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Regulatory Arrangement for Shariah Governance Practice of Islamic Banking Institutions in Pakistan: Issues and Challenges

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 1, 167 - 194, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.14395/hid.947530

Öz

Shariah governance practice is a vital component of the organizational arrangement of IBIs through which the business affairs of IBIs are examined, certified and monitored. It plays a crucial role to legitimize the business of IBIs. In Pakistan, SBP regulates the practice of Shariah governance through a dedicated department with the aid of its SAC and executes it through Shariah boards of IBIs. Applying descriptive analytical approach, the study has described the current state of Shariah governance practice of IBIs. It is the outcome of the regulatory arrangements in the form of regulatory guidelines, directives, standards and frameworks which have been issued during the last two decades by SBP to standardize the practice of Shariah governance for IBIs in Pakistan. The study highlights the formation of the regulatory arrangement which not only depicts the role of SBP, but it also illustrates the functions of SAC and the responsibilities of Shariah boards at IBIs. The study also attempts to confine the regulatory, advisory and supervisory roles of the SBP, the SAC and the Shariah board of IBIs respectively. An analytical review of the roles of these bodies which are defined through the regulatory arrangements facilitates to discover the loopholes in the current regulatory arrangement for Shariah governance of IBIs. Although, attempts have been made to address the issues in this regard by some writers but in case of Pakistan, the issues are yet to be identified. The study has found that the regulatory arrangement of Shariah governance practice has been constituted significantly by the SBP. However, composition, affiliation and independence of Shariah bodies at central bank and the institutional level are the aspects which pose regulatory issues in the current arrangement. Therefore, the study has discovered some possible solutions for these issues and proposes them for regulatory enhancements. It suggests that the SBP as central regulatory authority should specify regulations over the composition of SAC at SBP level to augment the regulatory and advisory process for Shariah governance practice of IBIs. It recommends that the number of the members at SAC as well as at the Shariah boards of IBIs should be maximized. The two bodies should have additional qualified members especially the number of Shariah qualified members need to be increased. It also proposes that the nomenclature of each body should be defined separately because referring with various names for each body or using their names interchangeably could cause confusion. In addition, the members of SAC and the institutional Shariah boards should be barred from having multiple Shariah boards affiliations through specific regulations. It also recommends that the Shariah boards member must play their supervisory roles independently without any undue influence from the executives. So, a specific set of regulations is required which could guarantee the independence of Shariah boards of IBIs. The proposed recommendations of the study will not only facilitate the regulatory authority to revisit its arrangement and include conclusive measures, but they will also assist the industry to enhance the productivity of their Shariah board members. It will also assist the industry to establish an environment where contribution of the Shariah qualified members and their effective role would strengthen the marketability and credibility of the Shariah governance practice in the Islamic banking industry. Ultimately, a balanced, conclusive and enhanced regulatory arrangement for Shariah governance practice of IBIs would standardize the practice of Shariah governance at the domestic level as well as it could be harmonized with the international best practices of the Islamic banking industry.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, Mahmood –Khatun, M. “The Compliance with Shariah Governance System of AAOIFI: A Study on Islamic Banks Bangladesh”, Journal of Islamic Economics Banking and Finance 9/3 (July 2013).
  • Akhtar, D. “Pakistan—Islamic Banking: Past, Present, and Future Outlook, SBP, Karachi, Pakistan”. (2007). Available at: http://www.sbp.org.pk/about/speech/governors/dr.shamshad/2007/Islamic-Banking-11-Sept-07.pdf.
  • Akhtar, Shamshad. “Shariah Compliant Corporate Governance”. Annual Corporate Governance Conference Dubai on November 27, 2006. Available at: https://www.sbp.org.pk/ibd/speeches.htm.
  • Chapra, Umer - Khan, Tariqullah. Regulation and Supervision of Islamic Banks. Jeddah: IRTI occasional Paper #3, IDB, 2000.
  • Chohan, Muhammad Naveed - Chohan, Muhammad Waheed. “Corporate Governance in the Islamic Banking Institutions of Pakistan: Waking Legal and Regulatory Challenges”. 2013. http://saicon2011.ciitlahore.edu.pk/Business%20Ethics/11-1039%20m.%20naveed.pdf, (Retrieved on April 6, 2017).
  • Elasrag, Hussein. Corporate Governance in Islamic Finance: Basic Concepts and Issues. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing: 2014.
  • Guidelines and Instructions for Islamic Banking Institution. (2008). Islamic Banking Department, State Bank of Pakistan, available at: http://www.sbp.org.pk/ibd/2008/cir01.htm.
  • http://www.sbp.org.pk/ibd/2007/Shariah-Practices-07-Aug-07.pdf.
  • http://www.sbp.org.pk/ibd/2004/cir02.htm. and http://www.sbp.org.pk/bpd/2003/C1.htm. . Accessed on 5th November 5, 2018.
  • Hasan, Zulkifli. Shari'ah Governance in Islamic Banks. Edinburg: Edinburgh University Press, 2012.
  • Husain, Ishrat. “Financial Sector Regulation in Pakistan: The Way Forward”. SBP Research Bulletin 7/1 2011, 31-44.
  • IBD Circular Letter No. 01 of 2018, Islamic Banking Department, SBP, April 11, 2018, see: www.sbp.org.pk. Visited on 6th March 2019.
  • Islamic Banking Department, IBD Circular No. 2, April 29, 2004, retrieved from; http://www.sbp.org.pk/ibd/2004/cir02.htm, accessed on 23th October 2019.
  • Islamic Banking Sector Review 2003 to 2007, State Bank of Pakistan, Islamic Banking Department, State Bank of Pakistan, Karachi, Judgment of Sharia Appellate Bench of Supreme Court of Pakistan, (1999).
  • Judgment of Sharia Appellate Bench of Supreme Court of Pakistan, (1999), Para 7(a) at page 1013 of judgment dated the 23rd December, 1999, in civil Shariat Appeals No. 1 of 1992 etc.
  • Minhas, Imran Hussain. “Shariah Governance Model (SGM) and its Four Basic Pillars”. Islamic Finance News Malaysia, (Red Money Publication: April 18, 2012). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2153106 (Retrieved on April 6, 2014).
  • Muneeza, Aishath. “The Legal Evolution of Shariah Corporate Governance of Islamic Banks in Malaysia”, Malayan Law Journal, 2012.
  • “Pakistan’s Islamic Banking Sector Review 2003 to 2007”. Islamic Banking Department, State Bank of Pakistan.
  • Process for Standardization of Shariah Practices” http://www.sbp.org.pk/ibd/2007/Shariah-Practices-07-Aug-07.pdf. Accessed on November 8, 2018.
  • Qattan, Muhammad A. “Shariah Supervision: The Unique Building Block of Islamic Financial Architecture”. Islamic Financial Architecture: Risk Management and Financial Stability. Jeddah: IRTI, Islamic Development Bank, 2006, 273–287.
  • Rammal, H. G. “The importance of Shari’ah Supervision in Islamic Financial Institutions”. Corporate Ownership and Control 3/3 (2006).
  • Rammal, G. H. Corporate Governance in the Islamic Banking System in Pakistan: The Role of the Shariah Supervisory Boards. Australia: University of Adelaide, Faculty of Professions, Doctoral Thesis, 2010.
  • Shari’ah Advisory Committee of SBP, introduction see: www.sbp.org.pk, accessed on 7th March 2019.
  • Shariah Governance Framework. Islamic Banking Department, State Bank of Pakistan. An updated version of Shariah Governance Framework can be seen here: http://www.sbp.org.pk/ibd/2018/C1-Annex-A.pdf. Accessed on 6th November 2018.
  • Zulkhibri – Ghazal. Development of Islamic Banking Regulation in Selected Member Countries: A Comparative Analysis. Jeddah: IRTI Working Paper Series # 1436-12, IDB, 2015.

Pakistan’daki İslâmî Bankacılık Kurumlarındaki Uygulamaların Şer’î Uygunluğuna İlişkin Yasal Düzenlemeler: Sorunlar ve Zorluklar

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 1, 167 - 194, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.14395/hid.947530

Öz

Şeriat denetim uygulaması, İslami Bankacılık Kurumları'nın iş ilişkilerinin incelendiği, onaylandığı ve izlendiği IBK’ların organizaşyonel düzenlemesinin hayati bir bileşenidir. IBK’ların işini meşrulaştırmak için çok önemli bir rol oynar. Pakistan'da Pakistan Devlet Bankası, Şeriat denetim uygulamasının Şeriat Danışma Komitesi’nin yardımıyla özel bir departman aracılığıyla düzenler ve bunu IBK’ların Şeriat kuralları aracılığıyla yürütür. Tanımlayıcı analitik yaklaşım uygulayan çalışma, IBK’ların Şeriat yönetim uygulamasının mevcut durumunu tanımlamıştır. Bu, Pakistan'daki IBK’larında Şeriat yönetiminin uygulamasını standartlaştırmak için SBP tarafından son yirmi yılda yayınlanan düzenleyici kılavuzlar, direktifler, standartlar ve çerçeveler şeklindeki düzenlemelerin sonucudur. Bu çalışma, Pakistan Devlet Bankası'nın rolünü göstermekle birlikte, aynı zamanda Şeriat Danışma Komitesi'nin işlevlerini ve IBK’lardaki Şeriat kurullarının sorumluluklarım da belirleyen düzenlemenin oluşumunu vurgulamaktadır. Çalışma ayrıca IBK'ların sırasıyla Pakistan Devlet Bankası, Şeriat Danışma Komitesi ve Şeriat kurulunun düzenleme, danışma ve denetleme rollerini sınırlandırmaya çalışmaktadır. Düzenleme planları ile tanımlanan bu organların rollerinin analitik bir incelemesi, IBK'ların Şeriat yönetimi için mevcut düzenleme planındaki boşlukları keşfetmeyi kolaylaştırır. Bu konudaki sorunları ele almak için bazı yazarlarca girişimlerde bulunulmuş olsa da, Pakistan örneğinde sorunlar henüz tespit edilmemiştir. Bu çalışma, Şeriat denetim uygulamasının düzenleme planının önemli ölçüde Pakistan Devlet Bankası tarafından oluşturulduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Ancak, şeriat organlarının merkez bankası ve kurumsal düzeydeki bileşimi, bağlılığı ve bağımsızlığı mevcut planda düzenleme sorunlarını ortaya çıkaran unsurlardır. Bu nedenle, çalışma bu sorunlar için bazı olası çözümler ortaya koymuş ve düzenlemenin geliştirilmesi için bu çözümlere dayalı öneriler sunmuştur. Bu çalışma, merkezi düzenleyici otorite olarak Pakistan Devlet Bankasının, IBK'ların Şeriat yönetim uygulamalarına yönelik düzenleme ve danışma sürecini artırmak için Pakistan Devlet Bankası düzeyinde Şeriat Danışma Komitesinin bileşimi üzerine düzenlemeler belirlemesi gerektiğini önermektedir. IBK'ların Şeriat kurullarının yanı sıra Şeriat Danışma Komitesindeki üye sayısının maksimize edilmesini tavsiye etmektedir. İki organın ek kalifiye üyeleri olmalıdır, özellikle Şeriat hususunda nitelikli üyelerin sayısı artırılmalıdır. Ayrıca, her bir gövdenin isimlendirmesinin ayrı ayrı tanımlanması gerektiğini önermektedir, çünkü her gövde için çeşitli isimlerle atıfta bulunmak veya isimlerini birbirinin yerine kullanmak karışıklığa neden olabilir. Buna ek olarak, Şeriat Danışma Komitesi üyelerinin ve kurumsal Şeriat kurullarının, belirli düzenlemeler yoluyla birden fazla Şeriat kuruluna üyelikleri engellenmelidir. Ayrıca, Şeriat kurullarının üyelerinin kendi denetimlerini yöneticilerin herhangi bir usule aykırı etkisi olmaksızın bağımsız olarak yapmalarını tavsiye eder. Bu nedenle, IBK'ların Şeriat kurullarının bağımsızlığını garanti altına alabilecek belirli bir dizi düzenleme gereklidir. Çalışmanın teklif ettiği öneriler, düzenleyici otoritenin düzenlemesini yeniden gözden geçirmesini kolaylaştırmakla kalmayıp kesin önlemler içermektedir, aynı zamanda sektöre Şeriat kurul üyelerinin üretkenliğini artırma konusunda yardımcı olacaktır. Aynı zamanda Şeriat hususunda yetkili üyelerin katkısının ve etkin rollerinin İslami bankacılık endüstrisindeki Şeriat yönetim uygulamasının pazarlanabilirliğini ve güvenilirliğini güçlendireceği bir ortam oluşturmasıyla sektöre yardımcı olacaktır. Nihayetinde, IBK'ların Şeriat yönetim uygulaması için dengeli, kesin ve gelişmiş bir düzenleme planı, yerel düzeyde Şeriat yönetiminin uygulamasını standart hale getirecek ve aynı zamanda İslami bankacılık endüstrisinin en iyi uluslararası uygulamalarıyla uyumlu hale taşıyabilecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, Mahmood –Khatun, M. “The Compliance with Shariah Governance System of AAOIFI: A Study on Islamic Banks Bangladesh”, Journal of Islamic Economics Banking and Finance 9/3 (July 2013).
  • Akhtar, D. “Pakistan—Islamic Banking: Past, Present, and Future Outlook, SBP, Karachi, Pakistan”. (2007). Available at: http://www.sbp.org.pk/about/speech/governors/dr.shamshad/2007/Islamic-Banking-11-Sept-07.pdf.
  • Akhtar, Shamshad. “Shariah Compliant Corporate Governance”. Annual Corporate Governance Conference Dubai on November 27, 2006. Available at: https://www.sbp.org.pk/ibd/speeches.htm.
  • Chapra, Umer - Khan, Tariqullah. Regulation and Supervision of Islamic Banks. Jeddah: IRTI occasional Paper #3, IDB, 2000.
  • Chohan, Muhammad Naveed - Chohan, Muhammad Waheed. “Corporate Governance in the Islamic Banking Institutions of Pakistan: Waking Legal and Regulatory Challenges”. 2013. http://saicon2011.ciitlahore.edu.pk/Business%20Ethics/11-1039%20m.%20naveed.pdf, (Retrieved on April 6, 2017).
  • Elasrag, Hussein. Corporate Governance in Islamic Finance: Basic Concepts and Issues. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing: 2014.
  • Guidelines and Instructions for Islamic Banking Institution. (2008). Islamic Banking Department, State Bank of Pakistan, available at: http://www.sbp.org.pk/ibd/2008/cir01.htm.
  • http://www.sbp.org.pk/ibd/2007/Shariah-Practices-07-Aug-07.pdf.
  • http://www.sbp.org.pk/ibd/2004/cir02.htm. and http://www.sbp.org.pk/bpd/2003/C1.htm. . Accessed on 5th November 5, 2018.
  • Hasan, Zulkifli. Shari'ah Governance in Islamic Banks. Edinburg: Edinburgh University Press, 2012.
  • Husain, Ishrat. “Financial Sector Regulation in Pakistan: The Way Forward”. SBP Research Bulletin 7/1 2011, 31-44.
  • IBD Circular Letter No. 01 of 2018, Islamic Banking Department, SBP, April 11, 2018, see: www.sbp.org.pk. Visited on 6th March 2019.
  • Islamic Banking Department, IBD Circular No. 2, April 29, 2004, retrieved from; http://www.sbp.org.pk/ibd/2004/cir02.htm, accessed on 23th October 2019.
  • Islamic Banking Sector Review 2003 to 2007, State Bank of Pakistan, Islamic Banking Department, State Bank of Pakistan, Karachi, Judgment of Sharia Appellate Bench of Supreme Court of Pakistan, (1999).
  • Judgment of Sharia Appellate Bench of Supreme Court of Pakistan, (1999), Para 7(a) at page 1013 of judgment dated the 23rd December, 1999, in civil Shariat Appeals No. 1 of 1992 etc.
  • Minhas, Imran Hussain. “Shariah Governance Model (SGM) and its Four Basic Pillars”. Islamic Finance News Malaysia, (Red Money Publication: April 18, 2012). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2153106 (Retrieved on April 6, 2014).
  • Muneeza, Aishath. “The Legal Evolution of Shariah Corporate Governance of Islamic Banks in Malaysia”, Malayan Law Journal, 2012.
  • “Pakistan’s Islamic Banking Sector Review 2003 to 2007”. Islamic Banking Department, State Bank of Pakistan.
  • Process for Standardization of Shariah Practices” http://www.sbp.org.pk/ibd/2007/Shariah-Practices-07-Aug-07.pdf. Accessed on November 8, 2018.
  • Qattan, Muhammad A. “Shariah Supervision: The Unique Building Block of Islamic Financial Architecture”. Islamic Financial Architecture: Risk Management and Financial Stability. Jeddah: IRTI, Islamic Development Bank, 2006, 273–287.
  • Rammal, H. G. “The importance of Shari’ah Supervision in Islamic Financial Institutions”. Corporate Ownership and Control 3/3 (2006).
  • Rammal, G. H. Corporate Governance in the Islamic Banking System in Pakistan: The Role of the Shariah Supervisory Boards. Australia: University of Adelaide, Faculty of Professions, Doctoral Thesis, 2010.
  • Shari’ah Advisory Committee of SBP, introduction see: www.sbp.org.pk, accessed on 7th March 2019.
  • Shariah Governance Framework. Islamic Banking Department, State Bank of Pakistan. An updated version of Shariah Governance Framework can be seen here: http://www.sbp.org.pk/ibd/2018/C1-Annex-A.pdf. Accessed on 6th November 2018.
  • Zulkhibri – Ghazal. Development of Islamic Banking Regulation in Selected Member Countries: A Comparative Analysis. Jeddah: IRTI Working Paper Series # 1436-12, IDB, 2015.
Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Din, Toplum ve Kültür Araştırmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Sahibzada Muhammad Jan Wasim Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-1254-7359

Ahmad Azam Othman Bin Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-1675-1303

Waqas Farooq Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-5532-3208

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Temmuz 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Jan Wasim, Sahibzada Muhammad vd. “Regulatory Arrangement for Shariah Governance Practice of Islamic Banking Institutions in Pakistan: Issues and Challenges”. Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi 20/1 (Haziran 2021), 167-194. https://doi.org/10.14395/hid.947530.

Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf 4.0 International License (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.