from In-Center Hemodialysis to Home Hemodialysis: A Qualitative Study Using Meleis' Transition Theory

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 3, 142 - 153, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.47565/ndthdt.2024.90

Öz

Amaç: Çalışma, kronik böbrek yetmezliği olan hastaların hemodiyalizden, ev hemodiyalizine geçiş deneyimlerini
Meleis’in geçiş teorisine göre incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Niteliksel bir yaklaşım benimsenmiştir. Hemodiyaliz tedavisinden sonra ev hemodiyalizine geçen 10 katılımcıyla yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Görüşmeler nitel veriler için tematik bir analiz kullanılarak kaydedilmiş, yazıya dökülmüş ve değerlendirilmiştir.
Bulgular: Katılımcıların yaşlarının 30-74 arasında değiştiği, beşinin kadın, beşinin erkek, sekizinin evli olduğu, yedisinin çocuk sahibi olduğu, kronik böbrek yetmezliği tanı alma sürelerinin 7-24 yıl arasında olduğu, hemodiyaliz tedavisi alma sürelerinin 1-12 yıl arasında değiştiği ve ev hemodiyalizi alma sürelerinin 10 ay- 9 yıl arasında olduğu bulunmuştur. Yarı görüşmelerde görüşme formlarına dayalı olarak yedi ana tema ve 10 alt tema ortaya çıkmıştır. Katılımcıların tamamının ilaca bağlılığın azalması, evde geçirilen sürenin artması, günlük yaşam kalitesinin ve hastalığa uyumun artması, zamanı etkin kullanmak gibi kodlar ile ev hemodiyalizine yönelik olumlu ifadeler bildirmişlerdir. Hastalar tarafından ev hemodiyalizine geçiş süreci ile ilgili olumsuz bir ifade olmamıştır.
Sonuç: Araştırma sonucunda ev hemodiyalizine geçmenin yaşam kalitesini artırması, ev konforunda tedavi alınması, komplikasyonların azalması, özgüvenin artması, kendine daha fazla vakit ayırması, kolaylıkla ev-iş ve aile dengesini sağlayabilmesi gibi hastalar üzerinde olumlu yönleri tespit edilmiştir. Hastalar için ev hemodiyalizi mevcut olan bağımsız hemodiyaliz seçeneklerine önemli bir katkı sunmaktadır.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma için etik komite onayı KTO Karatay Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi İlaç ve Tıbbi Cihaz Dışı Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu'ndan alınmıştır (Tarih ve no: 2024/065).

Destekleyen Kurum

Çalışma için herhangi bir finansal destek alınmamıştır.

Teşekkür

Çalışma boyunca bizden desteklerini esirgemeyen “DAVIVA Healthcare”’a teşekkür ederiz.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Kara B. Ev hemodiyalizine yönelik inançlar ve deneyimler: güncel kanıtların gözden geçirilmesi. Turkish J Nephrol. 2016;25 (Ek/Suppl 1):17-23. https://doi.org/10.5262/tndt.2016.03
  • 2. Perl J, Brown EA, Chan CT, Couchoud C, Davies SJ, Kazancioğlu R, Williams J. Home dialysis: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) controversies conference. Kidney Int. 2023;103(5):842-58. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.01.006
  • 3. Bozfakıoğlu S. Ev hemodiyalizi. In: Hemodiyaliz Hekimi El Kitabı [Internet]. Türk Nefroloji Derneği [cited 2024 Jun 27];100-2. Available from: https://nefroloji.org.tr/uploads/folders/file/ev_diyalizi.pdf
  • 4. Hsu CM, Weiner DE, Aweh G, Salenger P, Johnson DS, Lacson Jr E. Epidemiology and outcomes of COVID-19 in home dialysis patients compared with in-center dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;32(7):1569-73. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2020111653
  • 5. Jeffery-Smith A, Dun- Campbell K, Janarthanan R, Fok J, Crawley-Boevey E, Vusirikala A, et al. Infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in London care homes reporting no cases or outbreaks of COVID-19: Prospective observational cohort study, England 2020. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2021;3:100038. doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100038 6. Lew SQ, Wallace EL, Srivatana V, Warady BA, Watnick S, Hood J, et al. Telehealth for home dialysis in COVID-19 and beyond: a perspective from the American Society of Nephrology COVID-19 Home Dialysis Subcommittee. Am J Kidney Dis. 2021;77(1):142-48. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.09.005
  • 7. Yerram P, Misra M. Home dialysis in the coronavirus disease 2019 era. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2020;27(5):442-46. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2020.07.001
  • 8. Bonenkamp AA, van der Sluijs AVE, Hoekstra T, Verhaar MC, van Ittersum FJ, Abrahams AC,et al. Health-related quality of life in home dialysis patients compared to in-center hemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Med. 2020;2(2):139-54. doi: 10.1016/j.xkme.2019.11.005
  • 9. Saran R, Robinson B, Abbott KC, Agodoa LY, Albertus P, Ayanian J, et al. US renal data system 2016 annual data report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis. 2017;69(3):1-688. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.12.004
  • 10. Süleymanlar G, Ateş K, Seyahi N. Yıllık USRDS Veri Raporu 2021/USRDS Annual Data Report [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2024 Jun 07];54-5. Available from: https://nefroloji.org.tr/uploads/pdf/REGISTRY2022_web.pdf 11. Garg AX, Suri RS, Eggers P, Finkelstein FO, Greene T, Kimmel PL. Frequent Hemodialysis Network Trial Investigators. Patients receiving frequent hemodialysis have better health-related quality of life compared to patients receiving conventional hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 2017;91(3):746-54. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.033
  • 12. Akyıl RÇ, Kahraman A, Akdam H, Erdem N, Yüksel R, Yeniçerioğlu Y. Evaluation of quality of life of patients transferred from hospital hemodialysis to home hemodialysis ın terms of their own perceptions. Journal of Nursing Science [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2024 Jun 27];3(1):12-8. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1128580
  • 13. Miller BW, Himmele R, Sawin DA, Kim J, Kossmann RJ. Choosing home hemodialysis: a critical review of patient outcomes. Blood Purif. 2018;45(1-3):224-29. doi: 10.1159/000485159
  • 14. Trinh E, Na Y, Sood MM, Chan CT, Perl J. Racial differences in home dialysis utilization and outcomes in Canada. CJASN. 2017;12(11):1841-51. Doi: 10.2215/CJN.03820417
  • 15. Öztürk Eyimaya A, Tezel A. Examination of the menopausal period according to Meleis' Theory of Transition. TJFMPC. 2020;14(4):676-85. doi: 10.21763/tjfmpc.723892
  • 16. Gündoğan R, Güler S. Kadaverik böbrek rejeksiyonu: Meleis’ in geçiş kuramı ışığında olgu sunumu ve hemşirelik bakımı. NefroHemDergi. 2024;19(2):106-17. doi: https://doi.org/10.47565/ndthdt.2024.87
  • 17. Yayla K. Understanding the diffusion of theoretical knowledge in nursing: A citation analysis of Meleis’s Transition Theory. FNJN. 2019;27(3):275-83. doi: 10.5152/FNJN.2019.18028
  • 18. Meleis AI, ed. Transitions theory: Middle range and situation spesific theories in nursing research and practices. New York: Springer Publishing Company [Internet]. 2010[cited 2024 Jun 02];50-6. Available from: https://taskurun.wordpress.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/10/transitions_theory__middle_range_and_situation_specific_theories_in_nursing_research_and_practice.pdf
  • 19. Fusch, P. I., & Ness, L. R. Are we there yet? Data saturation in qualitative research. the qualitative report. 2015;20(9): 1408-16. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2015.2281
  • 20. Tong, A., Sainsbury, P., & Craig, J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. International Journal for Quality in Health Care. 2007;19(6), 349-57. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzm042
  • 21. Morrow R, Rodriguez A, King N. Colaizzi's descriptive phenomenological method. The Psychologist [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2024 July 02];28(8):643-44. Available from: https://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/26984/1/Morrow_et_a
  • 22. Tenekeci EG, Kara B. Ev Hemodiyalizinin Yaygınlaşmasının Önündeki Engeller Nelerdir? NefroHemDergi [Internet]. 2016[cited 2024 Jun 16];11(1):73-8. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/403828
  • 23. Açar A, Karataş H, Özgönül A. Transplantasyon yapılan çocukların ebeveynlerinin yaşam kalitesi ve bakım yükü. JGEHES. 2021;3(1):41-50. doi: https://doi.org/10.51123/jgehes.2021.16
  • 24. Tennankore KK, d‟Gama C, Faratro R, Fung S, Wong E , Chan C. Adverse technical events in home hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;65(1):116-21. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.08.013
  • 25. Soyaltın E, Yavaşcan Ö, Alparslan C, Arslansoyu Çamlar S, Alaygut D, Öncel EP. et al. Ev hemodiyalizinde çocuk hasta deneyimi: Olgu sunumu. Turk Neph Dial Transpl. 2018;27(1):96-9. Doi:10.5262/tndt.2017.1003.22
  • 26. Seshasai RK, Wong T, Glickman JD, Shea JA, Dember LM. The home hemodialysis patient experience: A qualitative assessment of modality use and discontinuation. Hemodial Int. 2019;23(2):139-50. doi: 10.1111/hdi.12713
  • 27. Karadağ E. Ev hemodiyalizi: Yararlar ve engeller. Ünsal Avdal E, editör. In: Nefrolojide Güncel Kanıt Temelli Yaklaşımlar. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022.p.42-6.
  • 28. Jacquet S, Trinh E. The potential burden of home dialysis on patients and caregivers: a narrative review. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2019;6:2054358119893335. doi: 10.1177/2054358119893335.
  • 29. Roblero MFS, Rubio MAB, González-Moya M, Calviño Varela J, Pérez Alba A, Villaro Gumpert J, et al. Experience in Spain with the first patients in home hemodialysis treated with low-flow dialysate monitors. Nefrologia (Engl Ed.). 2021;12:S0211-6995(21)00144-2. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nefro.2021.07.001
  • 30. Tran E, Karadjian O, Chan CT, Trinh E. Home hemodialysis technique survival: insights and challenges. BMC Nephrol. 2023;24(1):205. doi: 10.1186/s12882-023-03264-5
  • 31. Walker RC, Hanson CS, Palmer SC, Howard K, Morton RL, Marshall MR, et al. Patient and caregiver perspectives on home hemodialysis: A systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;65(3):451-63. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.10.020.
  • 32. Bağ E, Mollaoğlu M. The evaluation of self‐care and self‐efficacy in patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Eval Clin Pract. 2010;16(3):605-10. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2753.2009.01214.x

Hemodiyalizden Ev Hemodiyalizine Geçişte Deneyimler: Meleis’in Geçiş Teorisine Dayalı Nitel Bir Çalışma/ Transition Experiences from In-Center Hemodialysis to Home Hemodialysis: A Qualitative Study Using Meleis' Transition Theory

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 3, 142 - 153, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.47565/ndthdt.2024.90

Öz

Objective: This study aims to explore the transition experiences of patients with chronic renal failure from in-center hemodialysis to home hemodialysis, using Meleis' Transition Theory as a theoretical framework.
Materials and Methods: A qualitative research design was employed. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 participants who transitioned from in-center hemodialysis to home hemodialysis. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analyzed to identify key themes in the qualitative data.
Results: The participants' ages ranged from 30 to 74 years.; five were female, and five were male. Eight participants were married, and seven had children. The duration of chronic renal failure diagnosis spanned 7 to 24 years, the length of in-center hemodialysis treatment ranged from 1 to 12 years, and the duration of home hemodialysis ranged from 10 months to 9 years. All participants expressed positive experiences regarding home hemodialysis, with themes including reduced reliance on medication, increased time spent at home, enhanced quality of daily life, improved adaptation to the disease, and more effective time management. Notably, no participants reported negative experiences related to their transition to home hemodialysis.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that the transition to home hemodialysis has a range of positive outcomes for patients, including improved quality of life, the convenience of receiving treatment at home, reduced complications, increased self-confidence, and a more remarkable ability to balance personal, family, and work responsibilities. Home hemodialysis, therefore, represents a valuable alternative to in-center dialysis, promoting patient independence and enhancing overall well-being.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Kara B. Ev hemodiyalizine yönelik inançlar ve deneyimler: güncel kanıtların gözden geçirilmesi. Turkish J Nephrol. 2016;25 (Ek/Suppl 1):17-23. https://doi.org/10.5262/tndt.2016.03
  • 2. Perl J, Brown EA, Chan CT, Couchoud C, Davies SJ, Kazancioğlu R, Williams J. Home dialysis: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) controversies conference. Kidney Int. 2023;103(5):842-58. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.01.006
  • 3. Bozfakıoğlu S. Ev hemodiyalizi. In: Hemodiyaliz Hekimi El Kitabı [Internet]. Türk Nefroloji Derneği [cited 2024 Jun 27];100-2. Available from: https://nefroloji.org.tr/uploads/folders/file/ev_diyalizi.pdf
  • 4. Hsu CM, Weiner DE, Aweh G, Salenger P, Johnson DS, Lacson Jr E. Epidemiology and outcomes of COVID-19 in home dialysis patients compared with in-center dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;32(7):1569-73. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2020111653
  • 5. Jeffery-Smith A, Dun- Campbell K, Janarthanan R, Fok J, Crawley-Boevey E, Vusirikala A, et al. Infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in London care homes reporting no cases or outbreaks of COVID-19: Prospective observational cohort study, England 2020. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2021;3:100038. doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100038 6. Lew SQ, Wallace EL, Srivatana V, Warady BA, Watnick S, Hood J, et al. Telehealth for home dialysis in COVID-19 and beyond: a perspective from the American Society of Nephrology COVID-19 Home Dialysis Subcommittee. Am J Kidney Dis. 2021;77(1):142-48. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.09.005
  • 7. Yerram P, Misra M. Home dialysis in the coronavirus disease 2019 era. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2020;27(5):442-46. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2020.07.001
  • 8. Bonenkamp AA, van der Sluijs AVE, Hoekstra T, Verhaar MC, van Ittersum FJ, Abrahams AC,et al. Health-related quality of life in home dialysis patients compared to in-center hemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Med. 2020;2(2):139-54. doi: 10.1016/j.xkme.2019.11.005
  • 9. Saran R, Robinson B, Abbott KC, Agodoa LY, Albertus P, Ayanian J, et al. US renal data system 2016 annual data report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis. 2017;69(3):1-688. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.12.004
  • 10. Süleymanlar G, Ateş K, Seyahi N. Yıllık USRDS Veri Raporu 2021/USRDS Annual Data Report [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2024 Jun 07];54-5. Available from: https://nefroloji.org.tr/uploads/pdf/REGISTRY2022_web.pdf 11. Garg AX, Suri RS, Eggers P, Finkelstein FO, Greene T, Kimmel PL. Frequent Hemodialysis Network Trial Investigators. Patients receiving frequent hemodialysis have better health-related quality of life compared to patients receiving conventional hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 2017;91(3):746-54. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.033
  • 12. Akyıl RÇ, Kahraman A, Akdam H, Erdem N, Yüksel R, Yeniçerioğlu Y. Evaluation of quality of life of patients transferred from hospital hemodialysis to home hemodialysis ın terms of their own perceptions. Journal of Nursing Science [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2024 Jun 27];3(1):12-8. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1128580
  • 13. Miller BW, Himmele R, Sawin DA, Kim J, Kossmann RJ. Choosing home hemodialysis: a critical review of patient outcomes. Blood Purif. 2018;45(1-3):224-29. doi: 10.1159/000485159
  • 14. Trinh E, Na Y, Sood MM, Chan CT, Perl J. Racial differences in home dialysis utilization and outcomes in Canada. CJASN. 2017;12(11):1841-51. Doi: 10.2215/CJN.03820417
  • 15. Öztürk Eyimaya A, Tezel A. Examination of the menopausal period according to Meleis' Theory of Transition. TJFMPC. 2020;14(4):676-85. doi: 10.21763/tjfmpc.723892
  • 16. Gündoğan R, Güler S. Kadaverik böbrek rejeksiyonu: Meleis’ in geçiş kuramı ışığında olgu sunumu ve hemşirelik bakımı. NefroHemDergi. 2024;19(2):106-17. doi: https://doi.org/10.47565/ndthdt.2024.87
  • 17. Yayla K. Understanding the diffusion of theoretical knowledge in nursing: A citation analysis of Meleis’s Transition Theory. FNJN. 2019;27(3):275-83. doi: 10.5152/FNJN.2019.18028
  • 18. Meleis AI, ed. Transitions theory: Middle range and situation spesific theories in nursing research and practices. New York: Springer Publishing Company [Internet]. 2010[cited 2024 Jun 02];50-6. Available from: https://taskurun.wordpress.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/10/transitions_theory__middle_range_and_situation_specific_theories_in_nursing_research_and_practice.pdf
  • 19. Fusch, P. I., & Ness, L. R. Are we there yet? Data saturation in qualitative research. the qualitative report. 2015;20(9): 1408-16. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2015.2281
  • 20. Tong, A., Sainsbury, P., & Craig, J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. International Journal for Quality in Health Care. 2007;19(6), 349-57. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzm042
  • 21. Morrow R, Rodriguez A, King N. Colaizzi's descriptive phenomenological method. The Psychologist [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2024 July 02];28(8):643-44. Available from: https://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/26984/1/Morrow_et_a
  • 22. Tenekeci EG, Kara B. Ev Hemodiyalizinin Yaygınlaşmasının Önündeki Engeller Nelerdir? NefroHemDergi [Internet]. 2016[cited 2024 Jun 16];11(1):73-8. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/403828
  • 23. Açar A, Karataş H, Özgönül A. Transplantasyon yapılan çocukların ebeveynlerinin yaşam kalitesi ve bakım yükü. JGEHES. 2021;3(1):41-50. doi: https://doi.org/10.51123/jgehes.2021.16
  • 24. Tennankore KK, d‟Gama C, Faratro R, Fung S, Wong E , Chan C. Adverse technical events in home hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;65(1):116-21. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.08.013
  • 25. Soyaltın E, Yavaşcan Ö, Alparslan C, Arslansoyu Çamlar S, Alaygut D, Öncel EP. et al. Ev hemodiyalizinde çocuk hasta deneyimi: Olgu sunumu. Turk Neph Dial Transpl. 2018;27(1):96-9. Doi:10.5262/tndt.2017.1003.22
  • 26. Seshasai RK, Wong T, Glickman JD, Shea JA, Dember LM. The home hemodialysis patient experience: A qualitative assessment of modality use and discontinuation. Hemodial Int. 2019;23(2):139-50. doi: 10.1111/hdi.12713
  • 27. Karadağ E. Ev hemodiyalizi: Yararlar ve engeller. Ünsal Avdal E, editör. In: Nefrolojide Güncel Kanıt Temelli Yaklaşımlar. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2022.p.42-6.
  • 28. Jacquet S, Trinh E. The potential burden of home dialysis on patients and caregivers: a narrative review. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2019;6:2054358119893335. doi: 10.1177/2054358119893335.
  • 29. Roblero MFS, Rubio MAB, González-Moya M, Calviño Varela J, Pérez Alba A, Villaro Gumpert J, et al. Experience in Spain with the first patients in home hemodialysis treated with low-flow dialysate monitors. Nefrologia (Engl Ed.). 2021;12:S0211-6995(21)00144-2. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nefro.2021.07.001
  • 30. Tran E, Karadjian O, Chan CT, Trinh E. Home hemodialysis technique survival: insights and challenges. BMC Nephrol. 2023;24(1):205. doi: 10.1186/s12882-023-03264-5
  • 31. Walker RC, Hanson CS, Palmer SC, Howard K, Morton RL, Marshall MR, et al. Patient and caregiver perspectives on home hemodialysis: A systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;65(3):451-63. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.10.020.
  • 32. Bağ E, Mollaoğlu M. The evaluation of self‐care and self‐efficacy in patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Eval Clin Pract. 2010;16(3):605-10. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2753.2009.01214.x
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Dahili Hastalıklar Hemşireliği
Bölüm Makale
Yazarlar

Evre Yılmaz 0000-0002-5592-8055

Hatice Balcı 0000-0002-3617-3670

Elife Tunç 0009-0005-6750-1779

Selda Arslan 0000-0002-5668-3694

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Ağustos 2024
Kabul Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Yılmaz E, Balcı H, Tunç E, Arslan S. Hemodiyalizden Ev Hemodiyalizine Geçişte Deneyimler: Meleis’in Geçiş Teorisine Dayalı Nitel Bir Çalışma/ Transition Experiences from In-Center Hemodialysis to Home Hemodialysis: A Qualitative Study Using Meleis’ Transition Theory. NefroHemDergi. 2024;19(3):142-53.

Nefroloji Hemşireliği Dergisi/ Journal of Nephrology Nursing Creative Commons Lisansı Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.