Amerikalı Müslümanların Maslahatı İçin Afgan Müslümanları Feda Etmek: 11 Eylül Sonrası Amerikalı Müslüman Askerler İçin Yayımlanan Bir Fetvanın Serencamı ve Eleştirileri

Öz

Bu makale, 11 Eylül saldırılarının ardından Amerikalı Müslüman askerlerin karşı karşıya kaldığı derin fıkhî ve ahlakî krizi, özellikle de Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Afganistan ve Müslüman nüfusa karşı başlattığı savaşta görevlendirilmeleri bağlamında ele almaktadır. ABD’de artan korku, şüphe ve İslamofobi ikliminde ortaya çıkan bu krizin merkezinde, önde gelen Müslüman âlim ve entelektüeller tarafından yayımlanan ve Amerikalı Müslüman askerlerin Afgan Müslümanlara karşı yürütülen askerî operasyonlara katılmalarına cevaz veren oldukça tartışmalı kolektif bir fetva bulunmaktadır. Fıkıh, ulus-devlet otoritesi ve kimlik politikalarının kesişim noktasında konumlanan bu fetva, modern çağda dinî aidiyet ile ulusal bağlılık arasındaki gerilimi incelemek için aydınlatıcı bir vaka çalışması niteliğindedir. Bu kolektif fetvayı ele alan bazı akademik çalışmalar bulunsa da, mevcut çalışmaların çoğu fetva metninin kendisiyle sınırlı kalmakta ve fetvayı şekillendiren daha geniş tarihî, sosyo-politik ve entelektüel boyutları göz ardı etmektedir. Buna karşılık bu makale; Amerikalı Müslümanların ABD ordusuna entegrasyonu, 11 Eylül sonrası Müslüman askerlere ilişkin ilk fetva dalgası, kolektif fetvanın arka planı ve motivasyonu, fetvayı verenlerin daha sonraki açıklamaları ile görüş değişiklikleri ve bunun yol açtığı kapsamlı kamuoyu ve ilmî tartışmalar gibi unsurları detaylı biçimde inceleyerek, fetvayı daha geniş bir bağlam içinde konumlandıran bütüncül bir yaklaşım benimsemektedir. Önceki araştırmalardan farklı olarak bu çalışma, akademik literatürün yanı sıra televizyon yayınları, köşe yazıları, dijital medya ve canlı fetva platformları gibi çeşitli kaynaklardan yararlanarak, çağdaş fıkhî söylemdeki bu önemli anı daha incelikli ve çok boyutlu biçimde analiz etmektedir. 11 Eylül sonrasında Amerikalı Müslümanların hem dinî hem de vatandaşlık yükümlülükleri arasındaki gerilimlere ilişkin artan kaygıları inceleyen çalışma, fetva imzacılarının, Afganistan’daki Müslümanların öldürülmesini içeren askerî operasyonlara katılımı tecviz etmek için maslahat ve zaruret kavramlarını nasıl kullandığını, bu kullanımın hangi fıkıh kaideleriyle meşrulaştırıldığını ve bu durumun fıkıh geleneğinde nereye tekabül ettiğini detaylı biçimde tartışmaktadır. Fetvanın teşekkülünde kullanılan karar alma zincirini ve retorik stratejileri yeniden inşa eden makale, fetvanın yalnızca ABD askerî otoritelerinden değil, aynı zamanda Vasatî, Selefî ve Mısırlı İslamcı gruplar ile entelektüeller, aktivistler ve geniş Müslüman kamuoyunun farklı kesimlerinden gelen tepkilere nasıl yol açtığını da incelemektedir. Bu çeşitli tepkiler, fetvanın ABD’nin politik hedef ve çıkarlarıyla uyumlu olduğu algısı ve dinî otorite, sadakat ve kimlik sınırları üzerindeki etkileriyle ilgili daha geniş bir rahatsızlığı yansıtmaktadır. Esasında bu makale, fetvanın hukukî bir hükmün ötesinde, evrensel İslamî söylemde ahlakî bir kırılma anını temsil ettiğini savunmaktadır. Afgan Müslümanların Amerikalı Müslümanlar uğruna maslahat ve zaruret gerekçesiyle kurban edilmesine izin veren bu fetva; şer’î ilkeler, siyasi pragmatizm ve çatışan sadakatlerin kesişim noktasını gözler önüne sermektedir. Buna dayanarak makale, bu fetvanın dinî aidiyeti modern ulus-devletin gereklerine tabi kılan bir örnek olduğunu ve böylece ulus-ötesi Müslüman kimliğini keskin bir şekilde yeniden biçimlendirdiğini savunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, fetvaya yöneltilen eleştiriler, modern İslam düşüncesi ile ulus-devlet arasındaki ilişkiyi yeniden değerlendirmek için yapılan daha geniş bir çabayı yansıtmaktadır. Sonuç olarak bu vakıa, modernitenin getirdiği meydan okumalar karşısında “ümmet” tasavvurunun nasıl aşındığını ve aşıldığını, Müslüman öznelliğinin ulus-devlet merkezli bir paradigmada nasıl yeniden şekillendiğini çarpıcı bir biçimde göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Fıkıh
• 11 Eylül
• Amerikalı Müslüman Askerler
• Fetva
• Dinî Aidiyet
• Ulusal Bağlılık
• Modern Fıkhî Söylem

Sacrificing Afghan Muslims for the Maṣlaḥa of American Muslims: The Story of a Post-9/11 Fatwā Issued for American Muslim Soldiers and Its Critiques

Öz

This article examines the profound jurisprudential and ethical crisis that American Muslim soldiers faced following the 9/11 attacks, particularly in relation to their deployment in the war initiated by the United States against Afghanistan and its Muslim population. At the center of this crisis, which emerged amid a climate of heightened fear, suspicion, and Islamophobia in the U.S., lies a highly controversial collective fatwā issued by prominent Muslim scholars and intellectuals permitting American Muslim soldiers to participate in military operations against fellow Muslims. Positioned at the intersection of fiqh, nation-state authority, and identity politics, the fatwā serves as a revealing case study for exploring the tensions between religious loyalty and national allegiance in the modern era. While prior studies have addressed this collective fatwā, they tend to focus narrowly on the text itself and overlook broader historical, sociopolitical, and intellectual dimensions. In contrast, this article takes a holistic approach by situating the collective fatwā within the wider context of American Muslims’ integration into the U.S. military, the first wave of post-9/11 fatwās concerning Muslim soldiers, the background and motivations behind the fatwā, as well as subsequent retractions and the intense public and scholarly debates that followed it. Unlike earlier works, this study draws on a wide range of sources—including academic literature, television broadcasts, opinion columns, digital media, and live fatwā platforms—to offer a deeper and more multifaceted analysis of this pivotal moment in contemporary Islamic legal discourse. Addressing the mounting anxiety among American Muslims in the post-9/11 era regarding the tensions between their religious and civic obligations, the article examines how legal concepts such as maṣlaḥa (public interest) and ḍarūra (necessity) were employed to justify participation in a war that entailed the killing of Muslims, analyzing the jurisprudential principles invoked to legitimize this usage and exploring how such reasoning fits within the broader framework of the Islamic legal tradition. The study reconstructs the decision-making process and rhetorical framing involved in issuing this fatwā. It also traces the backlash the fatwā generated—not only from U.S. military authorities, but also from a broad spectrum of Muslim voices, including Wasaṭī, Salafī, and Egyptian Islamist groups, as well as intellectuals, activists, and segments of the general Muslim public. These reactions reflected widespread discomfort with the fatwā’s perceived alignment with U.S. political objectives and its implications for the boundaries of Islamic authority, loyalty, and identity. Fundamentally, this article argues that the fatwā represents more than a legal ruling: it signifies a moment of moral rupture in the global Islamic discourse. By authorizing the sacrifice of Afghan Muslims on the grounds of maṣlaḥa and ḍarūra for American Muslims, the fatwā reveals the intersection of theological principles, political pragmatism, and conflicting loyalties. Building on this analysis, the article further contends that the fatwā exemplifies the subordination of religious loyalty to the imperatives of the modern nation-state, thus decisively reshaping transnational Muslim identity. In this light, the criticisms directed at the fatwā reflect a broader effort to reassess the relationship between modern Islamic thought and the nation-state. Consequently, the case vividly illustrates how the notion of the ummah has been surpassed and eroded in the face of the challenges posed by modernity, and how Muslim subjectivity has been reshaped within a nation-state-centered paradigm.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Fiqh
• September 11
• American Muslim Soldier
• Fatwā
• Religious Loyalty
• National Allegiance
• Modern Islamic Legal Discourse.

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